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Nutrients, Volume 16, Issue 22 (November-2 2024) – 185 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): The gut microbiota has emerged as a vital player in human health, influencing metabolism, immune function, and disease risk. This microbial community, composed of trillions of microorganisms, modulates key processes such as nutrient absorption, lipid and glucose metabolism, and immune regulation. Disruptions in microbiota balance, or dysbiosis, have been linked to numerous conditions, from metabolic and gastrointestinal diseases to neurobehavioral disorders. This review explores recent findings regarding the microbiota’s role in personalized nutrition, examining how dietary interventions can optimize microbiome composition for improved health outcomes. View this paper
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12 pages, 451 KiB  
Article
Culinary Medicine Cooking Workshops as Add-On Therapy for Inpatients with Depression and Eating Disorders
by Sabrina Mörkl, Attila Varnagy, Jolana Wagner-Skacel, Theresa Lahousen, Daniel Brodtrager, Karl Sallmutter, Susanne A. Bengesser, Annamaria Painold, Martin Narrath, Lisa Pieter, Mary I. Butler, Annabel Mueller-Stierlin, Eva Z. Reininghaus, Sonja Lackner and Sandra Holasek
Nutrients 2024, 16(22), 3973; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16223973 - 20 Nov 2024
Viewed by 1340
Abstract
Background: Culinary medicine integrates healthy eating with positive food experiences, offering a holistic approach to treating mental health disorders, such as depression and eating disorders, where disruptions in eating habits and mood are common. While traditional psychiatric treatments focus on medication and psychotherapy, [...] Read more.
Background: Culinary medicine integrates healthy eating with positive food experiences, offering a holistic approach to treating mental health disorders, such as depression and eating disorders, where disruptions in eating habits and mood are common. While traditional psychiatric treatments focus on medication and psychotherapy, culinary workshops provide a novel intervention for inpatient care. This study evaluated the effectiveness of culinary medicine cooking workshops as a supplementary treatment for psychiatric inpatients with depression and eating disorders. Methods: We assessed the feasibility of five cooking workshops led by a professional chef and nutritional therapist in 39 psychiatric inpatients (depression, n = 29; eating disorders, n = 10). Participants completed questionnaires on dietary habits, mood, and workshop feedback before and after the intervention. Results: The workshops were highly accepted, with 90% of participants reporting they would recommend them for recovery. Significant improvements were observed in mood (p < 0.001), sadness (p < 0.001), hopelessness (p = 0.002), and tiredness (p = 0.003) across the overall group. Patients with depression showed improvements in nearly all mood subscales, while those with eating disorders improved in sadness (p = 0.029). Conclusions: Culinary medicine workshops are a promising tool for enhancing mood and reducing hopelessness and tiredness in inpatients with depression. They also promote sustainable lifestyle changes that may benefit long-term physical and mental health. Future studies should explore the long-term impact of these interventions on psychiatric disorders. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Intervention in Mental Health)
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15 pages, 3531 KiB  
Article
HM-Chromanone Alleviates Hyperglycemia by Activating AMPK and PI3K/AKT Pathways in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet
by Jae-eun Park, Jeong Yoo and Ji-sook Han
Nutrients 2024, 16(22), 3972; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16223972 - 20 Nov 2024
Viewed by 539
Abstract
Objectives: We investigated potential antihyperglycemic effects of HM-chromanone (HMC), a homoisoflavonoid isolated from Portulaca oleracea, in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). Methods: Five-week-old male C57BL/6J mice (n = 24) were divided into three groups: controls, mice fed an HFD (11 [...] Read more.
Objectives: We investigated potential antihyperglycemic effects of HM-chromanone (HMC), a homoisoflavonoid isolated from Portulaca oleracea, in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). Methods: Five-week-old male C57BL/6J mice (n = 24) were divided into three groups: controls, mice fed an HFD (11 weeks), and HFD-fed mice receiving HMC supplementation (8 weeks). Various analyses assessed liver and skeletal muscle proteins, pancreatic β-cell histology, blood glucose and HbA1c levels, and homeostatic index of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Results: HMC supplementation significantly reduced fasting blood glucose and postprandial blood glucose levels in HFD-fed mice. HbA1c and serum insulin levels reduced significantly, and HOMA-IR improved. Compensatory β-cell hyperplasia was reduced, and pancreatic β-cell function improved. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) was significantly activated in skeletal muscle and liver tissues. IRS-1tyr612 expression increased significantly. PI3K activation and Akt phosphorylation in skeletal muscles improved insulin signaling. Forkhead box protein O1 phosphorylation increased through hepatic AMPK activation. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and glucose-6-phosphatase expression was inhibited. Glycogen synthase kinase 3β phosphorylation increased. Conclusions: HMC supplementation alleviated hyperglycemia by activating the AMPK and PI3K/Akt pathways in skeletal muscles and the AMPK pathway in the liver of HFD-fed mice. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Diabetes)
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15 pages, 2699 KiB  
Article
Beneficial Effects of Micronutrient Supplementation in Restoring the Altered Microbiota and Gut–Retina Axis in Patients with Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration—A Randomized Clinical Trial
by Simone Baldi, Giuditta Pagliai, Leandro Di Gloria, Marco Pallecchi, Francesco Barca, Benedetta Pieri, Gianluca Bartolucci, Matteo Ramazzotti, Amedeo Amedei, Gianna Palendri and Francesco Sofi
Nutrients 2024, 16(22), 3971; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16223971 - 20 Nov 2024
Viewed by 894
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of visual impairment in the elderly and is characterized by a multifactorial etiology. Emerging evidence points to the potential involvement of the gut–retina axis in AMD pathogenesis, prompting exploration into novel therapeutic strategies. This [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of visual impairment in the elderly and is characterized by a multifactorial etiology. Emerging evidence points to the potential involvement of the gut–retina axis in AMD pathogenesis, prompting exploration into novel therapeutic strategies. This study aims to investigate the effects of some micronutrients (such as lutein and zeaxanthin) and saffron (as a supplement)—known for their anti-inflammatory properties—on ophthalmological and microbial parameters in neovascular AMD (nAMD) patients. Methods: Thirty naive nAMD patients were randomized to receive daily micronutrient supplementation alongside anti-VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) therapy, or anti-VEGF treatment alone, over a 6-month period, with comparisons made to a healthy control (HC) group (N = 15). Ophthalmological assessments, biochemical measurements, and stool samples were obtained before and after treatment. Gut microbiota (GM) characterization was performed using 16S rRNA sequencing, while short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs), and long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) were analyzed with a gas chromatography–mass spectrometry protocol. Results: Compared to HC, nAMD patients exhibited reduced GM alpha diversity, altered taxonomic composition, and decreased total SCFA levels, in addition to elevated levels of proinflammatory octanoic and nonanoic acids. Micronutrient supplementation was associated with improved visual acuity relative to the group treated with anti-VEGF alone, along with a decrease in the total amount of MCFAs, which are metabolites known to have adverse ocular effects. Conclusions: In conclusion, despite certain limitations—such as the limited sample size and the low taxonomic resolution of 16S rRNA sequencing—this study highlights compositional and functional imbalances in the GM of nAMD patients and demonstrates that micronutrient supplementation may help restore the gut–retina axis. These findings suggest the therapeutic potential of micronutrients in enhancing ocular outcomes for nAMD patients, underscoring the complex interaction between GM and ocular health. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Prebiotics and Probiotics)
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17 pages, 2020 KiB  
Article
Probiotic Therapy of Gastrointestinal Symptoms During COVID-19 Infection: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Remote Study
by Angela Horvath, Rosa Haller, Nicole Feldbacher, Hansjörg Habisch, Kristina Žukauskaitė, Tobias Madl and Vanessa Stadlbauer
Nutrients 2024, 16(22), 3970; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16223970 - 20 Nov 2024
Viewed by 824
Abstract
Background: The novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) led to gastrointestinal manifestations in up to 50% of cases, with diarrhea being common, and probiotics have been suggested as a potential treatment. Aim: This study aimed to assess changes in the microbiome and the effects of a [...] Read more.
Background: The novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) led to gastrointestinal manifestations in up to 50% of cases, with diarrhea being common, and probiotics have been suggested as a potential treatment. Aim: This study aimed to assess changes in the microbiome and the effects of a multispecies probiotic in patients with COVID-19 in home quarantine through a fully remote telemedical approach. Methods: Thirty patients were randomized to receive either the Ecologic AAD probiotic (Winclove Probiotics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), on the market as OMNi-BiOTiC 10 (Allergosan, Austria), or a placebo for 30 days in a 2:1 ratio. Respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms were monitored in 2–10-day intervals via online surveys, and five stool samples were collected during the 30-day study period for microbiome and metabolomics analyses. Twenty-four healthy volunteers served as controls. Results: Of the 30 patients, 26 completed this study (10 placebo, 16 probiotic). Patients reported respiratory symptoms and a diminished gastrointestinal quality of life, both of which improved significantly during the study period, irrespective of the intervention. Compared to controls, infected patients showed significant alterations in the fecal microbiome (p = 0.002), including an increase in Bacteroidetes and decreases in Christensenellaceae, Ruminococcaceae, and Gammaproteobacteria, along with metabolomic changes. Probiotic treatment significantly modulated the patients’ microbiome beta diversity (p = 0.001) and introduced the Enterococcus faecium W54 strain. Symptoms, COVID-19-related taxa, and the fecal metabolome were not affected by the intervention. Conclusions: Patients with mild COVID-19 disease in home quarantine exhibited respiratory symptoms, a reduced gastrointestinal quality of life, and changes in the fecal microbiome and metabolome. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Prebiotics and Probiotics)
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36 pages, 6460 KiB  
Review
Integrating Endocrine, Genomic, and Extra-Skeletal Benefits of Vitamin D into National and Regional Clinical Guidelines
by Sunil J. Wimalawansa, Scott T. Weiss and Bruce W. Hollis
Nutrients 2024, 16(22), 3969; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16223969 - 20 Nov 2024
Viewed by 896
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Vitamin D is essential for bone health, immune function, and overall well-being. Numerous ecological, observational, and prospective studies, including randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs), report an inverse association between higher serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D; calcifediol] levels in various conditions, including cardiovascular disease, [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Vitamin D is essential for bone health, immune function, and overall well-being. Numerous ecological, observational, and prospective studies, including randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs), report an inverse association between higher serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D; calcifediol] levels in various conditions, including cardiovascular disease, metabolic disorders such as diabetes and obesity, susceptibility to infection-related complications, autoimmune diseases, and all-cause mortality. Results: Vitamin D operates through two distinct systems. The endocrine system comprises the renal tubular cell-derived circulatory calcitriol, which primarily regulates calcium homeostasis and muscular functions. In contrast, intracellularly generated calcitriol in peripheral target cells is responsible for intracrine/paracrine system signaling and calcitriol–vitamin D receptor-mediated genomic effects. Government-appointed committees and health organizations have developed various clinical practice guidelines for vitamin D supplementation and management. However, these guidelines heavily relied on the 2011 Institute of Medicine (IoM) report, which focused solely on the skeletal effects of vitamin D, ignoring other body systems. Thus, they do not represent maintaining good overall health and aspects of disease prevention. Additionally, the IoM report was intended as a public health recommendation for the government and is not a clinical guideline. Discussion: New country- and regional-specific guidelines must focus on healthy nations through disease prevention and reducing healthcare costs. They should not be restricted to bone effect and must encompass all extra-skeletal benefits. Nevertheless, due to misunderstandings, medical societies and other governments have used faulty IoM report as a foundation for creating vitamin D guidelines. Consequently, they placed disproportionate emphasis on bone health while largely overlooking its benefits for other bodily systems, making current guidelines, including 2024, the Endocrine Society less applicable to the public. As a result, the utility of published guidelines has been significantly reduced for clinical practice and RCTs that designed on bone-centric are generate misleading information and remain suboptimal for public health and disease prevention. Conclusions: This review and its recommendations address the gaps in current vitamin D clinical practice guidelines and propose a framework for developing more effective, country and region-specific recommendations that capture the extra-skeletal benefits of vitamin D to prevent multiple diseases and enhance public health. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bromatology—All We Should Know about Food and Nutrition)
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15 pages, 1516 KiB  
Review
Impact of Alpha-Ketoglutarate on Skeletal Muscle Health and Exercise Performance: A Narrative Review
by Miaomiao Xu, Qiao Zhang, Xiaoguang Liu, Liming Lu and Zhaowei Li
Nutrients 2024, 16(22), 3968; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16223968 - 20 Nov 2024
Viewed by 1063
Abstract
AKG, a central metabolite in the Krebs cycle, plays a vital role in cellular energy production and nitrogen metabolism. This review explores AKG’s potential therapeutic applications in skeletal muscle health and exercise performance, focusing on its mechanisms for promoting muscle regeneration and counteracting [...] Read more.
AKG, a central metabolite in the Krebs cycle, plays a vital role in cellular energy production and nitrogen metabolism. This review explores AKG’s potential therapeutic applications in skeletal muscle health and exercise performance, focusing on its mechanisms for promoting muscle regeneration and counteracting muscle atrophy. A literature search was conducted using the PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases, yielding 945 articles published up to 31 October 2024. Of these, 112 peer-reviewed articles met the inclusion criteria and formed the basis of this review. AKG supports muscle recovery by stimulating muscle satellite cells (MuSCs) and macrophage polarization, aiding muscle repair and reducing fibrosis. Additionally, AKG shows promise in preventing muscle atrophy by enhancing protein synthesis, inhibiting degradation pathways, and modulating inflammatory responses, making it relevant in conditions like sarcopenia, cachexia, and injury recovery. For athletes and active individuals, AKG supplementation has enhanced endurance, reduced fatigue, and supported faster post-exercise recovery. Despite promising preliminary findings, research gaps remain in understanding AKG’s long-term effects, optimal dosage, and specific pathways, particularly across diverse populations. Further research, including large-scale clinical trials, is essential to clarify AKG’s role in muscle health and to optimize its application as a therapeutic agent for skeletal muscle diseases and an enhancer of physical performance. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of AKG’s benefits and identify future directions for research in both clinical and sports settings. Full article
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12 pages, 298 KiB  
Article
Meal Timing and Sleep Health Among Midlife Mexican Women During the Early Stages of the COVID-19 Pandemic
by Maymona Al-Hinai, Afnan Mohy, Martha María Téllez-Rojo, Libni A. Torres-Olascoaga, Luis F. Bautista-Arredondo, Alejandra Cantoral, Karen E. Peterson and Erica C. Jansen
Nutrients 2024, 16(22), 3967; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16223967 - 20 Nov 2024
Viewed by 777
Abstract
Background/Objectives: This study aimed to examine associations between meal timing habits and sleep health in midlife Mexican women. Methods: Data comprised 379 midlife Mexican women who participated in a phone survey conducted within the Early Life Exposures in Mexico to Environmental Toxicants (ELEMENT) [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: This study aimed to examine associations between meal timing habits and sleep health in midlife Mexican women. Methods: Data comprised 379 midlife Mexican women who participated in a phone survey conducted within the Early Life Exposures in Mexico to Environmental Toxicants (ELEMENT) project during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic. Women answered questions related to meal habits and sleep duration, latency, and quality. We used linear regression to investigate the associations between meal timing, frequency of meals/snacks, eating window (duration between first and last eating occasion of the day), duration between last meal, bedtime, sleep duration, and logistic regression to examine the associations between meal timing, sleep latency, and sleep quality, adjusting for confounders. Results: Later timing of meals throughout the day, and a shorter interval between the last meal of the day and bedtime, were associated with prolonged sleep latency and worse sleep quality. Associations with sleep duration were mixed: a longer eating window and a later largest and last meal were each associated with shorter sleep duration, while a later first meal and a shorter interval between the last meal of the day and bedtime were associated with longer sleep duration. Conclusions: Meal timing habits are associated with sleep duration, latency, and quality in midlife women. Full article
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16 pages, 1234 KiB  
Article
Energy Costs of 37 Physical Activities in Chinese Children and Adolescents Aged 9–17 Years with Obesity
by Lin Zhu, Zekai Chen, Jingxin Liu, Youxiang Cao, Jing Liao and Weijun Xie
Nutrients 2024, 16(22), 3966; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16223966 - 20 Nov 2024
Viewed by 640
Abstract
Background/Objective: Obtaining data on the energy expenditure of physical activity (PA) in children and adolescents with obesity is crucial for promoting health in this population through exercise. However, relevant research is limited. This study aimed to determine the energy expenditure characteristics of 37 [...] Read more.
Background/Objective: Obtaining data on the energy expenditure of physical activity (PA) in children and adolescents with obesity is crucial for promoting health in this population through exercise. However, relevant research is limited. This study aimed to determine the energy expenditure characteristics of 37 diverse PAs in children and adolescents with obesity and examine the association between obesity and energy expenditure (EE) characteristics within this cohort. Methods: Three hundred and ninety-seven children and adolescents with obesity aged 9–17 performed various PAs. PA intensity, EE, and body fat (BF) percentage were measured. Results: The resting oxygen uptake (VO2) and resting energy expenditure (REE) of children and adolescents with obesity were 4.23 (3.72–4.84) ml/kg/min and 0.020 (0.018–0.023) kcal/kg/min, respectively, with significant differences between boys and girls (p < 0.05). The metabolic equivalent of task (MET) values for the PAs ranged from 1.12 to 8.14 METs. Regression analyses revealed an inverse association with age, BMI, and percentage BF increased, with resting VO2, REE, and average PA energy expenditure (PAEE) during PAs. Conclusions: (1) Resting VO2 was lower in children and adolescents with obesity than those with normal weight and higher than in adults. (2) Of the measured PA intensities, 8 were light, 17 were moderate, and 5 were vigorous intensity. (3) The increase in the degree of obesity and age further decreased VO2 and EE both at rest and during PA. Our results can provide precise guidance for the exercise of children and adolescents with obesity and serve as a reference for the development of physical activity guidelines and compendiums. Future research should further diversify the types of PAs measured. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Nutrition)
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14 pages, 867 KiB  
Article
What Is the Best Method for Diagnosing Osteosarcopenic Adiposity in Women After Long-Term Bariatric Surgery? A Comparison and Validation of Different Criteria
by Maísa Miranda Araújo, Ricardo Moreno Lima, Kênia Mara Baiocchi de Carvalho and Patrícia Borges Botelho
Nutrients 2024, 16(22), 3965; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16223965 - 20 Nov 2024
Viewed by 528
Abstract
Background/Objectives: To evaluate the agreement and discriminant validation of different osteosarcopenic adiposity (OSAd) diagnostic criteria in women post-Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery. Methods: Surgery. This is a cross-sectional study with women ≥2 years post-RYGB. OSAd was diagnosed using three criteria: Kelly for OSAd; [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: To evaluate the agreement and discriminant validation of different osteosarcopenic adiposity (OSAd) diagnostic criteria in women post-Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery. Methods: Surgery. This is a cross-sectional study with women ≥2 years post-RYGB. OSAd was diagnosed using three criteria: Kelly for OSAd; ESPEN/EASO and SDOC for SO, associated with WHO osteopenia, respectively. Agreement was assessed with Cohen’s Kappa, and the predictive discriminatory capability was evaluated by sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy, using impairment of physical function and the increased risk of fracture as reference standards.; Results: A total of 178 women were evaluated, with a mean age of 45.2 ± 9.6 years old and postoperative time of 6.6 ± 3.6 years. The prevalence of OSAd was 2.2% [Kelly]; 2.8% [ESPEN/EASO + WHO]; 6.2% [SDOC + WHO]. Moderate agreement was found between Kelly and ESPEN/EASO (k = 0.658, p < 0.001), but agreement with SDOC was null (k = 0.104, p = 0.114). All criteria demonstrated high specificity (94.0–98.2%) and low sensitivity (0.0–16.7%), with Kelly showing the highest accuracy (92.7%); Conclusions: Among the evaluated criteria, Kelly presented the highest accuracy and 2.2% of OSAd prevalence. Despite consistently high specificity, all criteria exhibited low sensitivity. These findings highlight the need for more sensitive diagnostic approaches for OSAd in postoperative RYGB populations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Implications in Obesity and Bariatric Surgery)
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21 pages, 697 KiB  
Systematic Review
Outcomes for Patients Receiving Multi-Chamber Bags for the Delivery of Parenteral Nutrition: A Systematic Review
by Debra Jones, Karen Allsopp, Anne Marie Sowerbutts, Simon Lal, Kirstine Farrer, Simon Harrison and Sorrel Burden
Nutrients 2024, 16(22), 3964; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16223964 - 20 Nov 2024
Viewed by 578
Abstract
Background: Parenteral nutrition (PN) is required by people with intestinal failure and can be delivered as multi-chambered bags (MCBs) or individually compounded (COM) bags. This systematic review aimed to examine the evidence base for clinical outcomes and/or quality of life (QoL) in adults [...] Read more.
Background: Parenteral nutrition (PN) is required by people with intestinal failure and can be delivered as multi-chambered bags (MCBs) or individually compounded (COM) bags. This systematic review aimed to examine the evidence base for clinical outcomes and/or quality of life (QoL) in adults receiving PN as MCBs compared to COMs in hospital and community settings. Methods: A systematic database search was conducted between January 2015 and May 2024. Studies assessing adults in receipt of MCBs were included. Quality was assessed using Joanna Briggs appraisal tools. A narrative synthesis was performed due to study heterogeneity. PROSPERO: CRD42022352806. Results: Ten studies including 87,727 adults were included, with 20,192 receiving PN from MCBs and 67,535 from COMs. Eight studies reported on PN given in hospital and two in the home. Five hospital-based and one home-based study reported that MCBs were well tolerated and provided adequate nutrition. Three hospital-based studies reported that MCBs had lower post-operative infections and a lower mean risk of catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRBSIs). Two home-based studies reported no difference in CRBSI. Five hospital-based studies reported no difference between groups in length of hospital stay. Three hospital-based studies reported the cost to be lower for MCBs than COMs, and no studies reported QoL. Conclusions: The studies included show that MCBs provided in hospital are safe and non-inferior to COMs and may be more cost-effective. There were few high-quality studies and no data on QoL; therefore, further work is required to improve the certainty of the evidence and to establish the level of QoL when using MCBs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Support for Gastrointestinal Diseases)
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16 pages, 414 KiB  
Article
Prevalence and Predictors of the Use of Low-Calorie Sweeteners Among Non-Pregnant, Non-Lactating Women of Reproductive Age in Australia
by Mumtaz Begum, Shao-Jia Zhou, Saima Shaukat Ali and Zohra S. Lassi
Nutrients 2024, 16(22), 3963; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16223963 - 20 Nov 2024
Viewed by 533
Abstract
Objective: There is concern about the potential health implications of low-calorie sweetener (LCS) consumption. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and patterns of LCS use among women of reproductive age (WRA) in Australia. Methods: This cross-sectional study involved a two-stage analysis. First, [...] Read more.
Objective: There is concern about the potential health implications of low-calorie sweetener (LCS) consumption. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and patterns of LCS use among women of reproductive age (WRA) in Australia. Methods: This cross-sectional study involved a two-stage analysis. First, latent class analyses (LCA) were employed to identify patterns of LCS use. Subsequently, regression analyses were conducted to assess the association between sociodemographic and lifestyle characteristics and the two outcomes: (1) self-reported LCS use, and (2) the identified LCS consumption patterns/classes. Results: A total of 405 WRA completed the survey (mean age 32.0 ± 8.6 years, mean BMI 28.71 ± 11.1 kg/m2), with 44.7% reporting LCS consumption. LCA analysis identified three distinct LCS consumption patterns: light users (45.9%), moderate users (26.0%) and heavy users (28.6%). A high proportion of participants did not meet the Australian dietary guidelines for recommended servings of vegetables (57.8%), dairy (44.2%), meat (48.2%) and grains (74.8%). Compared to Caucasian women, those from South Asian backgrounds (OR 4.16; 95% CI 1.71–10.1) and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women (OR 1.40; 95% CI 0.42–4.63) were more likely to use LCS. Women who participated in the weight loss programs, with overweight/obesity, and those using LCS for weight loss purposes were more likely to be moderate or heavy LCS users than light users. Additionally, socioeconomically disadvantaged women were less likely to be moderate or heavy LCS users. Conclusions: This study highlights the widespread use of LCS among WRA in Australia, with distinct consumption patterns influenced by cultural, health-related, and socioeconomic factors. These findings underscore the need for targeted interventions to promote healthy eating practices within this population. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition in Women)
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18 pages, 3761 KiB  
Article
Effect of Phytochemical-Rich Food Intake on Respiratory and Muscle Function in Middle-Aged Patients with COPD: A Cross-Sectional Study
by Alda Ranogajec, Ana Ilić, Snježana Benko Meštrović and Ivana Rumbak
Nutrients 2024, 16(22), 3962; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16223962 - 20 Nov 2024
Viewed by 622
Abstract
Background: It is known that the consumption of single phytochemicals improves respiratory function in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. Since phytochemicals have a synergistic effect on health, a more comprehensive analysis is needed. The aim of this study was to estimate [...] Read more.
Background: It is known that the consumption of single phytochemicals improves respiratory function in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. Since phytochemicals have a synergistic effect on health, a more comprehensive analysis is needed. The aim of this study was to estimate the intake of phytochemicals using the dietary phytochemical index (DPI) and assess their association with respiratory function, inspiratory muscle strength and function, and peripheral muscle strength. Methods: This study was conducted at the Special Hospital for Pulmonary Diseases in Zagreb (September 2023 to May 2024). The DPI was assessed using three 24 h recalls from 71 COPD patients (66.5 ± 8.4 years; 53.5% men). Anthropometric measurements, respiratory function, inspiratory muscle function and strength, and peripheral muscle strength were assessed during pulmonary rehabilitation following standard protocols. Results: Patients were divided into DPI tertiles with mean values of 7.3 ± 3.0, 16.0 ± 3.0, and 32.2 ± 8.8, respectively. After controlling for confounding factors, a significant association was found between DPI tertiles and FEV1 (p-trend < 0.001), FVC (p-trend = 0.002), FEV1/FVC (p-trend < 0.001), MIP (p-trend = 0.012), and MSUE (p-trend = 0.002). In addition, an inverse association was found between DPI tertiles and diaphragm thickness during inhalation (p-trend = 0.012) and exhalation (p-trend = 0.013). Conclusions: This study suggests that a higher intake of phytochemicals could be beneficial in dietary interventions for COPD therapy. Future prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings. Full article
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23 pages, 581 KiB  
Review
The Role of Nutrition in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Autoimmune Bullous Diseases—A Narrative Review
by Aleksandra Anna Kajdas, Agnieszka Żebrowska, Anna Zalewska-Janowska and Aneta Czerwonogrodzka-Senczyna
Nutrients 2024, 16(22), 3961; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16223961 - 20 Nov 2024
Viewed by 823
Abstract
Autoimmune bullous diseases (AIBDs) are a group of conditions marked by the formation of blisters and erosions on the skin and mucous membranes. It occurs in all age groups, slightly more often affecting women. Several factors may be linked to the development of [...] Read more.
Autoimmune bullous diseases (AIBDs) are a group of conditions marked by the formation of blisters and erosions on the skin and mucous membranes. It occurs in all age groups, slightly more often affecting women. Several factors may be linked to the development of AIBDs, with nutrition being one of them. The literature mentions various food products and food ingredients acting as disease modifiers. Given the complex relationship between bullous diseases and nutrition, the current literature on AIBDs has been reviewed, with an emphasis on the influence of dietary modifications, various diets, and the nutritional consequences of these conditions. This review summarizes the role of nutrition in the pathogenesis and treatment of the following AIBDs: (i) pemphigus, (ii) bullous pemphigoid and mucous membrane pemphigoid, (iii) dermatitis herpetiformis, and (iv) epidermolysis bullosa acquisita. Several nutrients and dietary factors have been studied for their potential roles in triggering or exacerbating AIBDs. The key nutrients and their potential impacts include thiols and bulb vegetables (Allium), phenols, tannic acid, tannins, phycocyanin, isothiocyanates, all trans-retinoic acids, cinnamic acid, and walnut antigens. Many patients with ABIDs may require supplementation, particularly of vitamin D and B3, calcium, potassium, zinc, selenium, and cobalt. In addition, various diets play an important role. A soft diet is recommended for individuals with issues in the oral cavity and/or esophagus, particularly for those who experience difficulties with biting or swallowing. This approach is commonly used in managing pemphigus. A high-protein, high-calcium diet, DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension), and the Mediterranean diet are utilized during long-term glucocorticoid therapy. However, in dermatitis herpetiformis it is advisable to follow a gluten-free diet and eliminate iodine from the diet. When it comes to herbal supplements, Algae (Spirulina platensis), Echinacea, and St. John’s wort (Hyperitum perforatum) enhance the ABIDs, while Cassia fistula may be recommended in the treatment of erosions in pemphigus vulgaris. Fast foods enhance the development of ABIDs. However, the pathomechanism is not yet fully understood. Future researchers should more precisely define the relationships between nutrients and nutrition and blistering diseases by also looking at, i.e., genetic predispositions, microbiome differences, or exposure to stress. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Relationships between Dietary Factors and Inflammatory Skin Diseases)
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17 pages, 476 KiB  
Article
The Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Vitamin D Supplementation on the Nutritional Status of Women with Breast Cancer in Palestine: An Open-Label Randomized Controlled Trial
by Heba F. Almassri, Azidah Abdul Kadir, Mohammed Srour and Leng Huat Foo
Nutrients 2024, 16(22), 3960; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16223960 - 20 Nov 2024
Viewed by 851
Abstract
Background: This study emphasizes the critical role of early nutritional interventions in addressing cancer-related malnutrition. It aimed to assess the effects of omega-3 fatty acids (ω3) and vitamin D3 (VitD) supplementation on the nutritional status of newly diagnosed women with breast cancer (BC) [...] Read more.
Background: This study emphasizes the critical role of early nutritional interventions in addressing cancer-related malnutrition. It aimed to assess the effects of omega-3 fatty acids (ω3) and vitamin D3 (VitD) supplementation on the nutritional status of newly diagnosed women with breast cancer (BC) in the Gaza Strip, Palestine. Method: A total of 88 newly diagnosed women with BC were randomly assigned into four groups: (i) Omega-3 fatty acid (ω3) group; (ii) Vitamin D (VitD) group; (iii) ω3+VitD group; and (iv) the controls. The patients took two daily 300 mg ω3 capsules and/or one weekly 50,000 IU VitD tablet for nine weeks. Nutritional status of the participants was assessed by several measurement tools, namely, the Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA)-derived scores, anthropometric measurements, blood albumin status and dietary intakes between the baseline and after 9 weeks post-intervention. The procedures of the present study were registered on ClinicalTrial.gov with the identifier NCT05331807. Results: At the end of trial, there was a significant increase in the PG-SGA-derived nutritional risk scores (p < 0.01), body weight and body mass index (BMI) (both p < 0.05) among participants in ω3+VitD group compared to other groups. Additionally, there was a significant rise in blood albumin levels (p < 0.05), daily energy and protein intake in the ω3+VitD group (p < 0.05) compared to baseline. Conclusion: Participants with supplementation of daily ω3 and weekly VitD had improved nutritional status, assessed by the PG-SGA scores and anthropometric measures, blood albumin and dietary energy and protein intake among women with BC who were undergoing active treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Nutrition)
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16 pages, 713 KiB  
Article
Prolonged Water-Only Fasting Followed by a Whole-Plant-Food Diet Is a Potential Long-Term Management Strategy for Hypertension and Obesity
by Evelyn Zeiler, Sahmla Gabriel, Mackson Ncube, Natasha Thompson, Daniel Newmire, Eugene L. Scharf, Alan C. Goldhamer and Toshia R. Myers
Nutrients 2024, 16(22), 3959; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16223959 - 20 Nov 2024
Viewed by 1073
Abstract
Objective: This single-arm, pre–post interventional trial (clinicaltrials.gov, NCT04515095) investigates the safety, feasibility, and potential effectiveness of prolonged water-only fasting followed by a whole-plant-food diet in the long-term management of hypertension and other cardiometabolic disorders. Methods: Safety was assessed based on adverse events (AEs) [...] Read more.
Objective: This single-arm, pre–post interventional trial (clinicaltrials.gov, NCT04515095) investigates the safety, feasibility, and potential effectiveness of prolonged water-only fasting followed by a whole-plant-food diet in the long-term management of hypertension and other cardiometabolic disorders. Methods: Safety was assessed based on adverse events (AEs) that were recorded according to Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) v5.0. Feasibility was assessed based on retention rate, ability to complete minimal fast length, and intervention acceptability. Twenty-nine participants with stage 1 and 2 hypertension and without type 2 diabetes were enrolled from a residential fasting center. Results: Study retention was 100% at the end of the refeed and 93% at the six-week follow-up visit. Median (range) fasting and refeeding duration were 11 (7–40) and 5 (3–17) days, respectively, and 90% of participants were able to complete at least 7 days of fasting. The majority of AEs were mild (grade 1) and transient and there were no higher-grade or serious AEs. At the end of the intervention, median systolic/diastolic blood pressure had normalized to below 130/80 mmHg, body weight reduced by >5%, and anti-hypertensive medication was completely discontinued. These results were sustained for at least six weeks and potentially up to one year. Conclusions: Our data suggest that the intervention may be a feasible, well-tolerated, low-risk option for lowering and managing high blood pressure, excess body weight, and other cardiometabolic disorders in people with stage 1 and 2 hypertension. Full article
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22 pages, 3805 KiB  
Article
Sepiolite–Chitosan–Acetic Acid Biocomposite Attenuates the Development of Obesity and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet
by Dalia Niv, Eli Anavi, Laris Yaval, Atallah Abbas, Giora Rytwo and Roee Gutman
Nutrients 2024, 16(22), 3958; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16223958 - 20 Nov 2024
Viewed by 719
Abstract
Background; obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) reduce life expectancy; nonoperative interventions show poor results. Individually, chitosan (1% w/w), acetic acid (AA 0.3–6.5% w/w), and sepiolite clay (5% w/w) attenuate high-fat-diet-induced obesity (DIO) [...] Read more.
Background; obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) reduce life expectancy; nonoperative interventions show poor results. Individually, chitosan (1% w/w), acetic acid (AA 0.3–6.5% w/w), and sepiolite clay (5% w/w) attenuate high-fat-diet-induced obesity (DIO) via reduced energy digestibility and increased energy expenditure. Objectives; therefore, we hypothesized that a chitosan–sepiolite biocomposite suspended in AA would attenuate DIO and NAFLD to a greater extent than AA alone via its more substantial adsorption of nonpolar molecules. Methods; we tested this dietary supplement in C57BL/6J mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) compared to an unsupplemented HFD and an HFD supplemented with a bile acid sequestrant (cholestyramine) or standalone AA. Results; biocomposite supplementation reduced DIO gain by 60% and abolished hepatic liver accumulation, whereas standalone AA showed mild attenuation of DIO gain and did not prevent HFD-induced hepatic fat accumulation. The biocomposite intake was accompanied by a lower digestibility (−4 point %) counterbalanced by increased intake; hence, it did not affect energy absorption. Therefore, DIO attenuation was suggested to be related to higher energy expenditure, a phenomenon not found with AA alone, as supported by calculated energy expenditure using the energy balance method. Conclusions; these results support further investigation of the biocomposite’s efficacy in attenuating obesity and NAFLD, specifically when applied with a restricted diet. Future studies are needed to determine this biocomposite’s safety, mechanism of action, and efficacy compared to its components given separately or combined with other ingredients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Obesity)
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16 pages, 1365 KiB  
Article
Low-Dose Ketone Monoester Administration in Adults with Cystic Fibrosis: A Pilot and Feasibility Study
by Eric P. Plaisance, Jonathan M. Bergeron, Mickey L. Bolyard, Heather Y. Hathorne, Christina M. Graziano, Anastasia Hartzes, Kristopher R. Genschmer, Jessica A. Alvarez, Amy M. Goss, Amit Gaggar and Kevin R. Fontaine
Nutrients 2024, 16(22), 3957; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16223957 - 19 Nov 2024
Viewed by 958
Abstract
Introduction: Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) modulators have greatly improved outcomes in persons with CF (pwCF); however, there is still significant heterogeneity in clinical responses, particularly with regard to respiratory infection and inflammation. Exogenous administration of ketones has profound systemic [...] Read more.
Introduction: Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) modulators have greatly improved outcomes in persons with CF (pwCF); however, there is still significant heterogeneity in clinical responses, particularly with regard to respiratory infection and inflammation. Exogenous administration of ketones has profound systemic anti-inflammatory effects and produces several nutrient-signaling and metabolic effects that may benefit multiple organ systems affected in pwCF. This pilot study was designed to determine the feasibility of administration of a ketone monoester (KME) to increase circulating D-beta hydroxybutyrate concentrations (D-βHB) and to improve subjective measures of CF-specific quality of life and markers of inflammation in serum and sputum in adults with CF. Methods: Fourteen participants receiving modulator therapy were randomized to receive either KME (n = 9) or placebo control (PC, n = 5) for 5–7 days during hospitalization for treatment of acute pulmonary exacerbation or as outpatients under standard care. Results: The KME was well tolerated, with only mild reports of gastrointestinal distress. D-βHB concentrations increased from 0.2 ± 0.1 mM to 1.6 ± 0.6 mM in the KME group compared to 0.2 ± 0.0 to 0.3 ± 0.1 in the PC group (p = 0.011) within 15 min following consumption and remained elevated, relative to baseline, for over 2 h. Pulmonary function was not altered after single- or short-term KME administration, but participants in the KME group self-reported higher subjective respiratory scores compared to PC in both cases (p = 0.031). Plasma inflammatory markers were not statistically different between groups following the short-term (5–7 d) intervention (p > 0.05). However, an exploratory analysis of plasma pre- and post-IL-6 concentrations was significant (p = 0.028) in the KME group but not PC. Sputum IFNγ (p = 0.057), IL-12p70 (p = 0.057), IL-1β (p = 0.100), IL-15 (p = 0.057), IL-1α (p = 0.114), and MPO (p = 0.133) were lower in the KME group compared to PC but did not achieve statistical significance. Conclusions: With the emerging role of exogenous ketones as nutrient signaling molecules and mediators of metabolism, we showed that KME is well tolerated, increases circulating D-βHB concentrations, and produces outcomes that justify the need for large-scale clinical trials to investigate the role of KME on whole-body and tissue lipid accumulation and inflammation in pwCF. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)
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11 pages, 642 KiB  
Review
Effect of Intermittent Fasting on Immune Parameters and Intestinal Inflammation
by Eva Haasis, Anna Bettenburg and Axel Lorentz
Nutrients 2024, 16(22), 3956; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16223956 - 19 Nov 2024
Viewed by 1113
Abstract
Intermittent fasting (IF), including alternate day fasting (ADF) and time-restricted feeding (TRF) or, in humans, time-restricted eating (TRE), has been associated with the prevention and improvement of diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). This review summarizes 20 animal and human studies on the [...] Read more.
Intermittent fasting (IF), including alternate day fasting (ADF) and time-restricted feeding (TRF) or, in humans, time-restricted eating (TRE), has been associated with the prevention and improvement of diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). This review summarizes 20 animal and human studies on the influence of IF on intestinal inflammation. In the animal studies, TRF and ADF improved histological scores, inflammatory markers, markers of oxidative stress, and microbiota composition. Apart from the studies on Ramadan fasting, there are no studies on IF in IBD patients, so human studies on IF in healthy people were included. The studies on Ramadan fasting showed almost no effects, but this particular type of fasting is not directly comparable to TRE or ADF. However, TRE and ADF appear to have anti-inflammatory effects in healthy individuals, as they significantly reduce CRP levels and inflammatory markers. TRE also improved the composition of microbiota and the circadian oscillation of clock genes. The beneficial effects of TRE and ADF in healthy people appear to depend on the number of uninterrupted days of fasting, while in animal studies improvements in colitis have been observed regardless of the duration of fasting. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional Immunology)
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23 pages, 385 KiB  
Review
Health Benefits of Prebiotics, Probiotics, Synbiotics, and Postbiotics
by Nasser Al-Habsi, Maha Al-Khalili, Syed Ariful Haque, Moussa Elias, Nada Al Olqi and Tasnim Al Uraimi
Nutrients 2024, 16(22), 3955; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16223955 - 19 Nov 2024
Viewed by 2505
Abstract
The trillions of microbes that constitute the human gut microbiome play a crucial role in digestive health, immune response regulation, and psychological wellness. Maintaining gut microbiota is essential as metabolic diseases are associated with it. Functional food ingredients potentially improving gut health include [...] Read more.
The trillions of microbes that constitute the human gut microbiome play a crucial role in digestive health, immune response regulation, and psychological wellness. Maintaining gut microbiota is essential as metabolic diseases are associated with it. Functional food ingredients potentially improving gut health include prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics, and postbiotics (PPSPs). While probiotics are living bacteria that provide health advantages when ingested sufficiently, prebiotics are non-digestible carbohydrates that support good gut bacteria. Synbiotics work together to improve immunity and intestinal health by combining probiotics and prebiotics. Postbiotics have also demonstrated numerous health advantages, such as bioactive molecules created during probiotic fermentation. According to a recent study, PPSPs can regulate the synthesis of metabolites, improve the integrity of the intestinal barrier, and change the gut microbiota composition to control metabolic illnesses. Additionally, the use of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) highlights the potential for restoring gut health through microbiota modulation, reinforcing the benefits of PPSPs in enhancing overall well-being. Research has shown that PPSPs provide several health benefits, such as improved immunological function, alleviation of symptoms associated with irritable bowel disease (IBD), decreased severity of allergies, and antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects. Despite encouraging results, many unanswered questions remain about the scope of PPSPs’ health advantages. Extensive research is required to fully realize the potential of these functional food components in enhancing human health and well-being. Effective therapeutic and prophylactic measures require further investigation into the roles of PPSPs, specifically their immune-system-modulating, cholesterol-lowering, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory characteristics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Prebiotics and Probiotics)
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11 pages, 811 KiB  
Article
Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Honeysuckle Leaf Against Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Neuroinflammation on BV2 Microglia
by Bitna Kweon, Jinyoung Oh, Yebin Lim, Gyeongran Noh, Jihyun Yu, Donggu Kim, Mikyung Jang, Donguk Kim and Gisang Bae
Nutrients 2024, 16(22), 3954; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16223954 - 19 Nov 2024
Viewed by 643
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Neurodegenerative disorders have emerged as a major global public health concern, and the burden is predicted to increase over time. Modulating neuroinflammation and microglial activity is considered a promising target for improving neurodegenerative disorders. The leaf of honeysuckle (LH), which has anti-inflammatory [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Neurodegenerative disorders have emerged as a major global public health concern, and the burden is predicted to increase over time. Modulating neuroinflammation and microglial activity is considered a promising target for improving neurodegenerative disorders. The leaf of honeysuckle (LH), which has anti-inflammatory properties, has long been collected, regardless of the season, and used for medicinal purposes. However, research on its effects on neuroinflammation is scarce. In this study, we determined the neuroprotective effects of LH water extract by inhibiting microglial activation induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Methods: The production or secretion of pro-inflammatory mediators was examined in LPS-exposed BV2 cells to ascertain the efficacy of LH water extract in improving neuroinflammation. In addition, the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and the degradation of inhibitory κBα (IκBα) were analyzed to elucidate the regulatory mechanisms of LH water extract. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) analysis was conducted to identify the active component of the LH. Results: LH water extract suppressed the formation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), nitric oxide (NO), and pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, in LPS-activated BV2 cells. LH impeded the activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Moreover, chlorogenic acid was found in LH. Conclusions: The above findings suggest that LH water extract could improve neuroinflammation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Phytochemicals and Human Health)
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11 pages, 608 KiB  
Article
Assessing the Impact of Vitamin D Supplementation on Respiratory Infections in Children and Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study
by Elena Tanase, Larisa Mihaela Marusca, Florin George Horhat, Monica Susan, Razvan Susan, Razvan Horhat, Stefania Dinu, Tiberiu-Liviu Dragomir and Sonia Tanasescu
Nutrients 2024, 16(22), 3953; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16223953 - 19 Nov 2024
Viewed by 990
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Recent studies suggest that vitamin D supplementation and higher serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) concentrations may reduce the incidence of respiratory infections in children and adolescents. This cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate the association between different concentrations of vitamin D supplementation, [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives: Recent studies suggest that vitamin D supplementation and higher serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) concentrations may reduce the incidence of respiratory infections in children and adolescents. This cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate the association between different concentrations of vitamin D supplementation, serum 25-OHD concentrations, and the frequency of respiratory infections among individuals aged 1 to 18 years, for a duration of 2 years. Methods: Concerning sun exposure in relation to vitamin D, the study took place in Romania, at approximately 45-degree northern latitude. A total of 194 patients were divided into groups based on weekly vitamin D supplementation (<400 IU, 400–800 IU, >800 IU), serum 25-OHD concentrations (<20 ng/mL, 20–30 ng/mL, >30 ng/mL), and age (<6 years, 6–12 years, 12–18 years). The overall incidence of respiratory infections was 41.2%. Results: Participants receiving >800 IU/week had a significantly lower incidence of infections (16.7%) compared to those receiving <400 IU/week (60.0%, p < 0.001). Similarly, participants with serum 25-OHD concentrations >30 ng/mL had an infection rate of 16.7%, compared to 61.4% in those with concentrations <20 ng/mL (p < 0.001). Age-specific analyses revealed that the protective effect of vitamin D was most pronounced in children under 6 years old. Logistic regression showed that higher vitamin D supplementation and serum 25-OHD concentrations were independently associated with reduced odds of respiratory infections (OR = 0.25 and OR = 0.22, respectively, p < 0.001). Conclusions: These findings support the potential role of vitamin D supplementation in preventing respiratory infections in the pediatric population. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vitamin D, Immune Response, and Autoimmune Diseases (2nd Edition))
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20 pages, 3523 KiB  
Article
Effect of Postbiotic Bifidobacterium longum CECT 7347 on Gastrointestinal Symptoms, Serum Biochemistry, and Intestinal Microbiota in Healthy Adults: A Randomised, Parallel, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study
by Malwina Naghibi, Adria Pont-Beltran, Araceli Lamelas, Laura Llobregat, Juan F. Martinez-Blanch, Antonia Rojas, Beatriz Álvarez, Bricia López Plaza, Lucia Arcos Castellanos, Empar Chenoll, Vineetha Vijayakumar and Richard Day
Nutrients 2024, 16(22), 3952; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16223952 - 19 Nov 2024
Viewed by 1775
Abstract
Objectives: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot trial was conducted to assess the effect of heat-treated Bifidobacterium longum CECT 7347 (HT-ES1) in healthy adults with mild to moderate digestive symptoms. A total of 60 participants were recruited and received either HT-ES1 or an identical [...] Read more.
Objectives: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot trial was conducted to assess the effect of heat-treated Bifidobacterium longum CECT 7347 (HT-ES1) in healthy adults with mild to moderate digestive symptoms. A total of 60 participants were recruited and received either HT-ES1 or an identical placebo for 8 weeks with a further follow-up at week 10. Methods: This study monitored changes in the total Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale for IBS score (GSRS-IBS), Irritable Bowel Syndrome Symptom Severity Scale (IBS-SSS), IBS Quality of Life index (IBS-QoL), gut microbiome using 16S rRNA sequencing, and the Visceral Sensitivity Index, as well as a range of biochemical markers, anthropometric parameters, and adverse events. Results: While minimal changes were observed in gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, the HT-ES1 group showed a significant decrease in total and non-HDL cholesterol compared to the placebo. The intervention group also exhibited a significant increase in the abundance of the genera Faecalibacterium and Anaerobutyricum, both of which were positively correlated with butyrate concentrations. Faecal calprotectin significantly increased over time in the placebo group but remained stable in the HT-ES1 group. Conclusions: Overall, these findings suggest that HT-ES1 may promote gut health by increasing butyrate-producing bacteria in the gut, maintaining normal levels of faecal calprotectin and reducing serum cholesterol. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Postbiotics on Human Health)
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29 pages, 829 KiB  
Review
Targeting the Gut Microbiota for Prevention and Management of Type 2 Diabetes
by Sabrina Donati Zeppa, Marco Gervasi, Alessia Bartolacci, Fabio Ferrini, Antonino Patti, Piero Sestili, Vilberto Stocchi and Deborah Agostini
Nutrients 2024, 16(22), 3951; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16223951 - 19 Nov 2024
Viewed by 882
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a chronic metabolic disorder with a heterogeneous etiology encompassing societal and behavioral risk factors in addition to genetic and environmental susceptibility. The cardiovascular consequences of diabetes account for more than two-thirds of mortality among people with T2D. Not [...] Read more.
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a chronic metabolic disorder with a heterogeneous etiology encompassing societal and behavioral risk factors in addition to genetic and environmental susceptibility. The cardiovascular consequences of diabetes account for more than two-thirds of mortality among people with T2D. Not only does T2D shorten life expectancy, but it also lowers quality of life and is associated with extremely high health expenditures since diabetic complications raise both direct and indirect healthcare costs. An increasing body of research indicates a connection between T2D and gut microbial traits, as numerous alterations in the intestinal microorganisms have been noted in pre-diabetic and diabetic individuals. These include pro-inflammatory bacterial patterns, increased intestinal permeability, endotoxemia, and hyperglycemia-favoring conditions, such as the alteration of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secretion. Restoring microbial homeostasis can be very beneficial for preventing and co-treating T2D and improving antidiabetic therapy outcomes. This review summarizes the characteristics of a “diabetic” microbiota and the metabolites produced by microbial species that can worsen or ameliorate T2D risk and progression, suggesting gut microbiota-targeted strategies to restore eubiosis and regulate blood glucose. Nutritional supplementation, diet, and physical exercise are known to play important roles in T2D, and here their effects on the gut microbiota are discussed, suggesting non-pharmacological approaches that can greatly help in diabetes management and highlighting the importance of tailoring treatments to individual needs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Habit, Gut Microbiome and Human Health)
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11 pages, 240 KiB  
Article
Obesity Risk Was Associated with Alcohol Intake and Sleep Duration Among Korean Men: The 2016–2020 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
by Sang Young Kim and Hyun Ja Kim
Nutrients 2024, 16(22), 3950; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16223950 - 19 Nov 2024
Viewed by 575
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Excessive alcohol drinking and short sleep duration could be problematic in terms of obesity. This research investigated the risk of obesity according to alcohol consumption and sleep duration, using data from the 2016–2020 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Methods: [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Excessive alcohol drinking and short sleep duration could be problematic in terms of obesity. This research investigated the risk of obesity according to alcohol consumption and sleep duration, using data from the 2016–2020 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Methods: The health behavior survey on alcohol intake and sleep duration was conducted via self-reporting by participants. Height and weight were measured to calculate the body mass index (BMI), which was then used to assess obesity, defined as a BMI of ≥25 kg/m2. Among a total of 39,738 participants from the 2016–2020 KNHANES, this study finally included 8271 Korean men aged ≥30 years, with 3467 classified as obese and 4804 as controls. Results: Obesity risk was significantly increased with a short sleep duration of <7 h (vs. 7–<9 h, odds ratio [OR] = 1.28, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 1.15–1.43) or frequency of binge drinking of ≥1 time/week (vs. never, OR = 1.39, 95% CI = 1.17–1.65). Moreover, the risk of obesity was further increased to 1.52 (95% CI = 1.17–1.97) for those with both short sleep duration and frequent binge drinking. Conclusions: The risk of obesity was elevated for frequent binge alcohol drinking with short sleep duration in Korean men. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Alcohol Consumption and Human Health)
38 pages, 2535 KiB  
Review
Endurance in Long-Distance Swimming and the Use of Nutritional Aids
by Álvaro Miguel-Ortega, Julio Calleja-González and Juan Mielgo-Ayuso
Nutrients 2024, 16(22), 3949; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16223949 - 19 Nov 2024
Viewed by 1181
Abstract
Background: Long-distance swimmers exert energetic, physiological, and neuromuscular demands that must be matched with adequate body composition to improve their performance in long-distance swimming. Objectives: This review aims to compile all available information on energetic and physiological demands, optimal body composition, nutrition, and [...] Read more.
Background: Long-distance swimmers exert energetic, physiological, and neuromuscular demands that must be matched with adequate body composition to improve their performance in long-distance swimming. Objectives: This review aims to compile all available information on energetic and physiological demands, optimal body composition, nutrition, and ergogenic supplements in long-distance swimming. This will provide an understanding of the specific challenges and needs of this sport and will help swimmers and coaches design more effective training and nutrition plans to optimise performance and achieve their goals. Methods: Databases such as Web of Science, SciELO Citation Index, MEDLINE (PubMed), Current Contents Connect, KCI-Korean Journal Database, and Scopus were searched for publications in English using keywords such as swimming, endurance, energy demands, physiological demands, nutrition, body composition, and ergogenic aids, individually or in combination. Results: There is convincing evidence that several physical indicators, such as propulsive surface area, technical, such as stroke rate, and functional, such as hydration strategies, are related to swimming performance and body composition. Each athlete may have a specific optimal body fat level that is associated with improved sporting performance. The nutritional needs of open water swimmers during competition are quite different from those of pool swimmers. Conclusions: Swimmers with an adequate physique have a high body muscle mass and moderately related anaerobic strength both on land and in the water. These general and specific strength capacities, which are given by certain anthropometric and physiological characteristics, are seen throughout the work, as well as ergogenic and nutritional strategies, which have an important impact on long-distance swimming performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Supplements and Exercise Performance)
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18 pages, 2700 KiB  
Article
Prevalence Rates of Abdominal Obesity, High Waist-to-Height Ratio and Excess Adiposity, and Their Associated Cardio-Kidney-Metabolic Factors: SIMETAP-AO Study
by Antonio Ruiz-García, Adalberto Serrano-Cumplido, Carlos Escobar-Cervantes, Ezequiel Arranz-Martínez and Vicente Pallarés-Carratalá
Nutrients 2024, 16(22), 3948; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16223948 - 19 Nov 2024
Viewed by 862
Abstract
Background/objective: In addition to obesity, adiposity and abdominal obesity (AO) are parameters included in the cardiovascular–kidney–metabolic (CKM) syndrome. However, their prevalence and association with the other CKM factors have been less studied. Our study aimed to determine the prevalence rates of AO, high [...] Read more.
Background/objective: In addition to obesity, adiposity and abdominal obesity (AO) are parameters included in the cardiovascular–kidney–metabolic (CKM) syndrome. However, their prevalence and association with the other CKM factors have been less studied. Our study aimed to determine the prevalence rates of AO, high waist-to-height ratio (WtHR), and excess adiposity (EA), and to compare their associations with CKM factors. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted with a random population-based sample of 6,588 study subjects between 18 and 102 years of age. Crude and sex- and age-adjusted prevalence rates of AO, high-WtHR, and EA were calculated, and their associations with CKM variables were assessed by bivariate and multivariate analyses. Results: The adjusted prevalence rates for AO, high-WtHR, and EA were 39.6% (33.6% in men; 44.9% in women), 30.6% (31.1% in men; 30.6% in women), and 65.6% (65.6% in men; 65.3% in women), respectively, and they increased with age. The main independent factors associated with AO, high-WtHR, and EA were hypertension, diabetes, prediabetes, low HDL-C, hypercholesterolaemia, hypertriglyceridemia, physical inactivity, hyperuricemia, and chronic kidney disease. Conclusions: Two-thirds of the adult population have EA, one-third have AO, and one-third have high-WtHR. These findings support that the other factors of CKM syndrome, in addition to hyperuricemia and physical inactivity, show an independent association with these adiposity-related variables. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Obesity)
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13 pages, 1887 KiB  
Systematic Review
Mediterranean Diet in Older Adults: Cardiovascular Outcomes and Mortality from Observational and Interventional Studies—A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
by Michela Furbatto, Diana Lelli, Raffaele Antonelli Incalzi and Claudio Pedone
Nutrients 2024, 16(22), 3947; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16223947 - 19 Nov 2024
Viewed by 1330
Abstract
Background/Objectives: there is conflicting evidence on the role of the Mediterranean Diet (MD) in reducing the risk of long-term outcomes in older adults. The aim of our study was to assess the effectiveness of high adherence to MD in reducing all-cause mortality and [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: there is conflicting evidence on the role of the Mediterranean Diet (MD) in reducing the risk of long-term outcomes in older adults. The aim of our study was to assess the effectiveness of high adherence to MD in reducing all-cause mortality and cardiovascular outcomes among older adults. Methods: PubMed database was searched up to 31 May 2023. We included randomized controlled trials (RCT) and cohort studies in the English language which evaluated the Mediterranean diet’s adherence to exposure on a population with a mean age > 60 years. The main outcomes were cardiovascular fatal and non-fatal events, and all-cause mortality. A sub-analysis on individuals > 70 years old was conducted. Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were used for assessing data quality and validity. Pooled data were obtained by using random-effects models. Results: a total of 28 studies were included in this meta-analysis (26 observational studies and 2 randomized trials), reporting a total of 679,259 participants from different continents. Our results showed that high adherence to the MD reduces all-cause mortality risk by 23% (95% CI: 0.70–0.83), while it decreases the risk of cardiovascular mortality by 27% (95% CI: 0.64–0.84) and that of non-fatal cardiovascular events by 23% (95% CI: 0.55–1.01). Conclusions: MD is a promising dietary pattern for promoting health among older adults, as it is associated with reduced risks of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, and non-fatal cardiovascular events. Adopting a Mediterranean Diet may contribute to better overall health and a lower likelihood of cardiovascular-related health issues in older individuals. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Nutrition)
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19 pages, 490 KiB  
Article
A Combined Extract Derived from Black Sticky Rice and Dill Improves Clinical Symptoms and Ischemic Stroke Biomarkers in Transient Ischemic Attack and Ischemic Stroke Patients
by Kannikar Kongbunkiat, Wipawee Thukham-mee, Somsak Tiamkao, Narongrit Kasemsap, Nisa Vorasoot and Jintanaporn Wattanathorn
Nutrients 2024, 16(22), 3946; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16223946 - 19 Nov 2024
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Abstract
Currently, the adjuvant therapy to optimize the restorative process after stroke is required due to the unsatisfied therapeutic efficacy. A combined extract of black sticky rice and dill showed potential in the preclinical state, so we hypothesized that it could provide clinical benefits. [...] Read more.
Currently, the adjuvant therapy to optimize the restorative process after stroke is required due to the unsatisfied therapeutic efficacy. A combined extract of black sticky rice and dill showed potential in the preclinical state, so we hypothesized that it could provide clinical benefits. A three-arm, randomized, placebo-controlled study was set up to elucidate this issue. Both males and females (18–80 years old) who had experienced transient ischemic attacks or ischemic strokes within the last 5–10 days with an NIHSS score ≤ 7 and received standard treatment were randomly assigned to receive either a placebo or capsule containing a combined extract of black sticky rice and dill at a dose of 600 or 1200 mg per day. The safety parameters, movement control, and degree of disability were assessed 1, 2, and 6 weeks after the intervention, and serum stroke biomarkers were assessed at the mentioned time points, except at 2 weeks. After week 1, the high-dose (1200 mg/day) treatment group had improved NIHSSS, VCAM1, and MMP-9. Both S100β and VCAM1 also improved at week 6, while the low-dose treatment group (600 mg/day) only exhibited improved VCAM1. Therefore, a high dose of the developed adjuvant supplement improves stroke recovery by improving motor impairment by reducing endothelial dysfunction and inflammation. Full article
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13 pages, 844 KiB  
Article
Impact of Genetic Polymorphisms on Electrochemical Parameters and Acid-Base Disorders in Brazilian Runners During a 105-Kilometer Ultramarathon
by Marcelo Romanovitch Ribas, Fábio Kurt Schneider, Danieli Isabel Romanovitch Ribas, Georgian Badicu, Ana Claudia Bonatto, Luca Paolo Ardigò and Júlio Cesar Bassan
Nutrients 2024, 16(22), 3945; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16223945 - 19 Nov 2024
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Abstract
Background/Objectives: This study focused on a group of 22 elite male mountain runners from Brazil (average age of 35.9 ± 6.5 years) with the objective of exploring the possible roles of the ACTN3 R577X, ACE I/D, and CK MM A/G NcoI genetic variants [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: This study focused on a group of 22 elite male mountain runners from Brazil (average age of 35.9 ± 6.5 years) with the objective of exploring the possible roles of the ACTN3 R577X, ACE I/D, and CK MM A/G NcoI genetic variants in shaping electrochemical profiles and maintaining acid-base homeostasis during a 105-km ultramarathon. Methods: Genotyping for each polymorphism (ACTN3: RR, RX, XX; ACE: DD, ID, II; CK MM: AA, AG, GG) was conducted using PCR-RFLP (Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism), and saliva samples were used to obtain DNA. Analyses of electrochemical and acid-base disturbances were performed in real time. Results: It was observed that athletes who completed the race in less time had lower calcium concentrations (Rs = 0.35; p = 0.016). Pre-race, the RX genotype showed a 14.19% reduction in potassium levels compared to RR (p = 0.01). The GG genotype showed potassium levels 19.36% higher than AA (p = 0.01) and a 6.11% increase in hematocrit values compared to AA (p = 0.03). Additionally, the AG genotype exhibited hematocrit values 5.44% higher than AA (p = 0.03). Post-race, the XX genotype demonstrated higher hematocrit values compared to RX, with an increase of 8.92% (p = 0.03). The II genotype showed a 0.27% increase in pH compared to ID (p = 0.02) and a 20.42% reduction in carbon dioxide levels (p = 0.01). Conclusions: The findings emphasize the impact of the examined polymorphisms on the modulation of electrochemical factors and the maintenance of acid-base equilibrium in athletes during 105 km ultramarathons. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Diet and Multi-Omics)
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12 pages, 783 KiB  
Article
Ultra-Processed Food Consumption and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Children Living in Northeastern Brazil
by Cristiane Cosmo Silva-Luis, Mariana Souza Lopes, Sávio Marcelino Gomes, Palloma Karlla Cantalice Matias, Fernando Paiva Brandini, Paulo César Trindade Costa, Rúbia Cartaxo Squizato de Moraes, Vinícius José Baccin Martins and José Luiz de Brito Alves
Nutrients 2024, 16(22), 3944; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16223944 - 19 Nov 2024
Viewed by 702
Abstract
Objective: To analyze the association between ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption and cardiometabolic, biochemical, and inflammatory risk factors in children in a metropolis in Northeast Brazil. Methods: A cross-sectional study using baseline data from a community-based controlled trial was carried out with 151 children [...] Read more.
Objective: To analyze the association between ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption and cardiometabolic, biochemical, and inflammatory risk factors in children in a metropolis in Northeast Brazil. Methods: A cross-sectional study using baseline data from a community-based controlled trial was carried out with 151 children from public schools in João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil aged 7 to 10 years. Dietary consumption was assessed using 24 h food recall, and UPF consumption was estimated using the NOVA classification system. Anthropometry (BMI for age), blood pressure, biochemical parameters (ALT, AST, GGT, cholesterol, LDL-c, HDL-c, triglycerides, fasting glucose, HbA1c, HOMA-IR, creatinine, urea, hs-CRP), and cytokines (IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17a, IFN-γ, and TNF-α) were also assessed. Results: Children in the third tertile (highest UPF consumption) had higher serum concentrations of LDL-c (p-value = 0.04) and ALT (p-value = 0.01), with a trend towards higher AST (p-value = 0.06). Total energy (p-value = 0.01), trans fatty acid (p-value = 0.02), and sodium (p-value = 0.04) intakes were higher in the highest tertile, whereas protein (p-value < 0.01) and fiber (p-value < 0.01) intakes were lower. Concentrations of IL-17A (p-value = 0.01) and IL-10 (p-value = 0.04) were significantly higher in the second tertile. Multiple linear regression showed that UPF consumption was significantly associated with increased LDL-c, ALT, and AST concentrations. Conclusions: High intake of UPFs was associated with dyslipidemia, elevated liver enzymes, and inflammatory changes in children. Dietary interventions are needed to reduce UPF consumption and prevent cardiometabolic and liver disease in childhood. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Relevance of Ultra-Processed Food Consumption)
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