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Volume 17
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10.3390/f17091107
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Article

Ecological Drivers of Forest Carbon Sequestration and Net Ecosystem Production at the Intersection of the Euro-Siberian, Mediterranean and Iraniano-Turanian Regions—Part I: Baseline Stand-Level Hierarchy from a Complete National Inventory

by
Sümeyye Güler
1,
Bülent Turgut
2,*,
Sezgin Ayan
1,
Mehmet Mısır
2,
Taha Yasin Hatay
2,
Ferhat Kara
1 and
Natalya Ivanova
3
1
Faculty of Forestry, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu 37150, Türkiye
2
Faculty of Forestry, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon 61080, Türkiye
3
Institute Botanic Garden Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg 620144, Russia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Forests 2026, 17(9), 1107; https://doi.org/10.3390/f17091107
Submission received: 27 July 2026 / Revised: 11 September 2026 / Accepted: 15 September 2026 / Published: 16 September 2026
(This article belongs to the Section Forest Inventory, Modeling and Remote Sensing)
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Abstract

Forests are major terrestrial carbon sinks, but the relative effects of ecological zones, tree species, stand structure, and site quality on carbon sequestration capacity (CSC) and net ecosystem production (NEP) remain insufficiently quantified at national scales. We integrated MODIS MOD17A3HGF net primary production data for 2000–2023 with literature-derived ecozone-level heterotrophic respiration (Rh) values and Türkiye’s national forest inventory comprising 2,446,889 stand polygons. Welch’s ANOVA, Games–Howell tests, Hedges’ g, Spearman correlations, and path analysis were used to quantify the associations of ecological zone, tree species, canopy closure, site index, and stand development class with both metrics. Ecological zone explained the largest share of variance in CSC (η2p = 0.3154) and NEP (η2p = 0.2724), followed by tree species, canopy closure, site index, and stand development class. Euxine–Colchic Broadleaf Forests had the highest mean CSC (9.001 t C ha−1 yr−1) and NEP (4.801 t C ha−1 yr−1), whereas East Anatolian Broadleaf Forests showed negative mean NEP. NEP values are first-order modeled estimates based on fixed ecozone-level Rh and are sensitive to Rh uncertainty. Relative humidity was the strongest continuous correlate of CSC (ρ = 0.732) and NEP (ρ = 0.695), and path analysis indicated that the negative total association between temperature and both metrics arose mainly through a humidity-mediated indirect pathway. These findings support ecozone- and structure-sensitive national carbon accounting, monitoring, management, and MRV frameworks for Türkiye’s heterogeneous forests.
Keywords: ecozonation; canopy closure; site productivity; heterotrophic respiration; hydroclimatic gradient; path analysis; MODIS NPP ecozonation; canopy closure; site productivity; heterotrophic respiration; hydroclimatic gradient; path analysis; MODIS NPP
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MDPI and ACS Style

Güler, S.; Turgut, B.; Ayan, S.; Mısır, M.; Hatay, T.Y.; Kara, F.; Ivanova, N. Ecological Drivers of Forest Carbon Sequestration and Net Ecosystem Production at the Intersection of the Euro-Siberian, Mediterranean and Iraniano-Turanian Regions—Part I: Baseline Stand-Level Hierarchy from a Complete National Inventory. Forests 2026, 17, 1107. https://doi.org/10.3390/f17091107

AMA Style

Güler S, Turgut B, Ayan S, Mısır M, Hatay TY, Kara F, Ivanova N. Ecological Drivers of Forest Carbon Sequestration and Net Ecosystem Production at the Intersection of the Euro-Siberian, Mediterranean and Iraniano-Turanian Regions—Part I: Baseline Stand-Level Hierarchy from a Complete National Inventory. Forests. 2026; 17(9):1107. https://doi.org/10.3390/f17091107

Chicago/Turabian Style

Güler, Sümeyye, Bülent Turgut, Sezgin Ayan, Mehmet Mısır, Taha Yasin Hatay, Ferhat Kara, and Natalya Ivanova. 2026. "Ecological Drivers of Forest Carbon Sequestration and Net Ecosystem Production at the Intersection of the Euro-Siberian, Mediterranean and Iraniano-Turanian Regions—Part I: Baseline Stand-Level Hierarchy from a Complete National Inventory" Forests 17, no. 9: 1107. https://doi.org/10.3390/f17091107

APA Style

Güler, S., Turgut, B., Ayan, S., Mısır, M., Hatay, T. Y., Kara, F., & Ivanova, N. (2026). Ecological Drivers of Forest Carbon Sequestration and Net Ecosystem Production at the Intersection of the Euro-Siberian, Mediterranean and Iraniano-Turanian Regions—Part I: Baseline Stand-Level Hierarchy from a Complete National Inventory. Forests, 17(9), 1107. https://doi.org/10.3390/f17091107

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