Vegetarian and Vegan Diets: Beliefs and Attitudes of General Practitioners and Pediatricians in France
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design and Participants
2.2. Survey
- Physician’s characteristics: demography, practice, location, nutrition degree, and personal diet.
- Care of vegetarian patients: impact on the physician–patient relationship, advice provided on switching to an OLV or vegan diet, and specific monitoring and treatments.
- Representations of the risks and benefits of the OLV and vegan diets. Physicians had to estimate: (i) the impact of an OLV or vegan diet on several health issues from 0 (“deleterious effect”) to 10 (“protective effect”) for adults and children; (ii) the risk of deficiencies associated with these two diets; (iii) whether the diets were suitable for different types of populations, including some specific subgroups (e.g., pregnant women, the elderly, infants, children, teenagers, athletes, and patients with diabetes or chronic kidney disease).
- Understanding of the patients following a vegetarian diet: perceived motives for the patients to adopt a vegetarian diet (health, environmental, ethical reasons, beliefs, fashion, or eating disorders).
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of the Physicians
3.2. Opinions about the Effects of an OLV or Vegan Diet on Adults and Children
3.3. Suitability of OLV or Vegan Diets and Reasons for Adopting These Diets
3.4. Vegetarian Diets and Physician–Patient Relationship
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Participating GPs N = 149 | French GPs * N = 58,450 | Participating Pediatricians N = 28 | French Pediatricians * N = 2026 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (median (min–max)), mv: 10 | 49 (27–71) | 51 | 56 (35–69) | 49 |
Sex, mv: 1 | ||||
Female | 61 (41) | 23,617 (40) | 26 (93) | 1322 (65) |
Male | 87 (59) | 34,833 (60) | 2 (7) | 704 (35) |
Practice location, mv: 1 | ||||
Urban | 59 (40) | 24 (86) | ||
Semi-rural | 56 (38) | 3 (11) | ||
Rural | 33 (22) | 1 (3) | ||
University nutrition degree, mv: 2 | ||||
No | 143 (97) | 26 (96) | ||
Yes | 4 (3) | 1 (4) | ||
Vegetarian diet, mv: 22 | ||||
No | 124 (95) | 24 (96) | ||
Yes | 6 (5) | 1 (4) |
Ovo-Lacto-Vegetarian Diet | Vegan Diet | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Participating Physicians N = 177 | Median (Q1–Q3) | I Do Not Know n(%) | Missing Values (n) | Median (Q1–Q3) | I Do Not Know n(%) | Missing Values (n) |
Adults | ||||||
Overall cardiovascular disease | 7 (5–8) | 26 (14) | 0 | 7 (5–8) | 39 (23) | 9 |
Myocardial infarction | 7 (6–8) | 29 (16) | 0 | 7 (5–8) | 40 (24) | 9 |
High blood pressure | 7 (5–8) | 24 (13) | 1 | 6 (5–8) | 36 (21) | 9 |
Type 2 diabetes | 6 (5–8) | 29 (17) | 2 | 6 (5–8) | 40 (24) | 11 |
Obesity | 7 (6–8) | 21 (12) | 1 | 7 (5–8) | 33 (20) | 12 |
Cancer (global risk) | 7 (5–8) | 34 (19) | 2 | 6 (5–7) | 46 (27) | 10 |
Osteoporosis | 5 (3–5) | 25 (15) | 2 | 2 (1–4) | 24 (14) | 9 |
Anemia | 3 (2–5) | 14 (8) | 0 | 2 (1–3) | 15 (9) | 9 |
Neurodegenerative disorder | 5 (5–6) | 67 (39) | 7 | 5 (3–5) | 71 (43) | 13 |
Depression | 5 (4–5) | 63 (37) | 7 | 4 (2–5) | 60 (36) | 11 |
Children (2–11 years old) | ||||||
Obesity in childhood | 6 (5–8) | 36 (20) | 1 | 7 (5–8) | 48 (29) | 9 |
Obesity in adulthood | 7 (5–8) | 43 (25) | 2 | 6 (5–8) | 50 (30) | 9 |
Anemia | 3 (2–5) | 14 (8) | 0 | 2 (1–3) | 15 (9) | 7 |
Growth disorder | 4 (2–5) | 24 (14) | 1 | 2 (1–3) | 16 (9) | 7 |
Psychomotor development disorder | 5 (3–5) | 31 (18) | 3 | 3 (1–4) | 36 (21) | 7 |
Asthma | 5 (5–5) | 62 (36) | 7 | 5 (4–5) | 73 (45) | 15 |
Total Participating Physicians N = 177 | Participating GPs N = 149 | Participating Pediatricians N = 28 | Missing Values | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Vegetarian patient seen in the last three months | 2 | |||
Yes | 104 (59) | 90 (61) | 14 (50) | |
No | 64 (37) | 51 (35) | 13 (46) | |
I do not know | 7 (4) | 6 (4) | 1 (4) | |
Dissuasion when switching to an OLV diet | 2 | |||
Absolutely | 2 (1) | 1 (1) | 1 (4) | |
Prefer yes | 22 (13) | 13 (9) | 9 (32) | |
Prefer not | 70 (40) | 56 (38) | 14 (50) | |
Absolutely not | 81 (46) | 77 (52) | 4 (14) | |
I do not know | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
Dissuasion when switching to a vegan diet | 2 | |||
Absolutely | 38 (22) | 23 (16) | 15 (54) | |
Prefer yes | 50 (29) | 39 (27) | 11 (39) | |
Prefer not | 58 (33) | 57 (39) | 1 (3,5) | |
Absolutely not | 27 (15) | 27 (18) | 0 (0) | |
I do not know | 2 (1) | 1 (1) | 1 (3,5) | |
Sufficient information about vegetarian diets | 3 | |||
Absolutely | 6 (3) | 6 (4) | 0 (0) | |
Prefer yes | 26 (15) | 19 (13) | 7 (25) | |
Prefer not | 83 (48) | 72 (49) | 11 (39) | |
Absolutely not | 58 (33) | 48 (33) | 10 (36) | |
I do not know | 1 (1) | 1 (1) | 0 (0) | |
Physician-patient relationship influenced by patient’s diet choice | 1 | |||
Absolutely | 7 (4) | 5 (3) | 2 (7) | |
Prefer yes | 74 (42) | 60 (41) | 14 (50) | |
Prefer not | 59 (34) | 52 (35) | 7 (25) | |
Absolutely not | 25 (14) | 23 (16) | 2 (7) | |
I do not know | 11 (6) | 8 (5) | 3 (11) | |
Adult-specific care | 3 | |||
Yes | 88 (51) | 71 (48) | 17 (65) | |
No | 45 (26) | 43 (29) | 2 (8) | |
I do not know | 41 (23) | 34 (23) | 7 (27) | |
Adult-specific biological follow-up | 5 | |||
Yes | 102 (59) | 87 (59) | 15 (60) | |
No | 43 (25) | 40 (27) | 3 (12) | |
I do not know | 27 (16) | 20 (14) | 7 (28) | |
Child-specific care | 2 | |||
Yes | 145 (83) | 120 (82) | ||
No | 11 (6) | 11 (7) | ||
I do not know | 19 (11) | 16 (11) | ||
Child-specific biological follow-up | 3 | |||
Yes | 128 (74) | 103 (70) | 25 (89) | |
No | 16 (9) | 14 (10) | 2 (7) | |
I do not know | 30 (17) | 29 (20) | 1 (4) |
Variables | Advising against a Vegan Diet | OR in Univariate Analysis [95% CI] | |
---|---|---|---|
Yes n (%) | No n (%) | ||
Socio-Demographic Criteria | |||
Age | |||
50 years old | 24 (33) | 48 (67) | ref |
>50 years old | 33 (51) | 32 (49) | 2.1 [1.04–4.2] |
Sex | |||
Male | 36 (42) | 50 (58) | ref |
Female | 26 (43) | 34 (57) | 1.1 [0.5–2.1] |
Exercise environment | |||
Urban | 22 (39) | 35 (61) | ref |
Semi-rural | 26 (46) | 30 (54) | 1.4 [0.7–2.9] |
Rural | 14 (42) | 19 (58) | 1.2 [0.5–2.8] |
Nutrition degree | |||
Yes | 1 (25) | 3 (75) | ref |
No | 60 (43) | 81 (57) | 2.2 [0.3–45.5] |
Vegetarian Diet followed by physicians | |||
Yes | 2 (33) | 4 (66) | ref |
No | 55 (45) | 67 (55) | 1.6 [0.3–12.2] |
Vegetarian patient seen in the last 3 months | |||
Yes | 40 (45) | 49 (55) | ref |
No | 18 (35) | 33 (65) | 0.7 [0.3–1.3] |
I do not know | 3 (50) | 3 (50) | 1.2 [0.2–6.9] |
Insufficient information on vegetarian diets | |||
Yes | 9 (47) | 16 (53) | ref |
No | 53 (52) | 67 (48) | 1.4 [0.6–3.6] |
Perceived risk of deficiency | |||
Folate if vegan diet | |||
Disagree/I do not know | 30 (35) | 56 (65) | ref |
Agree | 29 (53) | 25 (46) | 2.2 [1.1–4.4] |
Folate if OLV diet | |||
Disagree/I do not know | 40 (38) | 66 (62) | ref |
Agree | 20 (54) | 17 (46) | 1.9 [0.9–4.2] |
Vitamin B12 if vegan diet | |||
Disagree/I do not know | 14(31) | 31 (69) | ref |
Agree | 45 (48) | 49 (52) | 2.0 [0.97–4.4] |
Vitamin B12 if OLV diet | |||
Disagree/I do not know | 27 (36) | 48 (64) | ref |
Agree | 34 (49) | 35 (51) | 1.7 [0.9–3.4] |
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Villette, C.; Vasseur, P.; Lapidus, N.; Debin, M.; Hanslik, T.; Blanchon, T.; Steichen, O.; Rossignol, L. Vegetarian and Vegan Diets: Beliefs and Attitudes of General Practitioners and Pediatricians in France. Nutrients 2022, 14, 3101. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14153101
Villette C, Vasseur P, Lapidus N, Debin M, Hanslik T, Blanchon T, Steichen O, Rossignol L. Vegetarian and Vegan Diets: Beliefs and Attitudes of General Practitioners and Pediatricians in France. Nutrients. 2022; 14(15):3101. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14153101
Chicago/Turabian StyleVillette, Cécile, Pauline Vasseur, Nathanael Lapidus, Marion Debin, Thomas Hanslik, Thierry Blanchon, Olivier Steichen, and Louise Rossignol. 2022. "Vegetarian and Vegan Diets: Beliefs and Attitudes of General Practitioners and Pediatricians in France" Nutrients 14, no. 15: 3101. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14153101