Development of the Home Environmental Scale of Accessibility Instrument for Spain
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design
2.2. Procedure
- Eight meetings were conducted with the expert team (n = 8), during which the determination of variables to be studied regarding home accessibility was agreed upon.
- A total of 90 items were developed, covering a wide range of tasks within the home. The scale’s structure, for better management and interpretation, is divided into several subscales corresponding to different spaces/areas of analysis within the home. The theoretical framework of the AOTA [11] was used, along with the DALCO requirements (ambulation, apprehension, localization, and communication) [12]. The DALCO criteria define the conditions of accessibility in terms of the different activities that people commonly carry out, moving, communicating, reaching, understanding, using, and manipulating.
- The items were focused on five spaces: living room, kitchen, bedroom, bathroom, and other areas of the home referred to as Specific Elements of Indifferent Space Usage. These spaces were selected due to their cultural relevance as typical areas in Spanish households.
- Pilot Test: A pilot test was conducted with a total of 20 participants. A non-probabilistic ex post facto sampling method was employed to select the entire sample, including that which was utilized in the pilot study, with the final sample for analysis consisting of 156 individuals from the Principality of Asturias, excluding the 20 participants from the pilot study [20,21,22].
- For the selection of the samples used, the following process has been followed. For the sample calculation of the pilot study, it is recommended to include between 30 and 50 cases. In our pilot study, we included 20 cases due to the difficulty in obtaining a homogeneous population by applying strategies to minimize the number of participants. To achieve this, we conducted a random selection to reduce the variability of the measurements [23]. In articles that analyze the number of cases as one of the standards related to factorial analysis, it is argued that the sample size should not be less than 50, and it is stated that it is preferable for this size to be greater than 100 [22]. Arrindell and van der Ende (1985) concluded that a stable factorial solution is possible when the sample size approaches 20 times the number of factors [21]. These studies support the use of a sample size smaller than 200, which is indeed considered an ideal number [20]. In our case, due to the difficulty of accessing a sample tailored to the needs of our study, we aim to achieve at least 20 times the number of factors, with a maximum of 5, surpassing 100, and therefore, we have a sample within the necessary margins. Age was analyzed in intervals, with 54% of participants being over the age of 65, predominantly women (63.3%), with a socio-economic level between EUR 1000 and 2000 (42.25%), residing mostly in urban central areas (52.82%; 16.2%) and living in apartment blocks (67.6%). See Table 1 for the descriptive data of the sample used in the study.
- The study was approved by the Bioethics Committee of the Principality of Asturias (number 2020.091). In the questionnaire provided to the participants, the first question was related to consenting to the publication of the data anonymously, following the current Organic Law 3/2018, of December 5, on the Protection of Personal Data and Guarantee of Digital Rights.
2.3. Instrument
2.4. Data Analysis
- -
- Chi-square: It is estimated that this value should be greater than 0.05. This indicator is highly sensitive as it follows a chi-square distribution [36,37]. Therefore, it is recommended to complement the results with other goodness-of-fit indices, among which the most commonly used one is the Root-Mean-Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) [37,38,39]. This measure helps determine the significance of the model.
- -
- -
- Goodness-of-Fit Index (GFI): This index indicates the variability explained by the model. Values above 0.90 are considered good fits [43].
- -
- Normed Fit Index (NFI): Values close to one are recommended [44].
- -
3. Results
- Space corresponding to the living room;
- Space corresponding to the kitchen;
- Space corresponding to the bedroom;
- Space corresponding to the bathroom;
- Specific elements of use regardless of space.
- Space corresponding to the living room.
- 2.
- Space corresponding to the kitchen
- 3.
- Space corresponding to the bedroom
- 4.
- Space corresponding to the bathroom
- 5.
- Specific elements of use regardless of space
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Freq. | % |
---|---|---|
Sex | ||
Male | 51 | 32.7 |
Female | 105 | 67.3 |
Age | ||
0–13 | 1 | 0.64 |
14–17 | 6 | 3.84 |
18–24 | 26 | 16.66 |
25–34 | 3 | 1.92 |
35–44 | 5 | 3.20 |
45–54 | 24 | 15.38 |
55–64 | 14 | 8.97 |
65–84 | 49 | 31.41 |
>84 | 24 | 15.38 |
Marital status | ||
Single | 43 | 27.74 |
Married | 64 | 41.29 |
Separated/Divorced | 3 | 1.93 |
Widowed | 42 | 27.09 |
Income level | ||
EUR 0–500 | 5 | 3.22 |
EUR 500–1000 | 17 | 10.96 |
EUR 1000–2000 | 70 | 45.16 |
EUR 2000–3000 | 32 | 20.64 |
>EUR 3000 | 19 | 12.25 |
Missing | 12 | 7.74 |
Area of residence | ||
Rural | 32 | 20.64 |
Urban | 89 | 57.41 |
Centre | 23 | 14.83 |
Periphery | 9 | 5.80 |
Missing | 3 | 1.93 |
Type of residence | ||
Apartment building | 109 | 70.32 |
Single-family house | 41 | 26.45 |
Missing | 6 | 3.87 |
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Jiménez-Arberas, E.; Varela, G.R.; Ordoñez Fernández, F.F.; Méndez, M.I.F. Development of the Home Environmental Scale of Accessibility Instrument for Spain. Clin. Pract. 2024, 14, 1123-1136. https://doi.org/10.3390/clinpract14030089
Jiménez-Arberas E, Varela GR, Ordoñez Fernández FF, Méndez MIF. Development of the Home Environmental Scale of Accessibility Instrument for Spain. Clinics and Practice. 2024; 14(3):1123-1136. https://doi.org/10.3390/clinpract14030089
Chicago/Turabian StyleJiménez-Arberas, Estíbaliz, Gemma Ruíz Varela, Feliciano Francisco Ordoñez Fernández, and María Isabel Fernández Méndez. 2024. "Development of the Home Environmental Scale of Accessibility Instrument for Spain" Clinics and Practice 14, no. 3: 1123-1136. https://doi.org/10.3390/clinpract14030089
APA StyleJiménez-Arberas, E., Varela, G. R., Ordoñez Fernández, F. F., & Méndez, M. I. F. (2024). Development of the Home Environmental Scale of Accessibility Instrument for Spain. Clinics and Practice, 14(3), 1123-1136. https://doi.org/10.3390/clinpract14030089