Seroprevalence of Hepatitis E Virus Infection among Blood Donors in Bulgaria
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Smith, D.B.; Simmonds, P.; Members of the International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses Hepeviridae Study Group; Jameel, S.; Emerson, S.U.; Harrison, T.J.; Meng, X.J.; Okamoto, H.; Van der Poel, W.H.M.; Purdy, M.A. Consensus proposals for classification of the family Hepeviridae. J. Gen. Virol. 2015, 96, 1191–1192, Erratum in 2014, 95, 2223–2232. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Purdy, M.A.; Harrison, T.J.; Jameel, S.; Meng, X.J.; Okamoto, H.; Van der Poel, W.H.M.; Smith, D.B.; ICTV Report Consortium. ICTV virus taxonomy profile: Hepeviridae. J. Gen. Virol. 2017, 98, 2645–2646. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Smith, D.B.; Izopet, J.; Nicot, F.; Simmonds, P.; Jameel, S.; Meng, X.J.; Norder, H.; Okamoto, H.; van der Poel, W.H.M.; Reuter, G.; et al. Update: Proposed reference sequences for subtypes of hepatitis E virus (species Orthohepevirus A). J. Gen. Virol. 2020, 101, 692–698. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). Hepeviridae (Virus Taxonomy: 2019 Release). Available online: https://talk.ictvonline.org/ (accessed on 25 February 2021).
- Batts, W.; Yun, S.; Hedrick, R.; Winton, J. A novel member of the family Hepeviridae from cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii). Virus Res. 2011, 158, 116–123. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pepovich, R.; Baymakova, M.; Pishmisheva, M.; Marutsov, P.; Pekova, L.; Tsachev, I. Current knowledge on hepatitis E virus infection. Vojnosanit. Pregl. 2019, 76, 733–739. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kenney, S.P. The current host range of hepatitis E viruses. Viruses 2019, 11, 452. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Denner, J. Hepatitis E virus (HEV)—The future. Viruses 2019, 11, 251. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Horvatits, T.; ZurWiesch, J.S.; Lutgehetmann, M.; Lohse, A.W.; Pischke, S. The clinical perspective on hepatitis E. Viruses 2019, 11, 617. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- World Health Organization (WHO). Hepatitis E (Last Revision—27 July 2020). Available online: https://www.who.int/ (accessed on 25 February 2021).
- Teoharov, P.; Tiholova, M.; Draganov, P.; Lilyanova, V.; Ivanova, R.; Varleva, T.; Dimitrova, T. First cases of hepatitis E virus infection in Bulgaria. Infectology 1995, 32, 17–18. (In Bulgarian) [Google Scholar]
- Baymakova, M.; Sakem, B.; Plochev, K.; Popov, G.T.; Mihaylova-Garnizova, R.; Kovaleva, V.; Kundurdjiev, T. Epidemiological characteristics and clinical manifestations of hepatitis E virus infection in Bulgaria: A report on 20 patients. Srp. Arh. Celok. Lek. 2016, 144, 63–68. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pishmisheva, M.; Teoharov, P.; Naseva, E.; Vatev, N.; Stoycheva, M.; Karamisheva, M.; Velkova, D.; Ivanov, I. Cholestasis syndrome in hepatitis E—Two-year period analysis (2014–2015). Probl. Infect. Parasit. Dis. 2016, 44, 30–35. [Google Scholar]
- Pishmisheva-Peleva, M. Clinical and Epidemiological Aspects of Acute Hepatitis E Virus Infection. Ph.D. Thesis, Medical University, Plovdiv, Bulgaria, 14 January 2019. (In Bulgarian). [Google Scholar]
- Teoharov, P.; Kevorkyan, A.; Raycheva, R.; Golkocheva-Markova, E.; Trandeva-Bankova, D.; Andonov, A. Data on the prevalence of hepatitis E virus in Bulgaria. ComptesRendus Acad. Bulg. Sci. 2014, 67, 1427–1432. [Google Scholar]
- Stoykova, Z.; Ivanova, L.; Tsaneva-Damyanova, D.; Kostadinova, T. Hepatitis E virus infection in Northeastern Bulgaria. Med. Rev. 2017, 53, 30–34. (In Bulgarian) [Google Scholar]
- Mladenova-Dimitrova, Z.; Gotseva, A.; Velcheva, D. Prevalence of hepatitis E in general population in Bulgaria, 2017–2019. Gen. Med. 2020, 22, 16–22. (In Bulgarian) [Google Scholar]
- Atanasova, M.; Komitova, R.; Kevorkyan, A.; Raycheva, R.; Golkocheva-Markova, E.; Tenev, T.; Tzochev, G.; Pavlova, R. Hepatitis E among hemodialysis patients from a single center in Plovdiv. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 2020, 26, 56–64. (In Bulgarian) [Google Scholar]
- Bruni, R.; Villano, U.; Equestre, M.; Chionne, P.; Madonna, E.; Trandeva-Bankova, D.; Peleva-Pishmisheva, M.; Tenev, T.; Cella, E.; Ciccozzi, M.; et al. Hepatitis E virus genotypes and subgenotypes causing acute hepatitis, Bulgaria, 2013–2015. PLoS ONE 2018, 13, e0198045. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cella, E.; Golkocheva-Markova, E.; Sagnelli, C.; Scolamacchia, V.; Bruni, R.; Villano, U.; Ciccaglione, A.R.; Equestre, M.; Sagnelli, E.; Angeletti, S.; et al. Human hepatitis E virus circulation in Bulgaria: Deep Bayesian phylogenetic analysis for viral spread control in the country. J. Med. Virol. 2019, 91, 132–138. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pishmisheva, M.; Baymakova, M.; Golkocheva-Markova, E.; Kundurzhiev, T.; Pepovich, R.; Popov, G.T.; Tsachev, I. First serological study of hepatitis E virus infection in pigs in Bulgaria. ComptesRendus Acad. Bulg. Sci. 2018, 71, 1001–1008. [Google Scholar]
- Baymakova, M.; Popov, G.T.; Pepovich, R.; Tsachev, I. Hepatitis E virus infection in Bulgaria: A brief analysis of the situation in the country. Open Access Maced. J. Med. Sci. 2019, 7, 458–460. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tsachev, I.; Baymakova, M.; Ciccozzi, M.; Pepovich, R.; Kundurzhiev, T.; Marutsov, P.; Dimitrov, K.K.; Gospodinova, K.; Pishmisheva, M.; Pekova, L. Seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus infection in pigs from Southern Bulgaria. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2019, 19, 767–772. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Takova, K.; Koynarski, T.; Minkov, I.; Ivanova, Z.; Toneva, V.; Zahmanova, G. Increasing hepatitis E virus seroprevalence in domestic pigs and wild boar in Bulgaria. Animals 2020, 10, 1521. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tsachev, I.; Baymakova, M.; Marutsov, P.; Gospodinova, K.; Kundurzhiev, T.; Petrov, V.; Pepovich, R. Seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus infection among wild boars in Western Bulgaria. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2021, 21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tsachev, I.; Baymakova, M.; Pepovich, R.; Palova, N.; Marutsov, P.; Gospodinova, K.; Kundurzhiev, T.; Ciccozzi, M. High seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus infection among East Balkan swine (Sus scrofa) in Bulgaria: Preliminary results. Pathogens 2020, 9, 911. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- National Statistical Institute, Republic of Bulgaria. Population by Districts, Municipalities, Place of Residence and Sex as of 31 December 2019. Available online: https://www.nsi.bg/en (accessed on 25 February 2021).
- Dalekos, G.N.; Zervou, E.; Elisaf, M.; Germanos, N.; Galanakis, E.; Bourantas, K.; Siamopoulos, K.C.; Tsianos, E.V. Antibodies to hepatitis E virus among several populations in Greece: Increased prevalence in an hemodialysis unit. Transfusion 1998, 38, 589–595. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zervou, E.Z.; Politis, C.P.; Hassapopoulou, E.H.; Vini, M.V.; Parara, M.P.; Kavallierou, L.K.; Fountouli, K.F.; Zaxarioudaki, A.Z.; Hatzitaki, M.H.; Martinis, G.M.; et al. Prevalence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection in blood donors and multi-transfused patients in Greece. Vox Sang. 2015, 109 (Suppl. 1), 242–243. [Google Scholar]
- Pittaras, T.; Valsami, S.; Mavrouli, M.; Kapsimali, V.; Tsakris, A.; Politou, M. Seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus in blood donors in Greece. Vox Sang. 2014, 106, 387. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Aydin, N.N.; Ergunay, K.; Karagul, A.; Pinar, A.; Us, D. Investigation of the hepatitis E virus seroprevalence in cases admitted to Hacettepe University Medical Faculty Hospital. Mikrobiyol. Bul. 2015, 49, 554–564. (In Turkish) [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Petrovic, T.; Lupulovic, D.; Jimenez de Oya, N.; Vojvodic, S.; Blazquez, A.B.; Escribano-Romero, E.; Martin-Acebes, M.A.; Potkonjak, A.; Milosevic, V.; Lazic, S.; et al. Prevalence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) antibodies in Serbian blood donors. J. Infect. Dev. Ctries. 2014, 8, 1322–1327. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Miletic, M.; Vuk, T.; Hecimovic, A.; Stojic Vidovic, M.; Jemersic, L.; Jukic, I. Estimation of the hepatitis E assay-dependent seroprevalence among Croatian blood donors. Transfus. Clin. Biol. 2019, 26, 229–233. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lovric, M.M.; Vidovic, M.S.; Hecimovic, A.; Mihaljevic, I.; Jemersic, L.; Strauss-Patko, M.; Jukic, I. Seroprevalence of hepatitis E among Croatian blood donors. Vox Sang. 2016, 111 (Suppl. 1), 193. [Google Scholar]
- Spada, E.; Pupella, S.; Pisani, G.; Bruni, R.; Chionne, P.; Madonna, E.; Villano, U.; Simeoni, M.; Fabi, S.; Marano, G.; et al. A nationwide retrospective study on prevalence of hepatitis E virus infection in Italian blood donors. Blood Transfus. 2018, 16, 413–421. [Google Scholar]
- Puttini, C.; Riccio, M.L.; Redi, D.; Tordini, G.; Cenerini, M.; Romanello, F.; De Luca, A.; Carmellini, M.; Fossombroni, V.; Cusi, M.G.; et al. Seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection in blood donors and renal transplant recipients: A retrospective study from Central Italy. Infez. Med. 2015, 23, 253–256. [Google Scholar]
- Galli, C.; Fomiatti, L.; Tagliacarne, C.; Velati, C.; Zanetti, A.R.; Castaldi, S.; Romano, L. Seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus among blood donors in Northern Italy (Sondrio, Lombardy) determined by three different assays. Blood Transfus. 2017, 15, 502–505. [Google Scholar]
- Mansuy, J.M.; Gallian, P.; Dimeglio, C.; Saune, K.; Arnaud, C.; Pelletier, B.; Morel, P.; Legrand, D.; Tiberghien, P.; Izopet, J. A nationwide survey of hepatitis E viral infection in French blood donors. Hepatology 2016, 63, 1145–1154. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Capai, L.; Masse, S.; Gallian, P.; Souty, C.; Isnard, C.; Blanchon, T.; Peres, B.; de Lamballerie, X.; Charrel, R.; Falchi, A. Seroprevalence study of anti-HEV IgG among different adult populations in Corsica, France, 2019. Microorganisms 2019, 7, 460. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Capai, L.; Hoze, N.; Chiaroni, J.; Gross, S.; Djoudi, R.; Charrel, R.; Izopet, J.; Bosseur, F.; Priet, S.; Cauchemez, S.; et al. Seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus among blood donors on Corsica, France, 2017. Euro Surveill. 2020, 25, 1900336. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Queiros, L.; Condeco, J.; Tender, A.; Mateus, M.; Teixeira, A.; Pascoal, H. The seroprevalence for hepatitis E viral antibodies in the Northern region of Portugal (among the donor population). Acta Med. Port. 1997, 10, 447–453. (In Portuguese) [Google Scholar]
- Mateos, M.L.; Camarero, C.; Lasa, E.; Teruel, J.L.; Mir, N.; Baquero, F. Hepatitis E virus: Relevance in blood donors and risk groups. Vox Sang. 1999, 76, 78–80. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Macedo, G.; Pinto, T.; Sarmento, J.A.; Vale, A.M.; Ribeiro, T. The first assessment of hepatitis E virus seroprevalence in Northern Portugal. Acta Med. Port. 1998, 11, 1065–1068. (In Portuguese) [Google Scholar]
- Sauleda, S.; Ong, E.; Bes, M.; Janssen, A.; Cory, R.; Babizki, M.; Shin, T.; Lindquist, A.; Hoang, A.; Vang, L.; et al. Seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) and detection of HEV RNA with a transcription-mediated amplification assay in blood donors from Catalonia (Spain). Transfusion 2015, 55, 972–979. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cleland, A.; Smith, L.; Crossan, C.; Blatchford, O.; Dalton, H.R.; Scobie, L.; Petrik, J. Hepatitis E virus in Scottish blood donors. Vox Sang. 2013, 105, 283–289. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kaufmann, A.; Kenfak-Foguena, A.; Andre, C.; Canellini, G.; Burgisser, P.; Moradpour, D.; Darling, K.E.; Cavassini, M. Hepatitis E virus seroprevalence among blood donors in Southwest Switzerland. PLoS ONE 2011, 6, e21150. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Niederhauser, C.; Widmer, N.; Hotz, M.; Tinguely, C.; Fontana, S.; Allemann, G.; Borri, M.; Infanti, L.; Sarraj, A.; Sigle, J.; et al. Current hepatitis E virus seroprevalence in Swiss blood donors and apparent decline from 1997 to 2016. Euro Surveill. 2018, 23, 1700616. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- O’Riordan, J.; Boland, F.; Williams, P.; Donnellan, J.; Hogema, B.M.; Ijaz, S.; Murphy, W.G. Hepatitis E virus infection in the Irish blood donor population. Transfusion 2016, 56, 2868–2876. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Juhl, D.; Baylis, S.A.; Blumel, J.; Gorg, S.; Hennig, H. Seroprevalence and incidence of hepatitis E virus infection in German blood donors. Transfusion 2014, 54, 49–56. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fischer, C.; Hofmann, M.; Danzer, M.; Hofer, K.; Kaar, J.; Gabriel, C. Seroprevalence and incidence of hepatitis E in blood donors in Upper Austria. PLoS ONE 2015, 10, e0119576. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lange, H.; Overbo, J.; Borgen, K.; Dudman, S.; Hoddevik, G.; Urdahl, A.M.; Vold, L.; Sjurseth, S.K. Hepatitis E in Norway: Seroprevalence in humans and swine. Epidemiol. Infect. 2017, 145, 181–186. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dalton, H.R.; Stableforth, W.; Thurairajah, P.; Hazeldine, S.; Remnarace, R.; Usama, W.; Farrington, L.; Hamad, N.; Sieberhagen, C.; Ellis, V.; et al. Autochthonous hepatitis E in Southwest England: Natural history, complications and seasonal variation, and hepatitis E virus IgG seroprevalence in blood donors, the elderly and patients with chronic liver disease. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2008, 20, 784–790. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mooij, S.H.; Hogema, B.M.; Tulen, A.D.; van Pelt, W.; Franz, E.; Zaaijer, H.L.; Molier, M.; Hofhuis, A. Risk factors for hepatitis E virus seropositivity in Dutch blood donors. BMC Infect. Dis. 2018, 18, 173. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Grabarczyk, P.; Sulkowska, E.; Gdowska, J.; Kopacz, A.; Liszewski, G.; Kubicka-Russel, D.; Baylis, S.A.; Corman, V.M.; Nocen, E.; Piotrowski, D.; et al. Molecular and serological infection marker screening in blood donors indicates high endemicity of hepatitis E virus in Poland. Transfusion 2018, 58, 1245–1253. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bura, M.; Lagiedo, M.; Michalak, M.; Sikora, J.; Mozer-Lisewska, I. Hepatitis E virus IgG seroprevalence in HIV patients and blood donors, West-Central Poland. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 2017, 61, 20–22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhuang, W.; Ding, X.; Lyu, C.; Xiang, L.; Teng, H.; Li, J. Hepatitis E virus seroprevalence among blood donors in Jiangsu province, East China. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 2014, 26, 9–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version]
- Ren, F.; Zhao, C.; Wang, L.; Wang, Z.; Gong, X.; Song, M.; Zhuang, H.; Huang, Y.; Shan, H.; Wang, J.; et al. Hepatitis E virus seroprevalence and molecular study among blood donors in China. Transfusion 2014, 54, 910–917. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jupattanasin, S.; Chainuvati, S.; Chotiyaputta, W.; Chanmanee, T.; Supapueng, O.; Charoonruangrit, U.; Oota, S.; Louisirirotchanakul, S. A nationwide survey of the seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus infections among blood donors in Thailand. Viral Immunol. 2019, 32, 302–307. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Shrestha, A.C.; Flower, R.L.; Seed, C.R.; Rajkarnikar, M.; Shrestha, S.K.; Thapa, U.; Hoad, V.C.; Faddy, H.M. Hepatitis E virus seroepidemiology: A post-earthquake study among blood donors in Nepal. BMC Infect. Dis. 2016, 16, 707. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed][Green Version]
- Fearon, M.A.; O’Brien, S.F.; Delage, G.; Scalia, V.; Bernier, F.; Bigham, M.; Weger, S.; Prabhu, S.; Andonov, A. Hepatitis E in Canadian blood donors. Transfusion 2017, 57, 1420–1425. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Takeda, H.; Matsubayashi, K.; Sakata, H.; Sato, S.; Kato, T.; Hino, S.; Tadokoro, K.; Ikeda, H. A nationwide survey for prevalence of hepatitis E virus antibody in qualified blood donors in Japan. Vox Sang. 2010, 99, 307–313. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shrestha, A.C.; Seed, C.R.; Flower, R.L.; Rooks, K.M.; Keller, A.J.; Harley, R.J.; Chan, H.T.; Holmberg, J.A.; Faddy, H.M. Hepatitis E virus and implications for blood supply safety, Australia. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2014, 20, 1940–1942. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ivanova, A.; Tefanova, V.; Reshetnjak, I.; Kuznetsova, T.; Geller, J.; Lundkvist, A.; Janson, M.; Neare, K.; Velstrom, K.; Jokelainen, P.; et al. Hepatitis E virus in domestic pigs, wild boars, pig farm workers, and hunters in Estonia. Food Environ. Virol. 2015, 7, 403–412. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Schielke, A.; Ibrahim, V.; Czogiel, I.; Faber, M.; Schrader, C.; Dremsek, P.; Ulrich, R.G.; Johne, R. Hepatitis E virus antibody prevalence in hunters from a district in Central Germany, 2013: A cross-sectional study providing evidence for the benefit of protective gloves during disembowelling of wild boars. BMC Infect. Dis. 2015, 15, 440. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Baumann-Popczyk, A.; Popczyk, B.; Golab, E.; Rozej-Bielicka, W.; Sadkowska-Todys, M. A cross-sectional study among Polish hunters: Seroprevalence of hepatitis E and the analysis of factors contributing to HEV infections. Med. Microbiol. Immunol. 2017, 206, 367–378. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Montagnaro, S.; De Martinis, C.; Sasso, S.; Ciarcia, R.; Damiano, S.; Auletta, L.; Iovane, V.; Zottola, T.; Pagnini, U. Viral and antibody prevalence of hepatitis E in European wild boars (Sus scrofa) and hunters at zoonotic risk in the Latium Region. J. Comp. Pathol. 2015, 153, 1–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Characteristics | All Blood Donors (n = 555) | HEV Positive (n = 144) | HEV Negative (n = 411) | Statistics | df | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex, n (%) | ||||||
Female | 76 (13.7) | 15 (10.4) | 61 (14.8) | 1.77 X | 1 | 0.184 |
Male | 479 (86.3) | 129 (89.6) | 350 (85.2) | |||
Age, Years, Mean ± SD | 37.2 ± 8.0 | 38.1 ± 8.1 | 36.9 ± 7.9 | 1.63 T | 553 | 0.103 |
Age Groups, n (%) | ||||||
18–29 | 102 (18.4) | 20 (13.9) | 82 (20.0) | 6.97 X | 3 | 0.073 |
30–39 | 209 (37.7) | 51 (35.4) | 158 (38.4) | |||
40–49 | 218 (39.3) | 62 (43.1) | 156 (38.0) | |||
≥50 | 26 (4.6) | 11 (7.6) | 15 (3.6) | |||
Level of Education, n (%) | ||||||
Low/Intermediate | 341 (61.4) | 88 (61.1) | 253 (61.6) | 0.000 X | 1 | 0.996 |
High | 214 (38.6) | 56 (38.9) | 158 (38.4) | |||
Area of Residence, n (%) | ||||||
City | 500 (90.1) | 129 (89.6) | 371 (90.3) | 0.006 X | 1 | 0.941 |
Village | 55 (9.9) | 15 (10.4) | 40 (9.7) |
Districts | Investigated Blood Donors, n | HEV Positive, n (%) | Chi-Square | df | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Northern Bulgaria | |||||
Shumen | 80 | 23 (28.8) | 0.85 | 1 | 0.356 |
Pleven | 95 | 22 (23.2) | |||
Southern Bulgaria | |||||
Stara Zagora | 140 | 38 (27.1) | 1.54 | 2 | 0.463 |
Plovdiv | 160 | 44 (27.5) | |||
Sofia | 80 | 17 (21.3) |
Part of the Country/Region | Investigated Blood Donors, n | HEV Positive, n (%) | PE | SE | p-Value | OR | 95% CI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Part of the Country | |||||||
Northern Bulgaria | 175 | 45 (25.7) | NA | NA | NA | 1.000 | NA |
Southern Bulgaria | 380 | 99 (26.1) | 0.018 | 0.209 | 0.933 | 1.018 | 0.676–1.532 |
Regions * | |||||||
Southwestern | 80 | 17 (21.3) | NA | NA | NA | 1.000 | NA |
North-Central | 95 | 22 (23.2) | 0.111 | 0.366 | 0.763 | 1.117 | 0.545–2.288 |
South-Central | 300 | 82 (27.3) | 0.332 | 0.302 | 0.272 | 1.394 | 0.771–2.522 |
Northeastern | 80 | 23 (28.8) | 0.402 | 0.368 | 0.275 | 1.495 | 0.726–3.078 |
Answers | All Blood Donors (n = 555) | HEV Positive (n = 144) | HEV Negative (n = 411) | Chi-Square | df | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Consumption of Pork Meat, n (%) | ||||||
Yes | 539 (97.1) | 142 (98.6) | 397 (96.6) | 1.55 | 1 | 0.213 |
No | 16 (2.9) | 2 (1.4) | 14 (3.4) | |||
Consumption of Meat from Wild Animals, n (%) | ||||||
Yes | 119 (21.4) | 45 (31.3) | 74 (18.0) | 11.10 | 1 | 0.001 |
No | 436 (78.6) | 99 (68.7) | 337 (82.0) | |||
Consumption of Pork Sausage, Salami, etc., n (%) | ||||||
Yes | 491 (88.5) | 124 (86.1) | 367 (89.3) | 1.06 | 1 | 0.303 |
No | 64 (11.5) | 20 (13.9) | 44 (10.7) | |||
Consumption of Seafood, n (%) | ||||||
Yes | 294 (53.0) | 79 (54.9) | 215 (52.3) | 0.28 | 1 | 0.598 |
No | 261 (47.0) | 65 (45.1) | 196 (47.7) | |||
Raising a Domestic Pig, n (%) | ||||||
Yes | 26 (4.7) | 6 (4.2) | 20 (4.9) | 0.12 | 1 | 0.732 |
No | 529 (95.3) | 138 (95.8) | 391 (95.1) | |||
General Hunter, n (%) | ||||||
Yes | 39 (7.0) | 19 (13.2) | 20 (4.9) | 11.32 | 1 | 0.001 |
No | 516 (93.0) | 125 (86.8) | 391 (95.1) | |||
Hunter of Wild Boars, n (%) | ||||||
Yes | 31 (5.6) | 16 (11.1) | 15 (3.7) | 11.26 | 1 | 0.001 |
No | 524 (94.4) | 128 (88.9) | 396 (96.3) |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Baymakova, M.; Terzieva, K.; Popov, R.; Grancharova, E.; Kundurzhiev, T.; Pepovich, R.; Tsachev, I. Seroprevalence of Hepatitis E Virus Infection among Blood Donors in Bulgaria. Viruses 2021, 13, 492. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13030492
Baymakova M, Terzieva K, Popov R, Grancharova E, Kundurzhiev T, Pepovich R, Tsachev I. Seroprevalence of Hepatitis E Virus Infection among Blood Donors in Bulgaria. Viruses. 2021; 13(3):492. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13030492
Chicago/Turabian StyleBaymakova, Magdalena, Krasimira Terzieva, Rumen Popov, Elisaveta Grancharova, Todor Kundurzhiev, Roman Pepovich, and Ilia Tsachev. 2021. "Seroprevalence of Hepatitis E Virus Infection among Blood Donors in Bulgaria" Viruses 13, no. 3: 492. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13030492
APA StyleBaymakova, M., Terzieva, K., Popov, R., Grancharova, E., Kundurzhiev, T., Pepovich, R., & Tsachev, I. (2021). Seroprevalence of Hepatitis E Virus Infection among Blood Donors in Bulgaria. Viruses, 13(3), 492. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13030492