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Volume 14
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10.3390/atmos14030424
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Article

Interlaboratory Study on Brake Particle Emissions Part II: Particle Number Emissions

by
Marcel Mathissen
1,
Theodoros Grigoratos
2,*,
Sebastian Gramstat
3,
Athanasios Mamakos
4,
RaviTeja Vedula
5,
Carlos Agudelo
6,
Jaroslaw Grochowicz
1 and
Barouch Giechaskiel
2,*
1
Ford-Werke GmbH, Süsterfeldstr. 200, 52072 Aachen, Germany
2
European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy
3
Audi AG, 85045 Ingolstadt, Germany
4
Corning GmbH, 65189 Wiesbaden, Germany
5
Brakes India Private Limited, Padi, Chennai 600 050, India
6
Link Engineering Co., 43855 Plymouth Oaks Blvd., Plymouth, MI 48170, USA
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Atmosphere 2023, 14(3), 424; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14030424
Submission received: 21 December 2022 / Revised: 6 February 2023 / Accepted: 16 February 2023 / Published: 21 February 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Brake Wear Particulate Matter and Mitigation Strategies)
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Abstract

The Particle Measurement Programme (PMP) informal working group co-ordinated a global interlaboratory study (ILS) on brake wear particle emissions with the participation of 16 laboratories in 2021. Two articles present the results of the ILS: (I) particulate matter mass (PM) and (II) particle number (PN) emissions. The test matrix covered different brake systems, including ECE and NAO pad materials with grey cast iron discs and a drum brake. Regarding PN, the study measured the total particle number from approximately 10 nm to 2.5 µm (TPN). Some testing facilities measured solid particle number emissions (SPN) in parallel. The mean TPN concentrations ranged from 9.1 × 108 #/km/brake to 1.1 × 1010 #/km/brake. TPN and SPN emission levels were comparable, except for one lab that measured very high volatile particle emissions for one brake system. The minimum and maximum SPN emissions for a given brake differed by a factor of 2.5 ± 0.5, comparable to data from exhaust SPN ILS measurements. This article provides an overview of lessons learned and subsequent measures incorporated in an upcoming global technical regulation to reduce measurement variability when sampling and measuring brake particle emissions for light-duty vehicles up to 3.5 t.
Keywords: particle number; brake wear; non-exhaust; interlaboratory study particle number; brake wear; non-exhaust; interlaboratory study

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MDPI and ACS Style

Mathissen, M.; Grigoratos, T.; Gramstat, S.; Mamakos, A.; Vedula, R.; Agudelo, C.; Grochowicz, J.; Giechaskiel, B. Interlaboratory Study on Brake Particle Emissions Part II: Particle Number Emissions. Atmosphere 2023, 14, 424. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14030424

AMA Style

Mathissen M, Grigoratos T, Gramstat S, Mamakos A, Vedula R, Agudelo C, Grochowicz J, Giechaskiel B. Interlaboratory Study on Brake Particle Emissions Part II: Particle Number Emissions. Atmosphere. 2023; 14(3):424. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14030424

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mathissen, Marcel, Theodoros Grigoratos, Sebastian Gramstat, Athanasios Mamakos, RaviTeja Vedula, Carlos Agudelo, Jaroslaw Grochowicz, and Barouch Giechaskiel. 2023. "Interlaboratory Study on Brake Particle Emissions Part II: Particle Number Emissions" Atmosphere 14, no. 3: 424. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14030424

APA Style

Mathissen, M., Grigoratos, T., Gramstat, S., Mamakos, A., Vedula, R., Agudelo, C., Grochowicz, J., & Giechaskiel, B. (2023). Interlaboratory Study on Brake Particle Emissions Part II: Particle Number Emissions. Atmosphere, 14(3), 424. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14030424

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