Clinics and Practice

11 pages, 4086 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Computer-Guided Evaluation of the Use of Two Different Devices in the Reduction of Inferior Tooth Crowding

by Sara Di Nicolantonio, Maria Ausilia D’Angelo, Davide Pietropaoli, Annalisa Monaco and Eleonora Ortu

Clin. Pract. 2024, 14(3), 1185-1195; https://doi.org/10.3390/clinpract14030094 - 20 Jun 2024

Viewed by 344

Abstract

Objective: Lower tooth crowding is considered one of the most common malocclusions in growing patients and due to the potential complications associated with it, it is recommended to intercept this condition as soon as possible. The purpose of this paper is to examine [...] Read more.

Objective: Lower tooth crowding is considered one of the most common malocclusions in growing patients and due to the potential complications associated with it, it is recommended to intercept this condition as soon as possible. The purpose of this paper is to examine and compare the effectiveness of two different orthodontic devices (elastodontic device and clear aligners) in the treatment of anterior tooth crowding in the jaws of young patients. Materials and methods: Seventy patients aged between 10 and 16 years with anterior inferior tooth crowding were recruited into this study and divided into case and control groups. The former group comprised 35 patients (15 males and 20 females, average age 10.2 years) who were treated with elastodontic devices (EQ CP series, Eptamed), while the control group consisted of 35 patients (15 males and 20 females, average age 10.5 years) who received aligners (Invisalign). All patients underwent periodic visits after 6 months from the start of treatment (T1) and after 1 year (T2) in which the progress of therapy was evaluated by measuring the inferior intercanine distance using a digital caliper. A parametric ANOVA test was conducted for statistical analysis. Results: There is no statistically significant difference between the two groups at either T1 or T2 (p < 0.05), thus making the two treatment modalities comparable. Conclusions: Both elastodontic devices and aligners can be considered as effective tools to successfully conduct inferior expansive treatment for the resolution of tooth crowding; however, the elastodontic devices are considered more comfortable to wear and they are required to be worn for less time during the day. Full article

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14 pages, 901 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Anesthesia Medication’s Impacts on Inflammatory and Neuroendocrine Immune Response in Patients Undergoing Digestive Endoscopy

by Denisa-Ancuța Popa-Ion, Lidia Boldeanu, Dan-Ionuț Gheonea, Madalina Maria Denicu, Mihail Virgil Boldeanu and Luminița Cristina Chiuțu

Clin. Pract. 2024, 14(3), 1171-1184; https://doi.org/10.3390/clinpract14030093 - 18 Jun 2024

Viewed by 454

Abstract

The aim of this study was to explore the impact of anesthetic drugs currently used to perform lower digestive endoscopy on serum concentrations of inflammation markers and catecholamines. We selected 120 patients and divided them into three lots of 40 patients each: L1, [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to explore the impact of anesthetic drugs currently used to perform lower digestive endoscopy on serum concentrations of inflammation markers and catecholamines. We selected 120 patients and divided them into three lots of 40 patients each: L1, in which no anesthetics were used; L2, in which propofol was used; and L3, in which propofol combined with fentanyl was used. All patients had serum concentrations of adrenaline/epinephrine (EPI), noradrenaline/norepinephrine (NE), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10, taken at three time points: at the beginning of the endoscopic procedure (T₀), 15 min after (T₁), and 2 h after the end of the endoscopic procedure (T₂). The results of the research showed changes in the levels of catecholamines and interleukins (ILs) at T₀, with an increased response in L1 above the mean recorded in L2 and L3 (p < 0.001). At T₁, increased values were recorded in all lots; values were significantly higher in L1. At T₂, the values recorded in L3 were significantly lower than the values in L2 (student T, p < 0.001) and L1, in which the level of these markers continued to increase, reaching double values compared to T₀ (student T, p < 0.001). In L2 at T₁, the dose of propofol correlated much better with NE, EPI, and well-known cytokines. Our results show that propofol combined with fentanyl can significantly inhibit the activation of systemic immune and neuroendocrine response during painless lower digestive endoscopy. Full article

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12 pages, 267 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Perceived Orthodontic Needs and Attitudes towards Early Evaluation and Interventions: A Survey-Based Study among Parents of Italian School-Aged Children

by Federica Di Spirito, Davide Cannatà, Valentina Schettino, Marzio Galdi, Rosaria Bucci and Stefano Martina

Clin. Pract. 2024, 14(3), 1159-1170; https://doi.org/10.3390/clinpract14030092 - 18 Jun 2024

Viewed by 423

Abstract

(1) Background: Parents’ awareness of malocclusion and their attitude towards early evaluation and interventions influence children’s orthodontic management. This cross-sectional study investigates factors that affect the perceived orthodontic needs and the attitude towards interceptive orthodontics among a sample of one-thousand eight-hundred and six [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Parents’ awareness of malocclusion and their attitude towards early evaluation and interventions influence children’s orthodontic management. This cross-sectional study investigates factors that affect the perceived orthodontic needs and the attitude towards interceptive orthodontics among a sample of one-thousand eight-hundred and six (1806) parents of children aged between 6 and 11 years. (2) Methods: The investigation was carried out thought a 18-items online questionnaire divided as follows: characteristics of respondents; perceived child’s orthodontic needs; attitude toward early orthodontic evaluation and interventions. The associations between responses were assessed with a Chi-square test. (3) Results: Two-thirds of the respondents referred to having consulted an orthodontist for their child, and more than half of them initiated the required orthodontic treatment. In 44% of cases, the orthodontic consultation occurred after the age of 7 years. Parents’ higher education and history of orthodontic treatment were associated with a greater awareness of orthodontic needs. Parents’ perception of the impact of teeth on their child’s personality was significantly associated with the decision to start the orthodontic treatment (p < 0.001). (4) Conclusions: Although the parents’ level of awareness of their child’s orthodontic needs was generally satisfactory, the results of the present study pointed out the need for a better education regarding the importance of an early orthodontic assessment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends, Materials, and Technologies and Consolidating Best Practices in Dentistry)

10 pages, 1383 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Smoking and Hypertriglyceridemia Predict ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction in Kosovo Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction

by Afrim Poniku, Arlind Batalli, Dua Shita, Zarife Rexhaj, Arlind Ferati, Rita Leka, Artan Bajraktari, Genc Abdyli, Edmond Haliti, Pranvera Ibrahimi, Rona Karahoda, Shpend Elezi, Faik Shatri, Ibadete Bytyçi, Michael Henein and Gani Bajraktari

Clin. Pract. 2024, 14(3), 1149-1158; https://doi.org/10.3390/clinpract14030091 - 17 Jun 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 883

Abstract

Background: Myocardial infarction (MI), presented as ST-segment elevation MI (STEMI) and non-ST-segment elevation MI (NSTEMI), is influenced by atherosclerosis risk factors. Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the patterns of presentation of patients with acute MI in Kosovo. Methods: This [...] Read more.

Background: Myocardial infarction (MI), presented as ST-segment elevation MI (STEMI) and non-ST-segment elevation MI (NSTEMI), is influenced by atherosclerosis risk factors. Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the patterns of presentation of patients with acute MI in Kosovo. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted at the University Clinical Center of Kosovo, which included all patients hospitalized with acute MI over a period of 7 years. Results: Among the 7353 patients admitted with acute MI (age 63 ± 12 years, 29% female), 59.4% had STEMI and 40.6% had NSTEMI. The patients with NSTEMI patients less (48.3% vs. 54%, p < 0.001), but more of them had diabetes (37.8% vs. 33.6%, p < 0.001), hypertension (69.6% vs. 63%, p < 0.001), frequently had a family history of coronary artery disease (CAD) (40% vs. 38%, p = 0.009), and had more females compared to the patients with STEMI (32% vs. 27%, p < 0.001). The patients with NSTEMI underwent less primary percutaneous interventions compared with the patients with STEMI (43.6% vs. 55.2%, p < 0.001). Smoking [1.277 (1.117–1.459), p ˂ 0.001] and high triglycerides [0.791 (0.714–0.878), p = 0.02] were independent predictors of STEMI. Conclusions: In Kosovo, patients with STEMI are more common than those with NSTEMI, and they were mostly males and more likely to have diabetes, hypertension, and a family history of CAD compared to those with NSTEMI. Smoking and high triglycerides proved to be the strongest predictors of acute STEMI in Kosovo, thus highlighting the urgent need for optimum atherosclerosis risk control and education strategies. Full article

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12 pages, 916 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Modern Diagnostic Procedure—The Introduction of Point-of-Care Ultrasound in Romanian Emergency Physicians’ Daily Routine

by George-Catalin Bouros, Tudor Ovidiu Popa, Paul Lucian Nedelea, Emilian Manolescu, Anca Haisan, Iulia Roca, Petruta Morosanu, Alexandra Hauta, Gabriela Grigorasi, Mihaela Corlade-Andrei and Diana Cimpoesu

Clin. Pract. 2024, 14(3), 1137-1148; https://doi.org/10.3390/clinpract14030090 - 14 Jun 2024

Viewed by 603

Abstract

Background: Emergency medicine in Romania has developed fast since inception. The need for faster diagnostic capabilities due to the high workload pre- and in-hospital made point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) a logical next step. The advantages of POCUS are well known, but implementation presents challenges. [...] Read more.

Background: Emergency medicine in Romania has developed fast since inception. The need for faster diagnostic capabilities due to the high workload pre- and in-hospital made point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) a logical next step. The advantages of POCUS are well known, but implementation presents challenges. Our goal was to study how a straightforward method of implementation would work locally. Methods: Two prospective observational studies were conducted at 6 months (prehospital) and 4 months (in-hospital). The protocol used was extended focused assessment sonography in trauma (eFAST), and the shock index (SI) was used to stratify patients. Voluntary sampling was conducted by emergency physicians. The primary outcomes were patient numbers, type of case use, results, and accuracy. Results: The prehospital study registered 34 patients: 41% traumas, 35% cardiac arrest, 18% shock, and 6% acute respiratory distress. The in-hospital study patients were 78: 36% traumas, 6% cardiac arrests, 41% shock, and 17% acute respiratory distress. A total of 88.5% of the cases were confirmed with definitive imagistic findings. Conclusion: The studies mark an increase in POCUS usage and use in complicated cases. Providing supervision and feedback into clinical practice resulted in a further increase in POCUS usage, the second study having an 88.5% accuracy when compared to the final diagnostic proving the increased efficiency of a longitudinal training approach. Full article

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14 pages, 1440 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of the Home Environmental Scale of Accessibility Instrument for Spain

by Estíbaliz Jiménez-Arberas, Gemma Ruíz Varela, Feliciano Francisco Ordoñez Fernández and María Isabel Fernández Méndez

Clin. Pract. 2024, 14(3), 1123-1136; https://doi.org/10.3390/clinpract14030089 - 12 Jun 2024

Viewed by 606

Abstract

Background: Universal accessibility is one of the most active lines of intervention for people with disabilities and older adults. This accessibility has become a topic of growing interest regarding home access and use. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to create [...] Read more.

Background: Universal accessibility is one of the most active lines of intervention for people with disabilities and older adults. This accessibility has become a topic of growing interest regarding home access and use. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to create and validate a home assessment tool: the HESA II. Methods: The study was conducted in four phases: (1) agreement on variables by an expert panel; (2) development of 90 items according to the AOTA framework; (3) pilot test with n = 20; and (4) final study with 156 subjects where confirmatory factor analysis was performed. Results: The tool consisted of 85 items divided into five subscales related to each of the main spaces of Spanish homes: living room; kitchen; bedroom; and bathroom. Conclusions: The tool demonstrates good psychometric properties of reliability. The HESA II assesses home accessibility based on limitations in activity and participation restriction of the evaluated person as per the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health rather than on a diagnosis, making it applicable to a wide range of groups. Full article

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13 pages, 1304 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Renal Vein Thrombosis Secondary to Pyelonephritis: Targeting a Thrombo-Inflammatory Entity

by Dimitris Kounatidis, Vasileios Papadimitropoulos, Natalia Vallianou, Aikaterini Poulaki, Krystalia Dimitriou, Ioanna Tsiara, Konstantinos Avramidis, Alexandra Alexopoulou and Dimitrios Vassilopoulos

Clin. Pract. 2024, 14(3), 1110-1122; https://doi.org/10.3390/clinpract14030088 - 9 Jun 2024

Viewed by 952

Abstract

Renal vein thrombosis (RVT) is a relatively uncommon condition that is most frequently observed in individuals with nephrotic syndrome. While rare, pyelonephritis (PN) may serve as a predisposing factor for secondary RVT. In such cases, one should consider the possibility of RVT when [...] Read more.

Renal vein thrombosis (RVT) is a relatively uncommon condition that is most frequently observed in individuals with nephrotic syndrome. While rare, pyelonephritis (PN) may serve as a predisposing factor for secondary RVT. In such cases, one should consider the possibility of RVT when patients fail to respond to appropriate antibiotic treatment. Typically, these patients require additional anticoagulation therapy for a duration of 3 to 6 months, with a generally favorable prognosis. In this report, we present the case of a 74-year-old female who developed RVT due to Klebsiella pneumoniae PN. Additionally, we reviewed 11 cases of PN complicated by RVT, which were documented in the PubMed database over a span of 40 years, emphasizing key elements in diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Lastly, we elaborated upon the role of thrombo-inflammation, especially in the context of sepsis. Full article

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10 pages, 722 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association of Postoperative Serum Lactate Levels with Acute Kidney Injury in Mexican Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery

by Héctor-Enrique Flores-Salinas, Anahí de Jesús Zambada-Gamboa, Texali-Candelaria Garcia-Garduño, Guillermo Rodríguez-Zavala, Yeminia Valle, Juan-Carlos Chávez-Herrera, Porfirio-Eduardo Martinez-Gutierrez, Arturo Godinez-Flores, Salvador Jiménez-Limón and Jorge-Ramón Padilla-Gutiérrez

Clin. Pract. 2024, 14(3), 1100-1109; https://doi.org/10.3390/clinpract14030087 - 7 Jun 2024

Viewed by 993

Abstract

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a highly prevalent and a critical complication of cardiac surgery (CS). Serum lactate (sLac) levels have consistently shown an association with morbimortality after CS. We performed a cross-sectional study including 264 adult patients that had a cardiac surgery [...] Read more.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a highly prevalent and a critical complication of cardiac surgery (CS). Serum lactate (sLac) levels have consistently shown an association with morbimortality after CS. We performed a cross-sectional study including 264 adult patients that had a cardiac surgery between January and December 2020. Logistic regression analysis was performed to determine factors associated with AKI development. We measured the postoperative levels of sLac for all participants immediately after CS (T₀) and at 4 h (T₄) after the surgical intervention. A linear regression model was used to identify the factors influencing both sLac metrics. We identified four risk predictors of AKI; one was preoperative (atrial fibrillation), one intraoperative (cardiopulmonary bypass time), and two were postoperative (length of hospital stay and postoperative sLac). T₀ and T₄ sLac levels were higher among CS-AKI patients than in Non-CS-AKI patients. Postoperative sLac levels were significant independent predictors of CSA-AKI, and sLac levels are influenced by length of hospital stay, the number of transfused packed red blood cells, and the use of furosemide in CS-AKI patients. These findings may facilitate the earlier identification of patients susceptible to AKI after CS. Full article

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15 pages, 1249 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Unravelling Quality of Life for Head and Neck Cancer Patients after VMAT Radiation Therapy: Insights from Toxicity, Dosimetry and Symptoms Correlation

by Panagiota Kiafi, Maria Anthi Kouri, Georgios Patatoukas, Andromachi Kougioumtzopoulou, Marina Chalkia, Ourania Nicolatou-Galitis, Vassilis Kouloulias, Efthimios Kyrodimos and Kalliopi Platoni

Clin. Pract. 2024, 14(3), 1085-1099; https://doi.org/10.3390/clinpract14030086 - 6 Jun 2024

Viewed by 850

Abstract

(1) Background: Head and neck cancer treatment, including advanced techniques like Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy (VMAT), presents challenges for maintaining patient quality of life (QoL). Thus, thoroughly investigating how radiation therapy (RT) affects patients has been proved essential. Derived by that, this study [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Head and neck cancer treatment, including advanced techniques like Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy (VMAT), presents challenges for maintaining patient quality of life (QoL). Thus, thoroughly investigating how radiation therapy (RT) affects patients has been proved essential. Derived by that, this study aims to understand the complex interactions between not only RT and QoL but also symptom severity, and treatment-related toxicities in three distinct time points of patient’s treatment; (2) Methods: To achieve that, EORTC-QLQ-C30 and EORTC QLQ-H&N35 questionnaires were used in combination with EORTC_RTOG scoring criteria and Spearman’s rho statistical analysis for 74 patients with cancer undergoing VMAT radiation therapy; (3) Results: The results revealed a significant improvement in the Overall Health Index post-treatment, indicating a temporary decline during therapy followed by subsequent recovery, often surpassing pre-treatment QoL levels. Concurrently a reduction in symptomatology was observed, notably in pain, swallowing difficulties, and dry mouth, aligning with prior research indicating decreased symptom burden post-treatment. However, Spearman’s correlation coefficient analysis at two distinct time points during therapy uncovered varying degrees of correlation between dosimetric data at Organs at Risk (OARs) and reported symptoms, highlighting potential limitations in using QoL questionnaires as sole indicators of treatment efficacy. Our investigation into the correlation between dosimetric data, toxicity, and symptoms focused on the relationship between radiation doses and oral mucositis levels, a common toxicity in head and neck cancer patients. Significant associations were identified between toxicity levels and dosimetric parameters, particularly with OARs such as the parotid glands, oral cavity, and swallowing muscles, underlining the utility of the EORTC method as a reliable toxicity assessment tool; (4) Conclusions: To summarize, current research attempts to underscore the importance of refining QoL assessments for enhanced patient care. The integration of dosimetric data, symptom severity, and treatment-related toxicities in the QoL outcomes of head and neck cancer patients undergoing VMAT radiation therapy, can lead towards the optimization of treatment strategies and the improvement of patient outcomes in future patient-centered radiation therapy practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Outcome Research in the Head and Neck)

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9 pages, 1180 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Case Report: The Rehabilitation of a Patient with Acute Transverse Myelitis after COVID-19 Vaccination

by Piotr Niebrzydowski, Małgorzata Kusiak-Kaczmarek, Jarosław Tomaszewski, Maciej Gmiński and Dominika Szalewska

Clin. Pract. 2024, 14(3), 1076-1084; https://doi.org/10.3390/clinpract14030085 - 6 Jun 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1411

Abstract

We report the case of a 55-year-old man with multi-symptomatic transverse myelitis after vaccination against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The patient was diagnosed based on the course of the disease and the results of imaging and laboratory tests. We excluded other most probable [...] Read more.

We report the case of a 55-year-old man with multi-symptomatic transverse myelitis after vaccination against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The patient was diagnosed based on the course of the disease and the results of imaging and laboratory tests. We excluded other most probable causes of the disease. The quick start of diagnosis allowed for early treatment with intravenous steroids and then plasmapheresis and the implementation of modern rehabilitation methods using biofeedback platforms, among others, and an exoskeleton. The patient returned to work, but the rehabilitation process continues to this day due to persistent symptoms that impair the patient’s quality of life. Full article

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11 pages, 495 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Predictive Role of NLR, dNLR, PLR, NLPR, and Other Laboratory Markers in Diagnosing SIRS in Premature Newborns

by Manuela Pantea, Daniela Iacob, Claudia Ioana Bortea, Ileana Enatescu, Vlad Barbos, Mihaela Prodan, Raluca Tudor and Gabriel Veniamin Cozma

Clin. Pract. 2024, 14(3), 1065-1075; https://doi.org/10.3390/clinpract14030084 - 6 Jun 2024

Viewed by 517

Abstract

Background: Premature newborns are at a significant risk for Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome SIRS, a condition associated with high morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to evaluate the predictive and diagnostic capability of laboratory markers like Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR), derived Neutrophil [...] Read more.

Background: Premature newborns are at a significant risk for Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome SIRS, a condition associated with high morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to evaluate the predictive and diagnostic capability of laboratory markers like Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR), derived Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio (dNLR), Platelet-to-Lymphocyte Ratio (PLR), and Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte-to-Platelet Ratio (NLPR) in diagnosing SIRS in premature newborns. Methods: Premature newborns with and without SIRS were evaluated in a prospective design during a one-year period. Among 136 newborns, early and 72 h post-birth analyses were performed. Results: At 24 h, NLR’s cutoff value was 8.69, yielding sensitivity and specificity rates of 52.77% and 83.47% (p = 0.0429), respectively. The dNLR showed a cutoff of 5.61, with corresponding rates of 63.27% and 84.15% (p = 0.0011), PLR had a cutoff of 408.75, with rates of 51.89% and 80.22% (p = 0.1026), and NLPR displayed a cutoff of 0.24, with rates of 75.85% and 86.70% (p = 0.0002). At 72 h, notable sensitivity and specificity improvements were observed, particularly with NLPR having a cutoff of 0.17, showing sensitivity of 77.74% and specificity of 95.18% (p < 0.0001). NLR above the cutoff indicated a 33% increase in SIRS risk, with a hazard ratio (HR)of 1.33. The dNLR was associated with a twofold increase in risk (HR 2.04). NLPR demonstrated a significant, over threefold increase in SIRS risk (HR 3.56), underscoring its strong predictive and diagnostic value for SIRS development. Conclusion: Integrating these findings into clinical practice could enhance neonatal care by facilitating the early identification and management of SIRS, potentially improving outcomes for this vulnerable population. Full article

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11 pages, 269 KiB

Open AccessReview

Safety of Progestogen Hormonal Contraceptive Methods during Lactation: An Overview

by Karolina Chmaj-Wierzchowska, Katarzyna Wszołek, Katarzyna Tomczyk and Maciej Wilczak

Clin. Pract. 2024, 14(3), 1054-1064; https://doi.org/10.3390/clinpract14030083 - 4 Jun 2024

Viewed by 513

Abstract

Background: Breastfeeding is a process for not only nourishing infants but also for building a unique emotional bond between mother and child. Therefore, the ideal contraception during lactation should not affect lactation (milk composition, milk volume) and offspring development. Objectives: This study aims [...] Read more.

Background: Breastfeeding is a process for not only nourishing infants but also for building a unique emotional bond between mother and child. Therefore, the ideal contraception during lactation should not affect lactation (milk composition, milk volume) and offspring development. Objectives: This study aims to analyze the literature on the safety of progestogen hormonal contraceptive methods during lactation. Methods: We conducted a thorough search across various databases, including the National Library of Medicine (PubMed), and the Cochrane Database, Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed). Our search utilized specific phrases such as: “lactation” and “breastfeeding” and “oral contraception” with “drospirenone” or “desogestrel”, with “subcutaneous etonogestrel implant” or “etonogestrel implant”, with “levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system”, and “emergency contraception”, with “levonorgestrel” or “ulipristal acetate”. Conclusions: Based on published scientific reports, progestogen hormonal contraceptives can be considered a relatively safe solution for women desiring to continue feeding their infant with their milk while using hormonal contraception. It is important to seek guidance on selecting the best contraception method based on the latest medical knowledge, tailored to the individual needs and clinical circumstances of each woman and place of residence. A woman should always be informed of the potential risks of such a treatment and then allowed to make her own decision based on the knowledge received from a specialist. Full article

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16 pages, 547 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Early Screening for Long QT Syndrome and Cardiac Anomalies in Infants: A Comprehensive Study

by Luana Nosetti, Marco Zaffanello, Carolina Lombardi, Alessandra Gerosa, Giorgio Piacentini, Michele Abramo and Massimo Agosti

Clin. Pract. 2024, 14(3), 1038-1053; https://doi.org/10.3390/clinpract14030082 - 31 May 2024

Viewed by 497

Abstract

(1) Background: Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) represents sudden and unexplained deaths during the sleep of infants under one year of age, despite thorough investigation. Screening for a prolonged QTc interval, a marker for Long QT Syndrome (LQTS), should be conducted on all [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) represents sudden and unexplained deaths during the sleep of infants under one year of age, despite thorough investigation. Screening for a prolonged QTc interval, a marker for Long QT Syndrome (LQTS), should be conducted on all newborns to reduce the incidence of SIDS. Neonatal electrocardiograms (ECGs) could identify congenital heart defects (CHDs) early, especially those not detected at birth. Infants with prolonged QTc intervals typically undergo genetic analysis for Long QT Syndrome. (2) Methods: The study involved infants aged 20–40 days, born with no apparent clinical signs of heart disease, with initial ECG screening. Infants with prenatal diagnoses or signs/symptoms of CHDs identified immediately after birth, as well as infants who had previously had an ECG or echocardiogram for other medical reasons, were excluded from the study. We used statistical software (SPSS version 22.0) to analyze the data. (3) Results: Of the 42,200 infants involved, 2245 were enrolled, with 39.9% being males. Following this initial screening, 164 children (37.8% males) with prolonged QTc intervals underwent further evaluation. Out of these 164 children, 27 children were confirmed to have LQTS. However, only 18 children were finally investigated for genetic mutations, and mutations were identified in 11 tests. The most common mutations were LQT1 (54.5%), LQT2 (36.4%), and LQT3 (1 patient). Treatment options included propranolol (39.8%), nadolol (22.2%), inderal (11.1%), metoprolol (11.1%), and no treatment (16.7%). The most common abnormalities were focal right bundle branch block (54.5%), left axis deviation (9.2%), and nonspecific ventricular repolarization abnormalities (7.1%). Multiple anomalies were found in 0.47% of children with focal right bundle branch block. Structural abnormalities were associated with specific features in 267 patients (11.9%), primarily isolated patent foramen ovale (PFO) at 61.4%. (4) Conclusions: This screening approach has demonstrated effectiveness in the early identification of LQTS and other cardiac rhythm anomalies, with additional identification of mutations and/or prolonged QTc intervals in family members. Identifying other ECG abnormalities and congenital heart malformations further enhances the benefits of the screening. Full article

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17 pages, 4472 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Effect of Isotretinoin on Insulin Resistance and Serum Adiponectin Levels in Acne Vulgaris Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Eleni Paschalidou, Georgios Katsaras, Thomas Papoulakis, Evangelia Kalloniati, Dimitrios Kavvadas, Sofia Karachrysafi, Dorothea Kapoukranidou, Georgios Tagarakis and Theodora Papamitsou

Clin. Pract. 2024, 14(3), 1021-1037; https://doi.org/10.3390/clinpract14030081 - 31 May 2024

Viewed by 443

Abstract

Background: Isotretinoin is the drug of choice for severe acne. We sought to examine the potential link between isotretinoin and insulin resistance. Methods: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis in accordance with the PRISMA statement. A comprehensive search of the PubMed/MEDLINE, SCOPUS, [...] Read more.

Background: Isotretinoin is the drug of choice for severe acne. We sought to examine the potential link between isotretinoin and insulin resistance. Methods: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis in accordance with the PRISMA statement. A comprehensive search of the PubMed/MEDLINE, SCOPUS, and Cochrane databases was performed until 12 January 2022 utilizing the PICO (Patient, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome) tool. Fifteen English-language studies focusing on isotretinoin-treated acne patients were included. Serum levels of insulin, glucose, and adiponectin were evaluated before and after treatment, and insulin sensitivity was assessed using the HOMA–IR. A meta-analysis was conducted using RevMan 5.4.1 software, and a quality assessment was undertaken using the ROBINS-I tool. Results: The meta-analysis unveiled a statistically significant rise in the post-treatment levels of adiponectin, an anti-inflammatory agent, which inhibits liver glucose production while enhancing insulin sensitivity (SMD = 0.86; 95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 0.48–1.25, p-value < 0.0001; I² = 58%). Our subgroup analysis based on study type yielded consistent findings. However, no statistically significant outcomes were observed for insulin, glucose levels, and the HOMA-IR. Conclusions: There is not a clear association between isotretinoin and insulin resistance, but it appears to enhance the serum levels of adiponectin, which participates in glucose metabolism. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2024 Feature Papers in Clinics and Practice)

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11 pages, 765 KiB

Open AccessReview

Drugs Associated with Adverse Effects in Vulnerable Groups of Patients

by Claudia Simona Ștefan, Aurel Nechita, Oana-Maria Dragostin, Ana Fulga, Elena-Lăcrămioara Lisă, Rodica Vatcu, Ionut Dragostin, Cristian Velicescu and Iuliu Fulga

Clin. Pract. 2024, 14(3), 1010-1020; https://doi.org/10.3390/clinpract14030080 - 31 May 2024

Viewed by 431

Abstract

In recent years, a series of recommendations have been issued regarding the administration of drugs because of awareness of the serious side effects associated with certain classes of drugs, especially in vulnerable patients. Taking into account the obligation of the continuous improvement of [...] Read more.

In recent years, a series of recommendations have been issued regarding the administration of drugs because of awareness of the serious side effects associated with certain classes of drugs, especially in vulnerable patients. Taking into account the obligation of the continuous improvement of professionals in the medical fields and the fact that we are in the midst of a “malpractice accusations pandemic”, through this work, we propose to carry out a “radiography” of the scientific literature regarding adverse effects that may occur as a result of the interaction of drugs with the physiopathological particularities of patients. The literature reports various cases regarding different classes of drugs administration associated with adverse effects in the elderly people, such as fluoroquinolones, which can cause torsade de pointes or tendinopathy, or diuretics, which can cause hypokalemia followed by torsade de pointes and cardiorespiratory arrest. Also, children are more prone to the development of adverse reactions due to their physiological particularities, while for pregnant women, some drugs can interfere with the normal development of the fetus, and for psychiatric patients, the use of neuroleptics can cause agranulocytosis. Considering the physiopathological particularities of each patient, the drug doses must be adjusted or even completely removed from the treatment scheme, thus requiring the mandatory active participation both of clinician pharmacists and specialists in the activity of medical-pharmaceutical analysis laboratories within the structure of hospitals. Full article

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15 pages, 923 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Healthcare Delivery Type on Patients’ Mental Health: Is Hospitalization Always a Stressful Factor? Can Allostatic Load Help Assess a Patient’s Psychological Disorders?

by Ana María Gómez García and Eduardo García-Rico

Clin. Pract. 2024, 14(3), 995-1009; https://doi.org/10.3390/clinpract14030079 - 30 May 2024

Viewed by 301

Abstract

Background: Psychological distress is a predictor of future health and disease data, with consequent implications for both the patient and the healthcare system. Taking advantage of the unprecedented situation caused by the COVID-19 pandemic we aimed to assess whether the type of medical [...] Read more.

Background: Psychological distress is a predictor of future health and disease data, with consequent implications for both the patient and the healthcare system. Taking advantage of the unprecedented situation caused by the COVID-19 pandemic we aimed to assess whether the type of medical care received by patients during the initial months of the pandemic influenced their evolution, particularly at the psychological level. Additionally, we investigated whether allostatic load was associated not only with physical but also psychological alterations. Methods: All the patients diagnosed with COVID-19 infection at HM Madrid Hospital during the month of March 2020 were studied, both those hospitalized (110) and those treated on an outpatient basis (46). They were psychologically evaluated using the Profile of Mood States (POMS) test. We calculated the allostatic load using different laboratory parameters. Results: Outpatient patients had significantly higher scores than hospitalized ones in Tension-Anxiety (52 ± 19.3 vs. 38 ± 4.3; p < 0.001). So, 36.9% of the outpatient patients exhibited anxiety. Allostatic load has not been correlated with patients’ psychological alterations. Conclusions: Psychological distress of outpatient patients should be taken into account in their management to improve mental health planning. This knowledge could provide comprehensive care to patients including their mental health, in the face of subsequent epidemics/pandemics. Full article

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15 pages, 1301 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Lactate Profile Assessment—A Good Predictor of Prognosis in Patients with COVID-19 and Septic Shock Requiring Continuous Renal Therapy

by Cosmin Iosif Trebuian, Adina Maria Marza, Raul Chioibaş, Dumitru Şutoi, Alina Petrica, Iulia Crintea-Najette, Daian Popa, Florin Borcan, Daniela Flondor and Ovidiu Alexandru Mederle

Clin. Pract. 2024, 14(3), 980-994; https://doi.org/10.3390/clinpract14030078 - 27 May 2024

Viewed by 544

Abstract

Introduction: Lactate is a useful prognostic marker, as its level increases in hypoxic tissue and/or during accelerated aerobic glycolysis due to excessive beta-adrenergic stimulation and decreased lactate clearance. The Surviving Sepsis Campaign Bundle 2018 Update suggests premeasurement of lactate within 2–4 h so [...] Read more.

Introduction: Lactate is a useful prognostic marker, as its level increases in hypoxic tissue and/or during accelerated aerobic glycolysis due to excessive beta-adrenergic stimulation and decreased lactate clearance. The Surviving Sepsis Campaign Bundle 2018 Update suggests premeasurement of lactate within 2–4 h so that physicians perform, assist, administer, and introduce lactate-guided resuscitation to reduce mortality due to sepsis. Methods: A total of 108 patients with septic shock who underwent continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) for acute kidney injury were enrolled in this observational study. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were collected, and patients were divided into two groups: survivors and non-survivors. Results: Multivariate analysis demonstrated that lactate levels at 24 h after initiation of CRRT treatment, but not lactate levels at intensive care unit (ICU) admission, were associated with mortality. Lactate clearance was associated with lower mortality among the survivors (OR = 0.140) at 6 h after ICU admission and late mortality (OR = 0.260) after 24 h. The area under the ROC curves for mortality was 0.682 for initial lactate; 0.797 for lactate at 24 h; and 0.816 for lactate clearance at 24 h. Conclusions: Our result reinforces that the determination of lactate dynamics represents a good predictor for mortality, and serial lactate measurements may be more useful prognostic markers than initial lactate in patients with septic shock. Full article

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15 pages, 1509 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Clinical and Pathological Features of Osteosarcomas of the Jaws: A Retrospective Study

by Jesus Rodriguez-Molinero, Jose Juan Pozo-Kreilinger, Juan Antonio Ruiz-Roca, Antonio Francisco Lopez-Sanchez and Jose Luis Cebrian-Carretero

Clin. Pract. 2024, 14(3), 965-979; https://doi.org/10.3390/clinpract14030077 - 23 May 2024

Viewed by 615

Abstract

Introduction: Osteosarcomas of the jaw (OSJs) are rare tumors with distinct characteristics from osteosarcomas affecting other bones. This study aims to analyze the clinical, pathological, and therapeutic characteristics of OSJs. Methods: A retrospective, descriptive cross-sectional study including patients diagnosed with OSJ registered at [...] Read more.

Introduction: Osteosarcomas of the jaw (OSJs) are rare tumors with distinct characteristics from osteosarcomas affecting other bones. This study aims to analyze the clinical, pathological, and therapeutic characteristics of OSJs. Methods: A retrospective, descriptive cross-sectional study including patients diagnosed with OSJ registered at the “La Paz” University Hospital, Madrid, was performed. Results: Data of eight patients with a diagnosis of OSJ were obtained during the study period of 22 years (2002–2024). The mean age of the patients was 41 years. The distribution was 1:1 between the maxilla and mandible. Painful inflammation was the most frequent clinical manifestation. Conventional osteoblastic osteosarcoma was the most predominant histological type. Survival rate at 5 years was 50%, which decreased to 25% at 10 years. Conclusions: OSJs differ from conventional osteosarcomas of long tubular bones. Surgery continues to be the mainstay of treatment. However, more studies are needed through which more standardized protocols can be proposed for adjuvant therapeutic management. Full article

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11 pages, 1357 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Efficacy of Non-Surgical Periodontal Therapy with Adjunctive Methylene Blue and Toluidine Blue O Mediated Photodynamic in Treatment of Periodontitis: A Randomized Clinical Trial

by Kashan Kamal Najm, Sarhang Sarwat Gul and Ali Abbas Abdulkareem

Clin. Pract. 2024, 14(3), 954-964; https://doi.org/10.3390/clinpract14030076 - 22 May 2024

Viewed by 815

Abstract

Background: This study aimed to examine the efficacy of methylene blue (MB) and toluidine blue O (TBO) photodynamic therapy (PDT) as adjuncts to root surface debridement (RSD). Methods: This split-mouth, randomized, controlled clinical trial included eighteen patients, and a total of 332 sites [...] Read more.

Background: This study aimed to examine the efficacy of methylene blue (MB) and toluidine blue O (TBO) photodynamic therapy (PDT) as adjuncts to root surface debridement (RSD). Methods: This split-mouth, randomized, controlled clinical trial included eighteen patients, and a total of 332 sites (control = 102, MB = 124 and TBO = 106) were examined. Two sessions of PDT were completed at baseline and two weeks after RSD. Clinical parameters of bleeding on probing (BOP), plaque index (PI), probing pocket depth (PPD), and clinical attachment level (CAL) were measured pre- and post-treatment. Results: PPD and BOP reductions in sites treated by RSD with adjunctive photosensitizers (MB and TBO) were significantly higher than in control sites. RSD with MB showed higher efficacy in improving moderately deep pockets (OR 3.350), while adjunctive TBO showed better results in treating deeper pockets (OR 4.643). Conclusions: Results suggested that adjunctive use of MB and TBO to RSD could significantly improve periodontal pocket closure and reduce signs of inflammation. In addition, TBO seems to be more efficient in treating deep periodontal pockets than MB, which is more effective in resolving shallower pockets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends, Materials, and Technologies and Consolidating Best Practices in Dentistry)

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8 pages, 7266 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Zero-Fluoroscopy Catheter Ablation of Right Appendage Focal Atrial Tachycardia in a Pregnant Woman

by Federica Troisi, Noemi Valenti, Federico Quadrini, Nicola Vitulano, Antonio Di Monaco, Imma Romanazzi, Rosa Caruso, Rocco Orfino and Massimo Grimaldi

Clin. Pract. 2024, 14(3), 946-953; https://doi.org/10.3390/clinpract14030075 - 21 May 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 515

Abstract

Background: Arrhythmias in pregnancy are complex to manage due to the teratogenic effects of many antiarrhythmic drugs and the common use of ionizing radiation during catheter ablation procedures. Furthermore, pregnant women are extremely vulnerable and difficult to treat because of the progressive physical [...] Read more.

Background: Arrhythmias in pregnancy are complex to manage due to the teratogenic effects of many antiarrhythmic drugs and the common use of ionizing radiation during catheter ablation procedures. Furthermore, pregnant women are extremely vulnerable and difficult to treat because of the progressive physical and hormonal changes that occur during the nine months of pregnancy. Case Presentation: In this case report, we describe a complex clinical case of a 34-year-old pregnant woman who was affected by an incessant right atrial tachycardia, with signs and symptoms of initial hemodynamic instability. This tachycardia was refractory to antiarrhythmic drugs, so a zero-fluoroscopy ablation was performed. The first procedure was complicated by cardiac tamponade, quickly resolved without further complications for the mother or the fetus. In the following days, a deep venous thrombosis occurred at the femoral venous access. After a few days, the patient underwent a second procedure that was successful and resulted in the restoration of a sinus rhythm. Conclusions: The management of this clinical case was complex both from a procedural and a clinical (cardiological and gynecological) point of view. Finally, the integration of the various skills led to an excellent result. Full article

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12 pages, 247 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Emotional Dysregulation and Sleep Problems: A Transdiagnostic Approach in Youth

by Gianluca Sesso, Fulvio Guccione, Simone Pisano, Elena Valente, Antonio Narzisi, Stefano Berloffa, Pamela Fantozzi, Valentina Viglione, Annarita Milone and Gabriele Masi

Clin. Pract. 2024, 14(3), 934-945; https://doi.org/10.3390/clinpract14030074 - 21 May 2024

Viewed by 734

Abstract

Background: Sleep is a complex phenomenon that affects several aspects of life, including cognitive functioning, emotional regulation, and overall well-being. Sleep disturbances, especially during adolescence, can negatively impact emotional regulation, making it a critical factor in targeting psychopathology. Methods: This study explores the [...] Read more.

Background: Sleep is a complex phenomenon that affects several aspects of life, including cognitive functioning, emotional regulation, and overall well-being. Sleep disturbances, especially during adolescence, can negatively impact emotional regulation, making it a critical factor in targeting psychopathology. Methods: This study explores the interplay between emotional dysregulation (ED) and sleep patterns in a sample of 90 adolescent patients by means of self- and parent-rated clinical measures. Results: Our findings reveal a bidirectional relationship between ED and sleep problems. Adolescents with higher affective instability experience poorer sleep quality, while those with worse sleep quality exhibit higher internalizing problems. Additionally, emotional reactivity is associated with disrupted circadian rhythms. Conclusions: These results emphasize the significance of addressing sleep problems in the context of psychopathology treatment, potentially leading to improved outcomes. Further research is needed to determine the most effective treatment strategies, including nonpharmacological and pharmacological interventions. Understanding the intricate relationship between sleep problems and emotion regulation offers insights for more targeted and effective treatment approaches for youths struggling with ED. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pediatric and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology: Current Treatments and Future Options)

6 pages, 824 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Clinical Case of Mild Tatton–Brown–Rahman Syndrome Caused by a Nonsense Variant in DNMT3A Gene

by Fatima Bostanova, Olga Levchenko, Margarita Sharova and Natalia Semenova

Clin. Pract. 2024, 14(3), 928-933; https://doi.org/10.3390/clinpract14030073 - 21 May 2024

Viewed by 630

Abstract

Tatton–Brown–Rahman syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant hereditary disease caused by pathogenic variants in the DNMT3A gene, which is an important participant in epigenetic regulation, especially during embryonic development, and is highly expressed in all tissues. The main features of the syndrome are [...] Read more.

Tatton–Brown–Rahman syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant hereditary disease caused by pathogenic variants in the DNMT3A gene, which is an important participant in epigenetic regulation, especially during embryonic development, and is highly expressed in all tissues. The main features of the syndrome are high growth, macrocephaly, intellectual disability, and facial dysmorphic features. We present a clinical case of Tatton–Brown–Rahman syndrome in a ten-year-old boy with macrocephaly with learning difficulties, progressive eye impairment, and fatigue suspected by a deep learning-based diagnosis assistance system, Face2Gene. The proband underwent whole-exome sequencing, which revealed a recurrent nonsense variant in the 12th exon of the DNMT3A, leading to the formation of a premature stop codon—NM_022552.5:c.1443C>A (p.Tyr481Ter), in a heterozygous state. This variant was not found in parents, confirming its de novo status. The patient case described here contributes to the understanding of the clinical diversity of Tatton–Brown–Raman syndrome with a mild clinical presentation that expands the phenotypic spectrum of the syndrome. We report the first recurrent nonsense variant in the DNMT3A gene, suggesting a mutational hot-spot. Differential diagnoses of this syndrome with Sotos syndrome, Weaver syndrome, and Cowden syndrome, as well as molecular confirmation, are extremely important, since the presence of certain types of pathogenic variants in the DNMT3A gene significantly increases the risk of developing acute myeloid leukemia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Practice of Artificial Intelligence in Diagnostic and Treatment Assistance)

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13 pages, 1231 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Global Trends in Kidney Stone Awareness: A Time Series Analysis from 2004–2023

by Noppawit Aiumtrakul, Charat Thongprayoon, Supawadee Suppadungsuk, Pajaree Krisanapan, Preyarat Pinthusopon, Michael A. Mao, Chinnawat Arayangkool, Kristine B. Vo, Chalothorn Wannaphut, Jing Miao and Wisit Cheungpasitporn

Clin. Pract. 2024, 14(3), 915-927; https://doi.org/10.3390/clinpract14030072 - 20 May 2024

Viewed by 904

Abstract

Background: Despite the prevalence and incidence of kidney stones progressively increasing worldwide, public awareness of this condition remains unclear. Understanding trends of awareness can assist healthcare professionals and policymakers in planning and implementing targeted health interventions. This study investigated online search interest in [...] Read more.

Background: Despite the prevalence and incidence of kidney stones progressively increasing worldwide, public awareness of this condition remains unclear. Understanding trends of awareness can assist healthcare professionals and policymakers in planning and implementing targeted health interventions. This study investigated online search interest in “kidney stone” by analyzing Google Trends, focusing on stationarity of the trends and predicting future trends. Methods: We performed time series analysis on worldwide Google monthly search data from January 2004 to November 2023. The Augmented Dickey–Fuller (ADF) test was used to assess the stationarity of the data, with a p-value below 0.05 indicating stationarity. Time series forecasting was performed using the autoregressive integrated moving average to predict future trends. Results: The highest search interest for “kidney stone” (score 100) was in August 2022, while the lowest was in December 2007 (score 36). As of November 2023, search interest remained high, at 92. The ADF test was significant (p = 0.023), confirming data stationarity. The time series forecasting projected continued high public interest, likely reflecting ongoing concern and awareness. Notably, diverse regions such as Iran, the Philippines, Ecuador, the United States, and Nepal showed significant interest, suggesting widespread awareness of nephrolithiasis. Conclusion: This study highlighted that “kidney stone” is a consistently relevant health issue globally. The increase and stationarity of search trends, the forecasted sustained interest, and diverse regional interest emphasize the need for collaborative research and educational initiatives. This study’s analysis serves as a valuable tool for shaping future healthcare policies and research directions in addressing nephrolithiasis related health challenges. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2024 Feature Papers in Clinics and Practice)

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9 pages, 191 KiB

Open AccessReview

Major Perioperative Cardiac Risk Assessment: A Review for Cardio-Oncologists and Perioperative Physicians

by Emily P. Johnson, Robert Monsour, Osama Hafez, Rohini Kotha and Robert S. Ackerman

Clin. Pract. 2024, 14(3), 906-914; https://doi.org/10.3390/clinpract14030071 - 17 May 2024

Viewed by 621

Abstract

The Revised Cardiac Risk Index (RCRI) and the American College of Surgeons (ACS) National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) preoperative risk assessment tools are the most widely used methods for quantifying the risk of major negative perioperative cardiac outcomes that a patient may [...] Read more.

The Revised Cardiac Risk Index (RCRI) and the American College of Surgeons (ACS) National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) preoperative risk assessment tools are the most widely used methods for quantifying the risk of major negative perioperative cardiac outcomes that a patient may face during and after noncardiac surgery. However, these tools were created to include as wide a range of surgical factors as possible; thus, some predictive accuracy is sacrificed when it comes to certain surgical subpopulations. In this review, we explore the various surgical oncology patient populations for whom these assessment tools can be reliably applied and for whom they demonstrate poor reliability. Full article

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14 pages, 1783 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pre-Infection Nutritional Status, Oxidative Stress, and One-Year-Long COVID Persistence in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis: A Prospective Cohort Study

by Natalia Stepanova, Lesya Korol, Tetyana Ostapenko, Valeriia Marchenko, Olga Belousova, Lyudmyla Snisar, Iryna Shifris and Mykola Kolesnyk

Clin. Pract. 2024, 14(3), 892-905; https://doi.org/10.3390/clinpract14030070 - 17 May 2024

Viewed by 599

Abstract

Background: Nutritional status’s role in long COVID is evident in the general population, yet unexplored in patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD), posing a research gap. We hypothesized that pre-infection undernutrition in HD patients might impact long COVID persistence by accelerating oxidative stress. The present [...] Read more.

Background: Nutritional status’s role in long COVID is evident in the general population, yet unexplored in patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD), posing a research gap. We hypothesized that pre-infection undernutrition in HD patients might impact long COVID persistence by accelerating oxidative stress. The present study aimed to investigate the association between pre-infection nutritional status, oxidative stress, and one-year-long COVID persistence in HD patients. Methods: This prospective observational cohort study enrolled 115 HD patients with confirmed COVID-19. Nutritional status was assessed using the Controlling Nutritional Status (CONUT) score twice: before infection and three months post-infection. Oxidative markers included malondialdehyde (MDAs), ceruloplasmin, transferrin, and sulfhydryl groups. The endpoint was one-year-long COVID persistence. Results: Moderate pre-infection CONUT scores were associated with heightened severe undernutrition risk (p < 0.0001), elevated MDAs (p < 0.0001), and reduced ceruloplasmin levels (p = 0.0009) at three months post-COVID-19 compared to light CONUT scores. Pre-infection CONUT score independently predicted post-COVID oxidative damage [OR 2.3 (95% CI 1.2; 4.6), p < 0.0001] and one-year-long COVID persistence [HR 4.6 (95% CI 1.4; 9.9), p < 0.0001], even after adjusting for potential confounders. Conclusion: Moderate pre-infection undernutrition heightens post-COVID oxidative stress and increases the risk of one-year-long COVID persistence in HD patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Multifaceted Efforts from Basic Research to Clinical Practice in Controlling COVID-19 Disease)

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10 pages, 1754 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Safety and Efficacy of Very Early Conversion to Belatacept in Pediatric Kidney Transplantation with Transplant-Associated Thrombotic Microangiopathy: Case Study and Review of Literature

by Ratna Acharya, William Clapp and Kiran Upadhyay

Clin. Pract. 2024, 14(3), 882-891; https://doi.org/10.3390/clinpract14030069 - 16 May 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 823

Abstract

The inhibition of co-stimulation during T-cell activation has been shown to provide effective immunosuppression in kidney transplantation (KT). Hence, the conversion from calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) to belatacept is emerging as a potential alternate maintenance immunosuppressive therapy in those with transplant-associated thrombotic microangiopathy (TA-TMA) [...] Read more.

The inhibition of co-stimulation during T-cell activation has been shown to provide effective immunosuppression in kidney transplantation (KT). Hence, the conversion from calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) to belatacept is emerging as a potential alternate maintenance immunosuppressive therapy in those with transplant-associated thrombotic microangiopathy (TA-TMA) or in the prevention of TA-TMA. We present a 17-year-old male who presented with biopsy-proven CNI-associated TA-TMA immediately post-KT. The administration of eculizumab led to the reversal of TMA. Tacrolimus was converted to belatacept with excellent efficacy and safety during a short-term follow-up of one year. Further larger controlled studies are required to demonstrate the efficacy of this approach in children who present with early-onset TMA post-KT. Full article

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12 pages, 547 KiB

Open AccessReview

Infective Pleural Effusions—A Comprehensive Narrative Review Article

by Mohammad Abdulelah and Mohammad Abu Hishmeh

Clin. Pract. 2024, 14(3), 870-881; https://doi.org/10.3390/clinpract14030068 - 16 May 2024

Viewed by 1006

Abstract

Infective pleural effusions are mainly represented by parapneumonic effusions and empyema. These conditions are a spectrum of pleural diseases that are commonly encountered and carry significant mortality and morbidity rates reaching upwards of 50%. The causative etiology is usually an underlying bacterial pneumonia [...] Read more.

Infective pleural effusions are mainly represented by parapneumonic effusions and empyema. These conditions are a spectrum of pleural diseases that are commonly encountered and carry significant mortality and morbidity rates reaching upwards of 50%. The causative etiology is usually an underlying bacterial pneumonia with the subsequent seeding of the infectious culprit and inflammatory agents to the pleural space leading to an inflammatory response and fibrin deposition. Radiographical evaluation through a CT scan or ultrasound yields high specificity and sensitivity, with features such as septations or pleural thickening indicating worse outcomes. Although microbiological yields from pleural studies are around 56% only, fluid analysis assists in both diagnosis and prognosis by evaluating pH, glucose, and other biomarkers such as lactate dehydrogenase. Management centers around antibiotic therapy for 2–6 weeks and the drainage of the infected pleural space when the effusion is complicated through tube thoracostomies or surgical intervention. Intrapleural enzymatic therapy, used to increase drainage, significantly decreases treatment failure rates, length of hospital stay, and surgical referrals but carries a risk of pleural hemorrhage. This comprehensive review article aims to define and delineate the progression of parapneumonic effusions and empyema as well as discuss pathophysiology, diagnostic, and treatment modalities with aims of broadening the generalist’s understanding of such complex disease by reviewing the most recent and relevant high-quality evidence. Full article

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8 pages, 226 KiB

Open AccessOpinion

Teaching Medical Procedural Skills for Performance

by Kersi Taraporewalla, Paul Barach and André van Zundert

Clin. Pract. 2024, 14(3), 862-869; https://doi.org/10.3390/clinpract14030067 - 16 May 2024

Viewed by 625

Abstract

Procedures are a core element of medical professional practice. Today’s training approach was formulated in the mid-twentieth century based on a computer analogue of the brain. Despite minor modifications, the system has remained relatively unchanged for the past 70 years. It delivers competence. [...] Read more.

Procedures are a core element of medical professional practice. Today’s training approach was formulated in the mid-twentieth century based on a computer analogue of the brain. Despite minor modifications, the system has remained relatively unchanged for the past 70 years. It delivers competence. However, competence is not reliable performance. The inability to adapt to the variety of patients and variations in the performance environments, such as the operating room, results in patient morbidity and mortality. There is a need for changes in the development and training of medical procedural skills based on current theories of skill acquisition, movement theory, and motor control. Achieving optimal performance necessitates the ability to adapt through training in diverse patient and performance environments rather than merely imitating prescribed movements. We propose a novel model of training, the Constraints-Led Approach, which allows for robust training by altering the factors affecting skill acquisition and lifelong learning. Full article

16 pages, 701 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Alterations in the Gut Microbiome Composition of People Living with HIV in the Asia–Pacific Region: A Systematic Review

by Paul Benedic U. Salvador, Patrick Josemaria d. R. Altavas, Mark Angelo S. del Rosario, Eric David B. Ornos and Leslie Michelle M. Dalmacio

Clin. Pract. 2024, 14(3), 846-861; https://doi.org/10.3390/clinpract14030066 - 15 May 2024

Viewed by 669

Abstract

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection continues to present a global health issue. Recent studies have explored the potential role of the gut microbiome in HIV infection for novel therapeutic approaches. We investigated the gut microbiome composition of people living with HIV (PLHIV) in [...] Read more.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection continues to present a global health issue. Recent studies have explored the potential role of the gut microbiome in HIV infection for novel therapeutic approaches. We investigated the gut microbiome composition of people living with HIV (PLHIV) in the Asia–Pacific region. This review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. An electronic search was conducted in the PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and ScienceDirect databases using keywords such as “HIV”, “PLHIV”, “AIDS”, “gut microbiome”, “gut dysbiosis”, and “metagenomics”. Only peer-reviewed and full-text studies published in English were included. A total of 15 studies from the Asia–Pacific region were included for analysis. Compared to healthy controls, PLHIV showed an increased abundance of Proteobacteria and its genera, which may be considered pathobionts, and decreased abundances of Bacteroidetes and several genera under Firmicutes with known short-chain fatty acid and immunoregulatory activities. Predominant taxa such as Ruminococcaceae and Prevotellaceae were also associated with clinical factors such as CD4 count, the CD4/CD8 ratio, and inflammatory cytokines. This review highlights gut microbiome changes among PLHIV in the Asia–Pacific region, indicating potential bacterial signatures for prognostication. The partial restoration of the microbiome toward beneficial taxa may ensure the long-term success of treatment, promoting immune recovery while maintaining viral load suppression. Full article

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12 pages, 1175 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Lactate Levels and Clearance: Key Predictors of Prognosis for COVID-19 and Non-COVID-19 Septic Shock Patients in the Emergency Department

by Cosmin Iosif Trebuian, Octavia Maria Brici, Dumitru Sutoi, Daian Ionel Popa, Daniel Raul Chioibas and Ovidiu Alexandru Mederle

Clin. Pract. 2024, 14(3), 834-845; https://doi.org/10.3390/clinpract14030065 - 9 May 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 951

Abstract

Background: This investigation assesses the prognostic value of lactate levels and their clearance in septic shock patients, particularly emphasizing the comparative analysis between COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 patients in the emergency department. This study aims to elucidate the unique prognostic implications of lactate dynamics [...] Read more.

Background: This investigation assesses the prognostic value of lactate levels and their clearance in septic shock patients, particularly emphasizing the comparative analysis between COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 patients in the emergency department. This study aims to elucidate the unique prognostic implications of lactate dynamics in these distinct patient groups, thereby enhancing the management of septic shock. Methods: An observational prospective study was conducted, enrolling 114 septic shock patients from the Emergency County Hospital Resita, Romania, categorizing them into COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 groups to examine their initial lactate levels, clearance rates, and their correlation with patient outcomes. Results: This study identified significant differences in the initial lactate levels and clearance rates between the two groups, indicating higher initial lactate levels and slower clearance rates in COVID-19 patients. Survivors demonstrated significantly lower initial lactate levels (1.5 ± 0.4 mmol/L) and higher lactate clearance rates (33 ± 15%) compared to non-survivors (2.5 ± 0.5 mmol/L and 24 ± 9%, respectively; lactate levels p = 0.001, clearance rates p = 0.002). Conclusions: Lactate monitoring, particularly clearance rates, is crucial in the prognostic assessment of septic shock patients. These findings highlight the need for targeted interventions in COVID-19 patients to improve outcomes, underscoring lactate dynamics as a vital component of septic shock management in differing patient populations. Full article

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