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Toxins, Volume 12, Issue 5

May 2020 - 72 articles

Cover Story: The microcystins are a large group of toxic cyclic heptapeptides produced by cyanobacteria such as Microcystis and Planktothrix spp. Many freshwater habitats experience regular cyanobacterial blooms caused by microcystin-producing Planktothrix spp. In Lake Steinsfjorden, Norway, noble crayfish (Astacus astacus) harvested for human consumption are exposed to the microcystins from the surrounding water and through their diet. What is the relationship between microcystins in the water and in the crayfish? What is the impact of microcystins on noble crayfish health? Is there a food safety concern, and are there steps that might be used to mitigate it? This study addresses these important questions. View this paper.
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Articles (72)

  • Article
  • Open Access
16 Citations
4,852 Views
19 Pages

Removal of Small Kernels Reduces the Content of Fusarium Mycotoxins in Oat Grain

  • Guro Brodal,
  • Heidi Udnes Aamot,
  • Marit Almvik and
  • Ingerd Skow Hofgaard

23 May 2020

Cereal grain contaminated by Fusarium mycotoxins is undesirable in food and feed because of the harmful health effects of the mycotoxins in humans and animals. Reduction of mycotoxin content in grain by cleaning and size sorting has mainly been studi...

  • Review
  • Open Access
44 Citations
10,013 Views
52 Pages

23 May 2020

Shiga toxins (Stxs), syn. Vero(cyto)toxins, are potent bacterial exotoxins and the principal virulence factor of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC), a subset of Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC). EHEC strains, e.g., strains of serovars O157...

  • Article
  • Open Access
33 Citations
5,110 Views
13 Pages

23 May 2020

Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) are virulence factors of Staphylococcus aureus associated with various toxic diseases due to their emetic and superantigenic activities. Although at least 27 SE(-like) genes have been identified in S. aureus to date,...

  • Article
  • Open Access
13 Citations
5,098 Views
13 Pages

22 May 2020

Total phenolic content (TPC) and several phenolic acids present in rice grains were compared with fungal infection and mycotoxin presence throughout the growing season. Samples of 4 rice varieties were collected in 2018 and 2019 at 3 different plant...

  • Review
  • Open Access
12 Citations
6,902 Views
15 Pages

22 May 2020

Shiga toxin (STx) produced by Shigella and closely related Shiga toxin 1 and 2 (STx1 and STx2) synthesized by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are bacterial AB5 toxins. All three toxins target kidney cells and may cause life-threatening...

  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
5,390 Views
17 Pages

Temporary Membrane Permeabilization via the Pore-Forming Toxin Lysenin

  • Nisha Shrestha,
  • Christopher A. Thomas,
  • Devon Richtsmeier,
  • Andrew Bogard,
  • Rebecca Hermann,
  • Malyk Walker,
  • Gamid Abatchev,
  • Raquel J. Brown and
  • Daniel Fologea

22 May 2020

Pore-forming toxins are alluring tools for delivering biologically-active, impermeable cargoes to intracellular environments by introducing large conductance pathways into cell membranes. However, the lack of regulation often leads to the dissipation...

  • Review
  • Open Access
63 Citations
8,867 Views
20 Pages

Paralytic Shellfish Toxins (PST)-Transforming Enzymes: A Review

  • Mariana I. C. Raposo,
  • Maria Teresa S. R. Gomes,
  • Maria João Botelho and
  • Alisa Rudnitskaya

22 May 2020

Paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) are a group of toxins that cause paralytic shellfish poisoning through blockage of voltage-gated sodium channels. PSTs are produced by prokaryotic freshwater cyanobacteria and eukaryotic marine dinoflagellates. Proli...

  • Review
  • Open Access
34 Citations
7,850 Views
16 Pages

Human Botulism in France, 1875–2016

  • Christine Rasetti-Escargueil,
  • Emmanuel Lemichez and
  • Michel R. Popoff

21 May 2020

Botulism is a rare but severe disease which is characterized by paralysis and inhibition of secretions. Only a few cases had been reported at the end of the 19th century in France. The disease was frequent during the second world war, and then the in...

  • Article
  • Open Access
26 Citations
7,979 Views
16 Pages

Diversity and Toxigenicity of Fungi that Cause Pineapple Fruitlet Core Rot

  • Bastien Barral,
  • Marc Chillet,
  • Anna Doizy,
  • Maeva Grassi,
  • Laetitia Ragot,
  • Mathieu Léchaudel,
  • Noel Durand,
  • Lindy Joy Rose,
  • Altus Viljoen and
  • Sabine Schorr-Galindo

21 May 2020

The identity of the fungi responsible for fruitlet core rot (FCR) disease in pineapple has been the subject of investigation for some time. This study describes the diversity and toxigenic potential of fungal species causing FCR in La Reunion, an isl...

  • Review
  • Open Access
38 Citations
5,659 Views
20 Pages

Monocytes in Uremia

  • Matthias Girndt,
  • Bogusz Trojanowicz and
  • Christof Ulrich

21 May 2020

Monocytes play an important role in both innate immunity and antigen presentation for specific cellular immune defense. In patients with chronic renal failure, as well as those treated with maintenance hemodialysis, these cells are largely dysregulat...

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Toxins - ISSN 2072-6651