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Agronomy
Volume 15
Issue 11
10.3390/agronomy15112652
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Seed Dormancy and Germination Characteristics in Six Solanum Species Distributed on the Korean Peninsula

by
Ji-Yoon Park
1,2,
Hyung-Ju Lee
1,
Hyeon-Min Kim
1,
Jun-Hyeok Kim
1,
Do-Hyun Kim
1,
Gyu-Young Chung
3,
Chae-Sun Na
1,* and
Seung Youn Lee
2,4,*
1
Wild Plant Seed Division, Baekdudaegan National Arboretum, Bonghwa 36209, Republic of Korea
2
Department of Horticulture and Breeding, Graduate School of Gyeongkuk National University, Andong 36792, Republic of Korea
3
Department of Forest Science, Graduate School of Gyeongkuk National University, Andong 36729, Republic of Korea
4
Major of Smart Horticultural Science, Gyeongkuk National University, Andong 36792, Republic of Korea
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Agronomy 2025, 15(11), 2652; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15112652
Submission received: 22 October 2025 / Revised: 14 November 2025 / Accepted: 17 November 2025 / Published: 19 November 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effect of Agronomic Treatment on Seed Germination and Dormancy: 2nd Edition)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Crop wild relatives (CWRs) are critical resources for crop improvement and addressing food security. The genus Solanum includes many wild species genetically related to major crops. However, seed propagation methods for Solanum taxa distributed on the Korean Peninsula are not well-established. In this study, seed morphology and effects of incubation conditions on germination and dormancy were evaluated in 6 Solanum species classified as CWRs in Korea: Solanum lyratum, S. japonense, S. nigrum, S. sarrachoides, S. americanum, and S. viarum. The seeds possessed fully developed embryos at the time of dispersal and the seed coats readily absorbed water. We investigated germination characteristics under various temperatures, cold stratification periods, and gibberellic acid (GA3) concentrations. Germination percentage of S. lyratum and S. japonense was significantly higher under cold stratification (≥62.0% after 12 weeks at 5 °C) or GA3 treatment (≥77.0% at 1000 mg·L−1) than for temperature treatment alone (≤3.0% at 25/15 °C), indicating non-deep physiological dormancy (PD). Seeds of S. nigrum, S. americanum, and S. viarum exhibited non-deep PD with conditional dormancy and higher germination efficiencies through GA3 1000 mg·L−1 than under temperature treatment alone (25/15 °C). Seeds of S. sarrachoides were classified as non-dormant. These findings may contribute to the practical mass propagation of Solanum.
Keywords: Solanum species; crop wild relatives; seed dormancy; cold stratification; gibberellic acid; physiological dormancy; conditional dormancy Solanum species; crop wild relatives; seed dormancy; cold stratification; gibberellic acid; physiological dormancy; conditional dormancy

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Park, J.-Y.; Lee, H.-J.; Kim, H.-M.; Kim, J.-H.; Kim, D.-H.; Chung, G.-Y.; Na, C.-S.; Lee, S.Y. Seed Dormancy and Germination Characteristics in Six Solanum Species Distributed on the Korean Peninsula. Agronomy 2025, 15, 2652. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15112652

AMA Style

Park J-Y, Lee H-J, Kim H-M, Kim J-H, Kim D-H, Chung G-Y, Na C-S, Lee SY. Seed Dormancy and Germination Characteristics in Six Solanum Species Distributed on the Korean Peninsula. Agronomy. 2025; 15(11):2652. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15112652

Chicago/Turabian Style

Park, Ji-Yoon, Hyung-Ju Lee, Hyeon-Min Kim, Jun-Hyeok Kim, Do-Hyun Kim, Gyu-Young Chung, Chae-Sun Na, and Seung Youn Lee. 2025. "Seed Dormancy and Germination Characteristics in Six Solanum Species Distributed on the Korean Peninsula" Agronomy 15, no. 11: 2652. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15112652

APA Style

Park, J.-Y., Lee, H.-J., Kim, H.-M., Kim, J.-H., Kim, D.-H., Chung, G.-Y., Na, C.-S., & Lee, S. Y. (2025). Seed Dormancy and Germination Characteristics in Six Solanum Species Distributed on the Korean Peninsula. Agronomy, 15(11), 2652. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15112652

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