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Volume 18
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Article

Psychological Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic and Related Variables: A Cross-Sectional Study in a Sample of Workers in a Spanish Tertiary Hospital

by
Mónica Leira-Sanmartín
1,*,
Agustín Madoz-Gúrpide
1,2,3,
Enriqueta Ochoa-Mangado
1,2,3 and
Ángela Ibáñez
1,2,3,4
1
Department of Psychiatry, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, 28034 Madrid, Spain
2
Ramón y Cajal Institute for Health Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
3
Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Alcalá, 28871 Madrid, Spain
4
Network Center for Biomedical Research in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(7), 3608; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073608
Submission received: 28 February 2021 / Revised: 27 March 2021 / Accepted: 29 March 2021 / Published: 31 March 2021
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

Introduction: We intend to objectify the psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the workers of a tertiary hospital. Methods: All the workers were invited to an online survey. In total, 657 workers were recruited, including 536 healthcare workers (HCWs) and 121 non-healthcare workers (nHCWs). General Health Questionnaire-12 items (GHQ-12) was used as a screening tool. Sociodemographic data, working environmental conditions, and health behaviors were also analyzed. Results: inadequate sleep, poor nutritional and social interaction habits, misuse of psychotropics, female gender, COVID-19 clinical diagnosis, and losing a relative by COVID-19 were variables associated with higher probability of GHQ-12 positive screening. Significant differences between “frontline workers” and the rest were not found, nor was higher the probability of psychological distress in healthcare workers compared to non-healthcare workers. After 3 months from the peak of the pandemic, 63.6% of participants screening positive in GHQ-12 reported remaining “the same or worse.” Limitations: Causal inferences cannot be established. Retrieval and selection biases must be considered as the survey was not conducted during the peak of the outbreak. Conclusions: psychological impact of COVID-19 has been broad, heavy, and persistent in our institution. Proper assessment and treatment must be offered to all hospital workers.
Keywords: coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19); health personnel; psychological stress; risk factors; protective factors coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19); health personnel; psychological stress; risk factors; protective factors

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MDPI and ACS Style

Leira-Sanmartín, M.; Madoz-Gúrpide, A.; Ochoa-Mangado, E.; Ibáñez, Á. Psychological Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic and Related Variables: A Cross-Sectional Study in a Sample of Workers in a Spanish Tertiary Hospital. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 3608. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073608

AMA Style

Leira-Sanmartín M, Madoz-Gúrpide A, Ochoa-Mangado E, Ibáñez Á. Psychological Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic and Related Variables: A Cross-Sectional Study in a Sample of Workers in a Spanish Tertiary Hospital. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(7):3608. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073608

Chicago/Turabian Style

Leira-Sanmartín, Mónica, Agustín Madoz-Gúrpide, Enriqueta Ochoa-Mangado, and Ángela Ibáñez. 2021. "Psychological Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic and Related Variables: A Cross-Sectional Study in a Sample of Workers in a Spanish Tertiary Hospital" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 7: 3608. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073608

APA Style

Leira-Sanmartín, M., Madoz-Gúrpide, A., Ochoa-Mangado, E., & Ibáñez, Á. (2021). Psychological Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic and Related Variables: A Cross-Sectional Study in a Sample of Workers in a Spanish Tertiary Hospital. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(7), 3608. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073608

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