Linking Production and Consumption: The Role for Fish and Seafood in a Healthy and Sustainable Australian Diet
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Production
2.2. Consumption
2.3. Sustainability
3. Results
3.1. Production, Imports, Exports and Processing
3.2. Retail and Distribution
3.3. Consumption Patterns
3.4. Sustainability
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Seafood Category | Lowest Tertile DQ | Middle Tertile DQ | Highest Tertile DQ | Tertile Comparison | Total | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Children | Adults | Children | Adults | Children | Adults | Children | Adults | Children | Adults | |||||||||
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | p value | p value | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |
Whole Population | ||||||||||||||||||
Total fish/seafood | 10.2 | 33 | 26 | 65.8 | 12.7 | 40.2 | 32.8 | 77.2 | 14.2 | 40.4 | 35.1 | 79.5 | 0.072 | <0.001 (a, b) | 12 | 37.4 | 30.9 | 73.9 |
Proportion consuming any seafood (%) | 12.8 | 22.1 | 16.4 | 26.3 | 16.6 | 27.8 | 0.032 | <0.001 (a, b) | 15 | 25.1 | ||||||||
Seafood Consumers | ||||||||||||||||||
Total fish/seafood | 79.2 | 54.9 | 117.7 | 93.6 | 77.9 | 69.3 | 125 | 105.8 | 85.5 | 60.8 | 126.5 | 105.9 | 0.602 | 0.177 | 80.3 | 62.3 | 123 | 101.9 |
Seafood Type | ||||||||||||||||||
Salmon | 4.5 | 26.8 | 12.1 | 42.7 | 10.5 | 32.4 | 19.1 | 53.5 | 15.6 | 41.4 | 34.6 | 78.8 | 0.034 | <0.001 (b, c) | 9.7 | 33.5 | 22 | 61.2 |
Tuna | 15.4 | 31.6 | 11.8 | 39.1 | 9.2 | 28.5 | 24.6 | 53.6 | 31.2 | 54.4 | 27.9 | 55.6 | <0.001 (b, c) | <0.001 (a, b) | 17.2 | 38.9 | 21.4 | 50.4 |
Barramundi | 1.4 | 12.9 | 6.6 | 36 | 2.5 | 20.1 | 3.3 | 25.5 | 1.7 | 11.2 | 4.7 | 30.9 | 0.821 | 0.119 | 1.9 | 15.7 | 4.9 | 31.2 |
Sardine | 0 | 0 | 0.8 | 8.5 | 0 | 0 | 2.5 | 23.6 | 1.4 | 8.7 | 2.4 | 13.1 | 0.025 | 0.065 | 0.4 | 4.5 | 1.9 | 16.2 |
Other fish | 36.9 | 60 | 49.2 | 85.4 | 38.2 | 57.1 | 45.4 | 86.5 | 26.9 | 48 | 37.3 | 84 | 0.245 | 0.017 | 34.8 | 56.2 | 43.9 | 85.4 |
Total fish | 58.2 | 63 | 80.5 | 94 | 60.4 | 65.3 | 94.8 | 98.9 | 76.8 | 63.2 | 106.9 | 104.8 | 0.055 | <0.001 (b) | 63.9 | 64.4 | 94.1 | 100 |
Prawns | 6.2 | 23.9 | 17.3 | 43.2 | 7.9 | 28.6 | 14.6 | 46.6 | 5 | 18.1 | 10.6 | 40.1 | 0.638 | 0.007 (b) | 6.6 | 24.6 | 14.1 | 43.4 |
Other crustaceans | 4.2 | 18 | 1 | 11.3 | 0 | 0 | 1.5 | 18.6 | 0 | 0 | 1.8 | 21.6 | <0.001 (a, b) | 0.63 | 1.5 | 10.9 | 1.4 | 17.7 |
Total crustaceans | 10.4 | 29 | 18.3 | 44.3 | 7.9 | 28.6 | 16.1 | 50.6 | 5 | 18.1 | 12.4 | 45.1 | 0.282 | 0.037 | 8.1 | 26.5 | 15.6 | 46.7 |
Oysters | 0 | 0 | 1.3 | 10.1 | 0 | 0 | 1.1 | 12.8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | 0.011 | 0 | 0 | 0.8 | 9.3 |
Other molluscs | 2.7 | 16 | 8.7 | 28.4 | 6.8 | 21.3 | 3.4 | 27.6 | 0.6 | 6.3 | 3.1 | 26.8 | 0.009 (c) | <0.001 (a, b) | 3.7 | 16.8 | 5.1 | 27.7 |
Total molluscs | 2.7 | 16 | 10 | 29.9 | 6.8 | 21.3 | 4.5 | 30.3 | 0.6 | 6.3 | 3.1 | 26.8 | 0.009 (c) | <0.001 (a, b) | 3.7 | 16.8 | 5.9 | 29.2 |
Unspecified seafood | 7.9 | 22.7 | 8.9 | 37.9 | 2.8 | 27.5 | 9.6 | 43.9 | 3.1 | 13.8 | 4.1 | 21.7 | 0.113 | 0.003 (c) | 4.7 | 23 | 7.5 | 35.6 |
Level of Processing | ||||||||||||||||||
Fresh/frozen, cooked (otherwise unprocessed) | 16.9 | 45.9 | 29.4 | 67.1 | 25.9 | 50 | 47.1 | 99.7 | 28.1 | 54.2 | 56.7 | 100.2 | 0.153 | <0.001 (a, b) | 23.3 | 50 | 44.4 | 90.9 |
Canned | 12.4 | 28.9 | 12.4 | 41.5 | 9.1 | 28.2 | 25.1 | 56.5 | 28.1 | 50.7 | 33.8 | 58.6 | <0.001 (b, c) | <0.001 (a, b, c) | 15.2 | 36.5 | 23.8 | 53.4 |
Smoked | 0 | 1.3 | 1.7 | 12.3 | 2.1 | 14.5 | 6.4 | 31.2 | 1.6 | 11.8 | 4.3 | 23.7 | 0.254 | <0.001 (a) | 1.2 | 10.9 | 4.1 | 23.6 |
Other Processed | 35.4 | 57.5 | 45.8 | 84.2 | 22.8 | 42 | 20 | 52.7 | 6 | 20.8 | 4.6 | 22.8 | <0.001 (b, c) | <0.001 (a, b, c) | 22.9 | 45.8 | 23.5 | 61.4 |
Unspecified/ingredient in mixed dish | 14.5 | 26.7 | 28.3 | 54.4 | 18 | 49.8 | 26.4 | 51.4 | 21.7 | 42.8 | 27.2 | 62.2 | 0.391 | 0.795 | 17.7 | 41.1 | 27.3 | 56.3 |
Core or Discretionary Fish/Seafood | ||||||||||||||||||
Core | 43.7 | 49.1 | 68.4 | 82.5 | 53.6 | 70.2 | 101.4 | 107.2 | 79 | 64.5 | 121.3 | 106.7 | <0.001 (b, c) | <0.001 (a, b, c) | 56.7 | 63.5 | 97 | 101.7 |
Discretionary | 35.4 | 57.5 | 49.2 | 85.5 | 24.3 | 43.4 | 23.6 | 57.4 | 6.5 | 21.4 | 5.2 | 25 | <0.001 (b, c) | <0.001 (a, b, c) | 23.6 | 46.3 | 26 | 63.9 |
Food Name | Eng | Mois | Pro | Fat | Tot SFA | Trans FA | Tot MUFA | Tot PUFA | ω-3 FA | Ca | Fe | Zn | I | Se | Na | Vit A RAE | Vit B12 | DFE | Vit D3 eq | Vit E |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
kJ | g | g | g | % | % | % | % | mg | mg | mg | mg | ug | ug | mg | ug | ug | ug | ug | mg | |
Barramundi, fillet, raw | 523 | 73.8 | 19.2 | 5.3 | 32.21 | 3.1 | 38.59 | 29.25 | 543.0 | 19 | 0.32 | 0.36 | 2.3 | 29.4 | 56 | 19 | 1.9 | 0 | 10.7 | 2.61 |
Barramundi, fillet, grilled, no added fat | 717 | 64.1 | 26.4 | 7.3 | 743.9 | 25 | 0.43 | 0.5 | 3 | 40.2 | 76 | 24 | 2.3 | 0 | 13.19 | 3.58 | ||||
Flathead, flesh, raw | 395 | 77.7 | 21.1 | 1 | 39.6 | 2 | 25.4 | 34.6 | 188.3 | 63 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 0 | 42 | 97 | 0 | 1.8 | 0 | 2.1 | 0.14 |
Flathead, flesh, baked, no added fat | 541 | 69.5 | 28.9 | 1.4 | 257.9 | 86 | 0.27 | 0.82 | 0 | 57.5 | 133 | 0 | 2.2 | 0 | 2.59 | 0.19 | ||||
Mackerel, raw | 561 | 71.7 | 19.3 | 6.3 | 35.86 | 0.1 | 30.02 | 34.12 | 1604.2 | 11 | 0.44 | 0.49 | 29 | 36.5 | 59 | 39 | 2.4 | 1 | 2.1 | 0.69 |
Mackerel, grilled, no added fat | 768 | 61.2 | 26.4 | 8.6 | 2197.5 | 15 | 0.6 | 0.67 | 37.7 | 50 | 81 | 45 | 2.7 | 1 | 2.3 | 0.94 | ||||
Salmon, Atlantic, fillet, raw | 965 | 62.3 | 20.5 | 16.7 | 25.14 | 3.2 | 47.11 | 28.62 | 2192.9 | 48 | 0.31 | 0.42 | 0 | 23.2 | 32 | 10 | 2.2 | 0 | 6 | 2.49 |
Salmon, Atlantic, fillet, grilled, no added fat | 1078 | 57.8 | 22.9 | 18.6 | 2450.1 | 54 | 0.35 | 0.47 | 0 | 26 | 36 | 9 | 2 | 0 | 5.36 | 2.78 | ||||
Sardine, Australian, whole, raw | 442 | 72.9 | 19.7 | 2.9 | 45.25 | 0.2 | 28.49 | 28.92 | 612.4 | 725 | 3.95 | 3.1 | 75.8 | 98 | 665 | 106 | 8.3 | 7 | 6 | 0.46 |
Sardine, Australian, whole, fried, no added fat | 444 | 70.5 | 22 | 1.9 | 337.2 | 873 | 6.1 | 3.29 | 52 | 97.5 | 794 | 91 | 6.8 | 10 | 5.65 | 0.44 | ||||
Snapper, fillet, raw | 405 | 77 | 20.3 | 1.6 | 41.4 | 2 | 28.9 | 29.4 | 265.4 | 123 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 40 | 35 | 85 | 5 | 2.5 | 0 | 2.1 | 0.6 |
Snapper, fillet, baked, no added fat | 554 | 68.6 | 27.8 | 2.2 | 363.6 | 168 | 0.41 | 0.96 | 52.1 | 47.9 | 116 | 6 | 3.1 | 0 | 2.59 | 0.82 | ||||
Tuna, yellowfin, flesh, raw | 435 | 71 | 23.4 | 1 | 34.07 | 2 | 23.1 | 42.67 | 243.0 | 16 | 0.73 | 0.52 | 28 | 37 | 37 | 18 | 0.5 | 2 | 2.1 | 0.5 |
Tuna, yellowfin, flesh, baked, no added fat | 596 | 60.3 | 32.1 | 1.4 | 332.8 | 22 | 1 | 0.71 | 36.4 | 50.7 | 51 | 21 | 0.6 | 2 | 2.3 | 0.68 | ||||
Whiting, King George, flesh, raw | 362 | 77.6 | 19.8 | 0.7 | 37.1 | 2 | 27.5 | 36.1 | 111.2 | 37 | 0.2 | 0.8 | 10 | 55 | 70 | 0 | 1.5 | 0 | 2.1 | 0.56 |
Whiting, King George, flesh, baked, no added fat | 517 | 67.9 | 28.2 | 1 | 158.9 | 53 | 0.29 | 1.14 | 13.6 | 78.6 | 100 | 0 | 1.9 | 0 | 2.7 | 0.8 | ||||
Prawn, flesh, raw (green) | 381 | 76.8 | 20.7 | 0.8 | 137.4 | 72 | 0.16 | 1.43 | 57.2 | 43.7 | 345 | 2 | 1 | 16 | 0 | 1.59 | ||||
Prawn, flesh, cooked from raw, no added fat | 507 | 68.6 | 27.1 | 1.2 | 176.1 | 185 | 0.93 | 2.19 | 30.9 | 40.1 | 1077 | 1 | 1.4 | 24 | 0 | 1.03 | ||||
Squid or calamari, raw | 328 | 81 | 16.7 | 1.2 | 43.3 | 2 | 7.1 | 49.7 | 333.4 | 11 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 20 | 44.8 | 284 | 1 | 1.3 | 5 | 2.1 | 1.2 |
Squid or calamari, fried, no added fat | 410 | 76.2 | 20.9 | 1.5 | 416.7 | 14 | 1.62 | 1.62 | 23.8 | 56 | 355 | 1 | 1.4 | 5 | 2.36 | 1.5 | ||||
Fish finger, crumbed, purchased frozen, grilled, no added fat | 1050 | 51.5 | 13.8 | 13.2 | 756.1 | 15 | 0.51 | 0.46 | 4.8 | 27.3 | 341 | 15 | 0.5 | 74 | 0.61 | 0.51 | ||||
Fish, white flesh, battered, packaged frozen, baked, no added fat | 820 | 55 | 12.2 | 7 | 11.6 | 2 | 59.1 | 26.7 | 119.7 | 21 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 10.7 | 29 | 383 | 1 | 0.5 | 1 | 0.3 | 3.22 |
Fish, battered or crumbed, from takeaway outlet, deep fried, blended frying fat, ready to eat | 1006 | 51.1 | 15.2 | 13.2 | 36.41 | 0.8 | 36.1 | 26.92 | 32.3 | 21 | 0.5 | 1 | 1 | 29 | 406 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 0.3 | 0.21 |
Shark, battered, deep-fried, takeaway outlet | 1090 | 54.2 | 15.5 | 14.5 | 24.59 | 2 | 43.46 | 29.64 | 80.0 | 11 | 0.4 | 0.38 | 3.4 | 27.3 | 295 | 12 | 0.2 | 0 | 0.3 | 3.1 |
Anchovy, canned in oil, drained | 762 | 49.5 | 25.4 | 8.9 | 23.3 | 3.2 | 42.7 | 34 | 769.4 | 167 | 2.5 | 2.9 | 13 | 68.1 | 5480 | 4 | 0.9 | 13 | 6.36 | 3.33 |
Cod, smoked, raw | 356 | 81.1 | 18.8 | 1 | 35.2 | 2 | 35.5 | 29.2 | 179.2 | 20 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 50 | 27 | 655 | 7 | 0.3 | 0 | 2.1 | 0.41 |
Cod or hake, smoked, steamed | 397 | 76.6 | 20.1 | 1.5 | 34 | 2 | 33.7 | 32.5 | 302.4 | 20 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0 | 34 | 548 | 5 | 0.3 | 0 | 2.2 | 0.46 |
Salmon, pink, canned in brine, drained | 579 | 70.9 | 20.7 | 6.2 | 25.22 | 1.1 | 38.8 | 34.88 | 1659.4 | 191 | 1.14 | 1.05 | 60 | 34.2 | 382 | 16 | 1.3 | 13 | 10.6 | 0.93 |
Salmon, smoked, sliced | 787 | 62.4 | 24.3 | 10.1 | 19.2 | 0.1 | 51.3 | 28.7 | 854.5 | 8 | 0.31 | 0.38 | 7.4 | 16 | 1015 | 0 | 1.5 | 0 | 4.2 | 0.6 |
Tuna, canned in brine, drained | 540 | 74.4 | 26.1 | 2.6 | 44 | 0.6 | 21.3 | 34 | 751.9 | 5 | 1.16 | 0.76 | 10.2 | 72.6 | 200 | 0 | 1.1 | 26 | 2.7 | 0 |
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Supply Chain Stage | Sustainability Considerations | Assessment Organisations | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aust Govt | AMCS | ASC | MSC | ||
Production (Fishing and farming) | Biological stock status (target species) | Y | Y | NA | Y |
Fishing effort | Y | Y | NA | Y | |
Bycatch (including by-products and discards) | P | Y | NA | Y | |
Ecosystem and habitat impacts | P | Y | Y | Y | |
Labour rights of employees | N | N | Y | P | |
Economic performance | Y | N | N | N | |
Equity, livelihoods, gender | N | N | P | N | |
Animal welfare | N | N | N | N | |
Effectiveness of governance | N | Y | N | Y | |
Use of antibiotics | N | N | Y | N | |
Biosecurity (disease and invasive species) | N | N | Y | N | |
GHGE | N | N | N | N | |
Eco-toxicity | N | N | N | N | |
Eutrophication | N | N | Y | N | |
Resource use (land, water, energy, fishmeal) | N | P | P | P | |
Waste/loss (not including discards) | N | N | N | N | |
Post-harvest handling and storage Processing and packaging Retail and distribution Consumption | Product yield, use of coproducts | N | N | N | N |
Ecosystem and habitat impacts | N | N | N | N | |
Labour rights of employees | N | N | N | N | |
Equity, livelihoods, gender | N | N | N | N | |
Animal welfare | N | N | N | N | |
Effectiveness of governance | N | N | N | N | |
GHGE | N | N | N | N | |
Eco-toxicity | N | N | N | N | |
Eutrophication | N | N | N | N | |
Resource use (land, water, energy amount/ type) | N | N | N | N | |
Waste/loss | N | N | N | N | |
Distance transported | N | N | N | N | |
Transport mode | N | N | N | N | |
Traceability | N | N | Y | Y |
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Bogard, J.R.; Farmery, A.K.; Baird, D.L.; Hendrie, G.A.; Zhou, S. Linking Production and Consumption: The Role for Fish and Seafood in a Healthy and Sustainable Australian Diet. Nutrients 2019, 11, 1766. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11081766
Bogard JR, Farmery AK, Baird DL, Hendrie GA, Zhou S. Linking Production and Consumption: The Role for Fish and Seafood in a Healthy and Sustainable Australian Diet. Nutrients. 2019; 11(8):1766. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11081766
Chicago/Turabian StyleBogard, Jessica R., Anna K. Farmery, Danielle L. Baird, Gilly A. Hendrie, and Shijie Zhou. 2019. "Linking Production and Consumption: The Role for Fish and Seafood in a Healthy and Sustainable Australian Diet" Nutrients 11, no. 8: 1766. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11081766