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Toxins, Volume 12, Issue 5

May 2020 - 72 articles

Cover Story: The microcystins are a large group of toxic cyclic heptapeptides produced by cyanobacteria such as Microcystis and Planktothrix spp. Many freshwater habitats experience regular cyanobacterial blooms caused by microcystin-producing Planktothrix spp. In Lake Steinsfjorden, Norway, noble crayfish (Astacus astacus) harvested for human consumption are exposed to the microcystins from the surrounding water and through their diet. What is the relationship between microcystins in the water and in the crayfish? What is the impact of microcystins on noble crayfish health? Is there a food safety concern, and are there steps that might be used to mitigate it? This study addresses these important questions. View this paper.
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Articles (72)

  • Communication
  • Open Access
23 Citations
5,878 Views
9 Pages

20 May 2020

Animals that deliver a toxic secretion through a wound or to the body surface without a wound are considered venomous and toxungenous, respectively. Hematophagous insects, such as mosquitoes (Aedes spp.), meet the criteria for venomous, and some endo...

  • Article
  • Open Access
18 Citations
4,540 Views
16 Pages

Delayed Release of Intracellular Microcystin Following Partial Oxidation of Cultured and Naturally Occurring Cyanobacteria

  • Katherine E. Greenstein,
  • Arash Zamyadi,
  • Caitlin M. Glover,
  • Craig Adams,
  • Erik Rosenfeldt and
  • Eric C. Wert

20 May 2020

Oxidation processes can provide an effective barrier to eliminate cyanotoxins by damaging cyanobacteria cell membranes, releasing intracellular cyanotoxins, and subsequently oxidizing these toxins (now in extracellular form) based on published reacti...

  • Editorial
  • Open Access
1 Citations
2,765 Views
3 Pages

20 May 2020

Throughout most of the 20th century, the toxinological literature consisted largely of pharmacological and functional characterizations of crude venoms and venom constituents, often constituents that could not be identified unambiguously [...]

  • Article
  • Open Access
30 Citations
6,191 Views
15 Pages

Sensitive Aflatoxin B1 Detection Using Nanoparticle-Based Competitive Magnetic Immunodetection

  • Jan Pietschmann,
  • Holger Spiegel,
  • Hans-Joachim Krause,
  • Stefan Schillberg and
  • Florian Schröper

20 May 2020

Food and crop contaminations with mycotoxins are a severe health risk for consumers and cause high economic losses worldwide. Currently, different chromatographic- and immuno-based methods are used to detect mycotoxins within different sample matrice...

  • Article
  • Open Access
18 Citations
4,775 Views
20 Pages

Classical and Alternative Activation of Rat Microglia Treated with Ultrapure Porphyromonas gingivalis Lipopolysaccharide In Vitro

  • Zylfi Memedovski,
  • Evan Czerwonka,
  • Jin Han,
  • Joshua Mayer,
  • Margaret Luce,
  • Lucas C. Klemm,
  • Mary L. Hall and
  • Alejandro M. S. Mayer

19 May 2020

The possible relationship between periodontal disease resulting from the infection of gingival tissue by the Gram-negative bacterium Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) and the development of neuroinflammation remains under investigation. Recent...

  • Communication
  • Open Access
9 Citations
4,429 Views
10 Pages

Neuroprotective Fragment C of Tetanus Toxin Modulates IL-6 in an ALS Mouse Model

  • Laura Moreno-Martinez,
  • Miriam de la Torre,
  • María J. Muñoz,
  • Pilar Zaragoza,
  • José Aguilera,
  • Ana C. Calvo and
  • Rosario Osta

17 May 2020

Neuroinflammation plays a significant role in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) pathology, leading to the development of therapies targeting inflammation in recent years. Our group has studied the tetanus toxin C-terminal fragment (TTC) as a therap...

  • Article
  • Open Access
29 Citations
6,475 Views
17 Pages

Aflatoxin Reduction in Maize by Industrial-Scale Cleaning Solutions

  • Michelangelo Pascale,
  • Antonio F. Logrieco,
  • Matthias Graeber,
  • Marina Hirschberger,
  • Mareike Reichel,
  • Vincenzo Lippolis,
  • Annalisa De Girolamo,
  • Veronica M.T. Lattanzio and
  • Katarina Slettengren

17 May 2020

Different batches of biomass/feed quality maize contaminated by aflatoxins were processed at the industrial scale (a continuous process and separate discontinuous steps) to evaluate the effect of different cleaning solutions on toxin reduction. The i...

  • Review
  • Open Access
51 Citations
14,273 Views
13 Pages

17 May 2020

In 2016, the American Academy of Neurology (AAN) published practice guidelines for botulinum toxin (BoNT) in the treatment of blepharospasm, cervical dystonia, adult spasticity, and headache. This article, focusing on dystonia, provides context for t...

  • Article
  • Open Access
15 Citations
5,397 Views
14 Pages

Multi-Stress Induction of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis MbcTA Bactericidal Toxin-Antitoxin System

  • Kanchiyaphat Ariyachaokun,
  • Anna D. Grabowska,
  • Claude Gutierrez and
  • Olivier Neyrolles

16 May 2020

MbcTA is a type II toxin/antitoxin (TA) system of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The MbcT toxin triggers mycobacterial cell death in vitro and in vivo through the phosphorolysis of the essential metabolite NAD+ and its bactericidal activity is neutraliz...

  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
5,536 Views
12 Pages

Screening Snake Venoms for Toxicity to Tetrahymena Pyriformis Revealed Anti-Protozoan Activity of Cobra Cytotoxins

  • Olga N. Kuleshina,
  • Elena V. Kruykova,
  • Elena G. Cheremnykh,
  • Leonid V. Kozlov,
  • Tatyana V. Andreeva,
  • Vladislav G. Starkov,
  • Alexey V. Osipov,
  • Rustam H. Ziganshin,
  • Victor I. Tsetlin and
  • Yuri N. Utkin

15 May 2020

Snake venoms possess lethal activities against different organisms, ranging from bacteria to higher vertebrates. Several venoms were shown to be active against protozoa, however, data about the anti-protozoan activity of cobra and viper venoms are ve...

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Toxins - ISSN 2072-6651