The Impact of Foreign Trade and Urbanization on Poverty Reduction: Empirical Evidence from China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. The Impact of Urbanization on Poverty Reduction
2.1.1. The Main Ways to Reduce Poverty through Urbanization
2.1.2. An Inverted U-Shaped Relationship between the Urbanization Rate and the Incidence of Poverty
2.2. The Impact of Foreign Trade on Urbanization
2.3. The Impact of Foreign Trade and Urbanization on Poverty Reduction
3. Research Methods
3.1. Model
3.2. Variables
3.2.1. Dependent Variables
- Poverty gap
- 2.
- Per capita disposable income level and urban-rural gap
- 3.
- Population of basic subsistence allowance and basic living allowance expenditures
3.2.2. Independent Variables
- Urbanization level
- 2.
- Level of foreign trade
- 3.
- Other control variables
3.3. Descriptive Statistics
4. Results
4.1. Model Regression Results Based on Poverty Gap
4.1.1. Regression Results of Exports, Urbanization on Poverty Gap
4.1.2. Regression Results of Imports, Urbanization on Poverty Gap
4.2. Model Regression Results Based on Income Levels and Urban-Rural Income Gap
4.2.1. Regression Results of Exports, Urbanization on Income Level and Urban-Rural Income Gap
4.2.2. Regression Results of Imports, Urbanization on Income Level and Urban-Rural Income Gap
4.3. Analysis Based on the Population of Basic Subsistence Allowance and the Basic Living Allowance Expenditures
4.3.1. Regression Results of Exports and Urbanization on the Population of Basic Subsistence Allowance and the Basic Living Allowance Expenditures
4.3.2. Regression Results of Imports and Urbanization on the Population of Basic Subsistence Allowance and Basic Living Allowance Expenditures
4.4. Regression Results Considering Regional Heterogeneity
4.4.1. Basic Regression Results of Foreign Trade and Urbanization on Rural Poverty Gaps in Various Regions
4.4.2. Regression Results of the Effects of Interaction of Foreign Trade and Urbanization in Different Regions on Rural Poverty Reduction
4.4.3. Summary
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Samples | Mean | Sd. | Min. | Max |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Headcount-U | 342 | 4.934 | 6.748 | 0.000 | 39.196 |
Povertygap-U | 342 | 1.233 | 1.822 | 0.000 | 11.193 |
Fgt2-U | 342 | 0.525 | 0.823 | 0.000 | 4.894 |
Headcount-R | 306 | 18.761 | 17.875 | 0.000 | 78.838 |
Povertygap-R | 306 | 6.491 | 7.018 | 0.000 | 35.420 |
Fgt2-R | 306 | 3.338 | 3.900 | 0.000 | 21.344 |
Urbanratio | 486 | 45.389 | 11.212 | 19.600 | 69.850 |
Lnpgdp | 486 | 9.898 | 0.798 | 7.887 | 11.582 |
Line | 486 | 0.997 | 0.305 | 0.037 | 1.525 |
Finaratio | 486 | 0.022 | 0.018 | 0.000 | 0.105 |
Expratio | 486 | 0.129 | 0.161 | 0.011 | 0.989 |
Impratio | 486 | 0.090 | 0.117 | 0.004 | 0.854 |
Reveurban | 486 | 4.146 | 0.252 | 3.674 | 4.710 |
Reverural | 486 | 3.681 | 0.289 | 3.124 | 4.397 |
Timeurra | 486 | 2.971 | 0.590 | 1.892 | 5.103 |
Urban Poverty Gap | Rural Poverty Gap | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Headcount | Poverty Gap | Fgt2 | Headcount | Poverty Gap | Fgt2 | |||||||
L1.Urbanrati | −0.7991 *** | −0.8370 *** | −0.1658 *** | −0.1850 ** | −0.0397 | −0.0480 | −2.9430 *** | −2.6370 *** | 110.6780 | 1005.4260 | −0.3590 ** | −0.2720 |
0.1956 | 0.2453 | 0.0603 | 0.0759 | 0.0326 | 0.0409 | 0.4280 | 0.4870 | 925.7450 | 1319.7020 | 0.1600 | 0.1890 | |
L1.Urb2 | 0.0070 * | 0.0074 ** | 0.00158 ** | 0.0018 * | 0.0004 | 0.0005 | 0.0300 *** | 0.0250 *** | −4.1270 | −17.4110 | 0.0020 | 0.0010 |
0.0027 | 0.0034 | 0.0008 | 0.0011 | 0.0004 | 0.0006 | 0.0060 | 0.0070 | 11.2400 | 17.8280 | 0.0020 | 0.0030 | |
L1.Pgdp | −0.00007 *** | −0.0001 | −0.00003 * | −0.00003 * | −0.00001 ** | −0.00001 ** | 0.0001 *** | 0.0001 ** | 0.0100 | 0.1470 | 0.0001 * | 0.0001 ** |
0.0000 | 0.0001 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0010 | 0.0000 | 0.1810 | 0.2130 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | |
L1.Line | −10.1034 | −10.0249 *** | −2.4429 | −2.3892 | −0.8693 *** | −0.8447 *** | −36.1430 *** | −37.8530 *** | 6269.0320 | 611.4480 | −7.232 *** | −7.5040 *** |
1.5886 | 1.6623 | 0.4845 | 0.5090 | 0.2648 | 0.2772 | 3.9490 | 3.8990 | 7914.5720 | 9535.9460 | 1.4820 | 1.5130 | |
L1.Finaratio | 24.7049 | 26.2688 | 8.3450 | 8.8388 | 6.2770 * | 6.4849 * | 7.4170 | 34.9440 | 120,437.6000 | 107,451.6000 | 17.0180 | 18.8470 |
21.3956 | 21.4947 | 6.6385 | 6.6767 | 3.5689 | 3.5882 | 41.1150 | 40.5190 | 104,822.0000 | 105,408.1000 | 15.6360 | 15.9220 | |
L1.Expratio | 2.2194 | 6.8797 | −0.0503 | 1.9013 | −0.2484 | 0.5402 | 0.6980 | −185.0330 *** | 7796.4770 | 124,700.7000 | 1.5420 | −12.9590 |
2.8189 | 16.5396 | 0.8577 | 5.1303 | 0.4699 | 2.7607 | 11.3480 | 49.0040 | 23,412.1900 | 143,920.6000 | 4.2570 | 19.4390 | |
L1.Expurban | −0.0826 | −0.0353 | −0.0145 | 3.5310 *** | −2148.5570 | 0.2570 | ||||||
0.2968 | 0.0920 | 0.0495 | 0.8890 | 2543.4290 | 0.3520 | |||||||
_Cons | 36.3559 | 36.9210 | 8.0018 | 8.2513 | 2.3875 | 2.4906 | 128.7420 | 126.6030 | −7469.5450 | −15,719.8600 | 19.6290 | 18.4870 |
3.6664 | 4.0674 | 1.1399 | 1.2656 | 0.6116 | 0.6791 | 7.0100 | 7.4270 | 17,860.7400 | 20,425.8600 | 2.6340 | 2.8750 | |
Samples | 323 | 323 | 323 | 323 | 323 | 323 | 289 | 289 | 289 | 289 | 289 | 289 |
R2 | 0.4650 | 0.4640 | 0.3510 | 0.3520 | 0.1890 | 0.1900 | 0.6420 | 0.1700 | 0.0140 | 0.0220 | 0.1820 | 0.1700 |
Urban Poverty Gap | Rural Poverty Gap | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Headcount | Poverty Gap | Fgt2 | Headcount | Poverty Gap | Fgt2 | |||||||
L1.Urbanratio | −0.8463 *** | −1.0331 *** | −0.1732 *** | −0.2391 *** | −0.0413 | −0.0649 | −2.7610 *** | −2.5375 *** | 111.5321 | 1016.5728 | −0.3197 ** | −0.3215 |
0.1899 | 0.2439 | 0.0583 | 0.0750 | 0.0316 | 0.0403 | 0.3562 | 0.4687 | 932.6657 | 1113.6003 | 0.1312 | 0.1635 | |
L1.Urb2 | 0.0084 *** | 0.0110 *** | 0.00193 ** | 0.0029 *** | 0.0006 | 0.0009 | 0.0220 *** | 0.0239 *** | −4.8112 | −15.7451 | 0.0029 | 0.0010 |
0.0025 | 0.0034 | 0.0008 | 0.0010 | 0.0004 | 0.0006 | 0.0055 | 0.0067 | 11.3629 | 19.6853 | 0.0021 | 0.0023 | |
L1.Pgdp | −0.0001 ** | −0.0001 *** | −0.00004 *** | −0.00004 *** | −0.00002 *** | −0.00002 *** | 0.0001 *** | 0.0001 ** | 0.0092 | 0.1157 | 0.0001 * | 0.0001 ** |
0.0000 | 0.0001 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0009 | 0.0006 | 0.1898 | 0.2319 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | |
L1.Line | −9.8094 *** | −9.2006 *** | −2.3962 *** | −2.1678 *** | −0.8550 *** | −0.7760 *** | −36.5532 *** | −37.8253 *** | 6354.0012 | 609.9228 | −7.2295 *** | −7.4332 *** |
1.5514 | 1.6499 | 0.4718 | 0.5011 | 0.2586 | 0.2706 | 3.6621 | 3.2169 | 75,618.3532 | 9031.1926 | 1.3672 | 1.7090 | |
L1.Finaratio | 21.5133 | 25.8672 | 7.1106 | 8.4262 | 5.5918 | 5.9276 | 7.2139 | 34.5211 | 123,436.6110 | 103,452.1106 | 15.3218 | 16.8121 |
21.4080 | 21.6062 | 6.6119 | 6.6662 | 3.5517 | 3.5735 | 42.5992 | 41.1326 | 103,821.2132 | 101,108.1109 | 13.5342 | 14.1931 | |
L1.Impratio | −2.4037 | 25.8045 | −1.7458 | 8.0327 | −1.2197 ** | 2.4462 | 2.4480 | 233.3780 *** | −9806.1236 | −275391.4000 | −0.5030 | 2.1580 |
3.5669 | 23.2801 | 1.0862 | 7.1762 | 0.5943 | 3.8484 | 15.2740 | 70.2560 | 31893.1830 | 196735.7000 | 5.7560 | 27.7600 | |
L1.Impurban | −0.5196 | −0.1792 | −0.0665 | −4.406 *** | 4783.9770 | −0.0310 | ||||||
0.4213 | 0.1296 | 0.0696 | 1.3150 | 3535.2330 | 0.5170 | |||||||
_Cons | 36.7165 | 38.9085 | 8.0182 | 8.7699 | 2.3662 | 2.6314 | 120.6622 | 125.3605 | −7312.3569 | −15,215.1867 | 18.5521 | 19.1409 |
3.6279 | 4.0140 | 1.1227 | 1.2423 | 0.6016 | 0.6649 | 7.3599 | 7.8436 | 17,786.5747 | 205,321.8578 | 2.1625 | 2.6821 | |
Samples | 323 | 323 | 323 | 323 | 323 | 323 | 289 | 289 | 289 | 289 | 289 | 289 |
R2 | 0.4670 | 0.4670 | 0.3470 | 0.3500 | 0.1780 | 0.1830 | 0.6321 | 0.1721 | 0.0141 | 0.0229 | 0.1812 | 0.1716 |
Urban Per Capita Disposable Income | Rural Per Capita Disposable Income | Income Gap | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
L1.Urbanratio | 0.0300 *** | 0.0260 *** | 0.0440 *** | 0.0421 *** | −0.1131 *** | −0.1370 *** |
0.0030 | 0.0030 | 0.0030 | 0.0040 | 0.0110 | 0.0140 | |
L1.Urb2 | 0.0010 *** | 0.0010 *** | −0.0010 *** | 0.0010 *** | 0.0020 *** | 0.0020 *** |
0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | |
L1.Expratio | 0.1460 *** | 1.2560 *** | 0.1480 ** | 2.3971 *** | −0.1630 | −9.9240 *** |
0.0510 | 0.4300 | 0.0580 | 0.4820 | 0.2060 | 1.7300 | |
L1.Pgdp | 0.0001 *** | 0.0001 *** | 0.0001 *** | 0.0001 *** | 0.0001 *** | 0.0001 *** |
0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | |
L1.Line | 0.3240 *** | 0.2821 *** | 0.2730 *** | 0.2250 *** | 0.3341 *** | 0.4120 *** |
0.0250 | 0.0240 | 0.0280 | 0.0270 | 0.1010 | 0.0980 | |
L1.Finaratio | 1.4710 *** | 1.7081 ** | 2.8730 *** | 2.9370 *** | −10.5341 *** | −9.400 *** |
0.2490 | 0.2400 | 0.2830 | 0.2700 | 1.0050 | 0.9670 | |
L1. Expurban | −0.0420 ** | −0.0831 *** | 0.3680 *** | |||
0.0190 | 0.0210 | 0.0770 | ||||
L2. Expurban | 0.0200 *** | 0.0231 *** | −0.0300 | |||
0.0060 | 0.0070 | 0.0250 | ||||
L1.Expurb2 | 0.0001 * | −0.0830 *** | −0.0030 | |||
0.0000 | 0.0210 | 0.0010 | ||||
L2.Expurb2 | 0.0001 *** | 0.0230 *** | 0.0010 | |||
0.0000 | 0.0070 | 0.0000 | ||||
_Cons | 2.8580 | 2.9110 | 2.1250 | 2.0920 | 5.1280 | 5.9310 |
0.0460 | 0.0620 | 0.0520 | 0.0700 | 0.1840 | 0.2490 | |
Samples | 459 | 432 | 459 | 432 | 459 | 432 |
R2 | 0.8270 | 0.8330 | 0.8670 | 0.8750 | 0.0030 | 0.0110 |
Urban PCDI | Rural PCDI | Income Gap | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
L1Urbanratio | 0.0280 *** | 0.0260 *** | 0.0420 *** | 0.0381 *** | −0.1150 *** | −0.1081 *** |
0.0030 | 0.0040 | 0.0030 | 0.0040 | 0.0110 | 0.0140 | |
L1Urb2 | 0.0001 *** | 0.0001 *** | −0.0010 *** | 0.0001 *** | 0.0021 *** | 0.0020 *** |
0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | |
L1Impratio | 0.3050 *** | −1.7580 *** | 0.2700 *** | −2.1250 | 0.2430 | 4.9910 |
0.0640 | 1.1580 | 0.0730 | 1.3400 | 0.2630 | 4.7520 | |
L1Pgdp | 0.0001 *** | 0.0001 *** | 0.0001 *** | 0.0001 *** | 0.0001 *** | 0.0001 *** |
0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | |
L1Line | 0.3260 *** | 0.3001 *** | 0.2780 *** | 0.2520 *** | 0.3001 *** | 0.3180 *** |
0.0240 | 0.0240 | 0.0280 | 0.0280 | 0.0980 | 0.1000 | |
L1Finaratio | 1.5220 *** | 1.8670 *** | 2.9211 *** | 3.1210 *** | −10.5420 *** | −9.4730 *** |
0.2450 | 0.2490 | 0.2800 | 0.2880 | 1.0040 | 1.0220 | |
L1Impurban | 0.0580 | 0.0790 | −0.2130 | |||
0.0460 | 0.0530 | 0.1870 | ||||
L2Impurban | 0.0250 ** | 0.0251 * | −0.0040 | |||
0.0110 | 0.0130 | 0.0470 | ||||
L1Impurb2 | 0.0001 | −0.0010 | 0.0020 | |||
0.0000 | 0.0010 | 0.0020 | ||||
L2Impurb2 | 0.0001 ** | 0.0001 ** | 0.0001 | |||
0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0010 | ||||
_Cons | 2.8930 | 2.9810 | 2.1560 | 2.2570 | 5.1560 | 5.1370 |
0.0450 | 0.0640 | 0.0520 | 0.0750 | 0.1860 | 0.2650 | |
Samples | 459 | 432 | 459 | 432 | 459 | 432 |
R2 | 0.8190 | 0.8410 | 0.8690 | 0.8630 | 0.0090 | 0.0003 |
U-Population of Basic Subsistence Allowance | R-Population of Basic Subsistence Allowance | U-Basic Living Allowance Expenditures | R-Basic Living Allowance Expenditures | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
L1. | 0.8959 *** | 0.8952 *** | 0.8296 *** | 0.8172 *** | 0.5517 *** | 0.56215 *** | 0.6618 *** | 0.6891 *** |
0.0117 | 0.0172 | 0.0102 | 0.0118 | 0.0194 | 0.0284 | 0.0062 | 0.0132 | |
Urbanratio | −0.0006 *** | −0.0004 *** | −0.0016 *** | −0.0012 *** | 0.00001 *** | −0.00007 *** | 0.0000 | −0.00005 *** |
0.0001 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | |
Urb2 | 0.0001 *** | 0.0001 *** | 0.0001 * | 0.00001 *** | 0.00001 *** | 0.00001 *** | 0.0000 | 0.00001 ** |
0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | |
Expratio | −0.0011 | −0.0009 | 0.0052 ** | 0.0127 *** | −0.0023 *** | −0.0020 *** | −0.0041 *** | −0.0047 *** |
0.0008 | 0.0011 | 0.0024 | 0.0036 | 0.0002 | 0.0002 | 0.0002 | 0.0002 | |
Pgdp | 0.0001 *** | 0.0001 *** | 0.00001 *** | 0.00001 * | 0.00001 *** | 0.00001 *** | 0.00001 *** | 0.00001 *** |
0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | |
Line | 0.0002 | 0.0002 | 0.0059 *** | 0.0023 | −0.0002 *** | −0.0001 | 0.0002 *** | 0.0002 *** |
0.0007 | 0.0009 | 0.0012 | 0.0025 | 0.0002 | 0.0001 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | |
Finaratio | −0.0532 *** | −0.0465 *** | −0.1181 *** | −0.0752 *** | 0.0024 * | 0.0004 | 0.0131 *** | 0.0114 *** |
0.0033 | 0.0069 | 0.0120 | 0.0132 | 0.0014 | 0.0018 | 0.0008 | 0.0008 | |
L1.Expurban | −0.0004 *** | −0.0012 *** | 0.0001 *** | 0.0002 *** | ||||
0.0001 | 0.0001 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | |||||
L1.Expurb2 | −0.0004 *** | 0.00002 *** | 0.00001 *** | 0.00001 *** | ||||
0.0001 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | |||||
_Cons | 0.0191 | 0.0166 | 0.0519 | 0.0496 | 0.0023 | 0.0027 | 0.0016 | 0.0021 |
0.0017 | 0.0020 | 0.0033 | 0.0016 | 0.0002 | 0.0003 | 0.0002 | 0.0003 | |
sample | 243 | 243 | 243 | 243 | 243 | 243 | 243 | 243 |
Wald chi2 | 73,507.4200 | 26,033.8500 | 125,913.9900 | 332,232.8300 | 2602.5800 | 3711.3500 | 27,503.1200 | 11,220.6700 |
Prob > chi2 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 |
U-Population of Basic Subsistence Allowance | R-Population of Basic Subsistence Allowance | U-Basic Living Allowance Expenditures | R-Basic Living Allowance Expenditures | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
L1. | 0.9099 *** | 0.9066 *** | 0.8252 *** | 0.8218 *** | 0.5888 *** | 0.5766 *** | 0.6522 *** | 0.6375 *** |
0.0134 | 0.0137 | 0.0087 | 0.0106 | 0.0210 | 0.0342 | 0.0073 | 0.0094 | |
Urbanratio | −0.0006 *** | −0.0003 *** | −0.0018 *** | −0.0014 *** | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.00003 ** | 0.00007 *** |
0.0001 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | 0.0002 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | |
Urb2 | 0.00001 *** | 0.00001 *** | 0.00002 *** | 0.00001 *** | 0.00001 *** | 0.0000 | 0.00001 *** | 0.00001 *** |
0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | |
Impratio | 0.0012 | 0.0040 ** | 0.0001 | 0.0122 *** | −0.0035 *** | −0.0014 ** | −0.0052 *** | −0.0052 *** |
0.0018 | 0.0016 | 0.0047 | 0.0047 | 0.0004 | 0.0006 | 0.0012 | 0.0008 | |
Pgdp | 0.00001 *** | 0.00001 *** | 0.00001 *** | 0.00001 ** | 0.00001 *** | 0.00001 *** | 0.00001 *** | 0.00001 *** |
0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | |
Line | 0.0003 | −0.0002 | 0.0054 ** | 0.0025 | −0.00024 *** | −0.0003 * | 0.0001 | 0.0002 |
0.0006 | 0.0006 | 0.0011 | 0.0023 | 0.0002 | 0.0002 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | |
Finaratio | −0.0510 *** | −0.0460 *** | −0.1245 *** | −0.0939 *** | 0.0006 | 0.0000 | 0.0106 *** | 0.0096 *** |
0.0045 | 0.0053 | 0.0111 | 0.0144 | 0.0011 | 0.0013 | 0.0011 | 0.0010 | |
L1.Impurban | −0.0009 *** | −0.0013 *** | −0.00013 * | −0.0001 * | ||||
0.0002 | 0.0003 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | |||||
L1.Impurb2 | 0.00001 *** | 0.00002 *** | 0.00001 *** | 0.00001 *** | ||||
0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | |||||
_Cons | 0.0183 | 0.0140 | 0.0583 | 0.0528 | 0.0015 | 0.0012 | 0.0007 ** | 0.0000 |
0.0019 | 0.0021 | 0.0022 | 0.0030 | 0.0003 | 0.0005 | 0.0003 | 0.0003 | |
Samples | 243 | 243 | 243 | 243 | 243 | 243 | 243 | 243 |
Wald chi2 | 67,125.1900 | 15,841.9300 | 151,591.9500 | 421,275.4900 | 9682.2100 | 14,228.7100 | 98,012.7700 | 60,998.0800 |
Prob > chi2 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 |
Eastern China | Central China | Western China | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coef. | p Value | Coef. | p Value | Coef. | p Value | |
L1.Urbanratio | −0.707 | 0.009 | −2.140 | 0.006 | −4.399 | 0.000 |
0.272 | 0.774 | 1.257 | ||||
L1.Urb2 | 0.007 | 0.012 | 0.024 | 0.018 | 0.052 | 0.004 |
0.003 | 0.010 | 0.018 | ||||
L1.Pgdp | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.001 | −0.001 | 0.002 |
0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | ||||
L1.Line | −9.671 | 0.001 | −22.873 | 0.000 | −44.633 | 0.000 |
2.909 | 4.943 | 7.178 | ||||
L1.Finaratio | −49.740 | 0.208 | 77.030 | 0.074 | 363.512 | 0.000 |
39.504 | 43.160 | 99.563 | ||||
L1.Expratio | −9.608 | 0.090 | 7.867 | 0.748 | −272.349 | 0.000 |
5.671 | 24.502 | 64.114 | ||||
L1.Impratio | 7.491 | 0.329 | −67.970 | 0.154 | 109.540 | 0.053 |
7.675 | 47.644 | 56.668 | ||||
L1.Fdiratio | 25.089 | 0.288 | −139.250 | 0.006 | 526.330 | 0.005 |
23.631 | 50.714 | 187.029 | ||||
_Cons | 42.673 | 0.000 | 99.609 | 0.000 | 164.538 | 0.000 |
6.859 | 13.034 | 18.883 | ||||
Simple size | 102 | 85 | 102 | |||
R2 | 0.714 | 0.898 | 0.843 |
Eastern China | Central China | Western China | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coef. | p Value | Coef. | Coef. | p Value | Coef. | |
L1.Urbanratio | −0.887 | 0.011 | −1.610 | 0.039 | −6.207 | 0.000 |
0.348 | 0.780 | 1.314 | ||||
L1.Urb2 | 0.010 | 0.021 | 0.017 | 0.105 | 0.091 | 0.000 |
0.004 | 0.010 | 0.019 | ||||
L1.Pgdp | 0.000 | 0.000 | −0.001 | 0.000 | −0.001 | 0.000 |
0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | ||||
L1.Line | −7.996 | 0.020 | −23.155 | 0.000 | −46.100 | 0.000 |
3.431 | 4.816 | 6.717 | ||||
L1.Finaratio | −62.007 | 0.118 | 92.689 | 0.033 | 405.324 | 0.001 |
39.643 | 43.366 | 123.976 | ||||
L1.Expratio | −114.335 | 0.006 | −168.640 | 0.442 | −897.416 | 0.014 |
41.891 | 219.245 | 366.212 | ||||
L1.Impratio | 167.784 | 0.010 | 403.367 | 0.175 | 1452.525 | 0.000 |
64.875 | 297.111 | 293.181 | ||||
L1.Fdiratio | 32.863 | 0.803 | −881.715 | 0.011 | 1016.258 | 0.163 |
131.882 | 348.188 | 728.725 | ||||
L1.Expurban | 1.837 | 0.011 | 2.936 | 0.549 | 17.555 | 0.063 |
0.721 | 4.894 | 9.430 | ||||
L1.Impurban | −2.816 | 0.012 | −11.014 | 0.112 | −35.837 | 0.000 |
1.121 | 6.926 | 7.865 | ||||
L1.Fdiurban | −0.536 | 0.814 | 18.411 | 0.037 | −10.855 | 0.530 |
2.284 | 8.849 | 17.304 | ||||
_Cons | 45.650 | 0.000 | 92.258 | 0.000 | 180.294 | 0.000 |
7.208 | 13.590 | 24.798 | ||||
Simple size | 102 | 85 | 102 | |||
R2 | 0.738 | 0.908 | 0.874 |
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Wang, X.; Yan, H.; E, L.; Huang, X.; Wen, H.; Chen, Y. The Impact of Foreign Trade and Urbanization on Poverty Reduction: Empirical Evidence from China. Sustainability 2022, 14, 1464. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14031464
Wang X, Yan H, E L, Huang X, Wen H, Chen Y. The Impact of Foreign Trade and Urbanization on Poverty Reduction: Empirical Evidence from China. Sustainability. 2022; 14(3):1464. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14031464
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Xingying, Hongli Yan, Libin E, Xiaoyun Huang, Haizhen Wen, and Yan Chen. 2022. "The Impact of Foreign Trade and Urbanization on Poverty Reduction: Empirical Evidence from China" Sustainability 14, no. 3: 1464. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14031464