Personal Care Product Use in Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period: Implications for Exposure Assessment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Data Analysis
PCP Category | Examples of PCPs Included | Abbreviated Name | Leave on Category | Rinse off Category |
---|---|---|---|---|
Baby Lotions, Soaps and other Baby Products | Wipes, diaper ointment, baby body wash, petroleum jelly | “babyprod” | NA | NA |
General Makeup and Cosmetics | Blush, foundation, concealer | “makeup” | X | |
Lip Products | lip balm, lipstick, lip gloss | “lip” | X | |
Eye Makeup and Cosmetics | Eye shadow, mascara, brow liner | “eyemakeup” | X | |
Hairstyling Products | Hairspray, gel, mousse, hair paste | “hair” | X | |
Nail Polish and Remover | nail polish, nail polisher remover | “nail” | X | |
Fragrance and Perfumed Products | perfume, bubble bath, body mist, air freshener | “frag” | X | |
Deodorant and Antiperspirants | Deodorant, antiperspirant | “anti” | X | |
Body Lotions, Creams and Oils | Body butter, belly oil, sunscreen, hand cream | “lotion” | X | |
Face Lotions and Creams | Day cream, night lotion, acne cream, eye moisturizer | “face” | X | |
Body Soaps | Body wash, body gel, shower soap | “bodysoap” | X | |
Facial Soaps, Cleansers and Washes | Face cleanser, exfoliator, face masks, eye makeup remover | “skinclea” | X | |
Toothpaste and Mouthwash | Toothpastes, dental rinse, mouthwash | “oral” | X | |
Hand Soaps, Sanitizers and Soap Not Otherwise Specified (NOS) | Liquid soap, bar soap, waterless sanitizers *, generic soap | “soap” | X | |
Shampoo | Shampoo | “shampoo” | X | |
Conditioner | Rinse-off conditioner, 2-in-1 shampoo and conditioner, leave-in conditioner | “condit” | X |
Characteristic | n (%) |
---|---|
Age | |
<30 years | 17 (21.25) |
30–34 years | 37 (46.25) |
35–39 years | 19 (23.75) |
≥40 years | 7 (8.75) |
Highest level of Education Completed | |
High school diploma | 9 (11.15) |
College diploma | 14 (17.5) |
University degree | 36 (45) |
Advanced degree | 21 (26.26) |
Marital Status | |
Married | 63 (78.75) |
Other | 17 (21.25) |
Household Income | |
<$60,000 | 7 (8.75) |
$60,001–$80,000 | 11 (13.75) |
$80,001–$100,000 | 13 (16.25) |
≥$100,000 | 44 (55) |
Don’t know or declined | 5 (6.25) |
Country of Birth | |
Canada | 63 (78.75) |
Other | 17 (21.25) |
Employed | |
Yes | 66 (82.5) |
No | 14 (17.5) |
Parity | |
0 | 37 (46.25) |
1 | 34 (42.5) |
2+ | 9 (11.25) |
Pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) | |
Underweight/normal | 50 (70.42) |
Overweight/Obese | 21 (29.58) |
Mean (SD) | |
Height (cm) | 165.4 (7.3) |
Pre pregnancy weight (kg) | 66.5 (13.2) |
3. Results
3.1. Demographics
3.2. Personal Care Product Use
3.2.1. Total Number of PCP Applications
3.2.2. Prevalence of Use
3.2.3. Frequency of Use
3.2.4. Co-Use Patterns
3.2.5. Cluster Analysis
Combinations | N (80) | % | |
---|---|---|---|
Daily | SH + O | 73 | 91.3 |
SH + O + BS | 68 | 85.0 | |
SH + O + BS + A | 56 | 70.0 | |
SH + O + BS + A + C | 45 | 56.25 | |
SH + O + BS + A + C + SO | 32 | 40.0 | |
Luxury | F + LO | 46 | 57.5 |
F + LO + SK | 34 | 42.5 | |
Daily + Luxury | SH + O + BS + A + C + SO + F + LO + SK | 18 | 22.5 |
Beauty | M + EM | 30 | 37.5 |
M + EM + LI | 18 | 22.5 | |
M + EM + LI + H | 12 | 15.0 | |
All product categories | SH + O + BS + A + S + F + C + LO + SK M + EM + LI + H | 7 | 8.75 |
4. Discussion
P4 Study 1 | T1A (n = 63) | T1B (n = 67) | Buckley et al. [16] (n = 50) 2 | Just et al. [17] (n = 186) 3 | Meeker et al. [18] (n = 105) 4 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Product Category | N | % | N | % | Product Category | N | % | Product Category | N | % | Product Category | N | % |
Lip Products | 20 | 31.8 | 23 | 34.3 | Lip Products | 42 | 84 | - | - | - | Colored Cosmetics | 95 | 90.5 |
Eye Makeup and Cosmetics | 30 | 47.6 | 28 | 14.9 | Eye cosmetics | 33 | 66 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Hair Styling Products | 24 | 38.1 | 22 | 32.8 | Hair styling products 5 | 33 | 66 | Hair gel | - | 25 | - | - | - |
- | Hairspray | 26 | 56 | Hairspray | - | 10 | Hairspray | 47 | 44.8 | ||||
Shampoo | 55 | 87.3 | 56 | 83.6 | - | - | - | - | - | - | Shampoo | 97 | 92.3 |
Conditioner | 44 | 69.8 | 45 | 67.2 | Hair Conditioner | 29 | 58 | - | - | - | Conditioner | 97 | 92.3 |
Body soap | 54 | 85.7 | 53 | 79.1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | Bar soap | 99 | 94.2 |
Hand Soaps, Sanitizers and Soap NOS | 42 | 66.7 | 37 | 55.2 | - | - | - | Liquid hand soap | - | 29 | Liquid soap 6 | 103 | 98.1 |
Deodorant and Antiperspirants | 49 | 77.8 | 42 | 62.7 | - | - | - | Deodorant | - | 98 | - | - | - |
Body Lotions, Creams and Oils | 41 | 65.1 | 50 | 74.6 | Hand cream or lotion | 43 | 86 | Lotion | - | 82 | Hand and Body Lotion | 95 | 90.5 |
- | Other cream or lotion | 33 | 66 | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||||
Baby Products | 21 | 33.3 | 17 | 25.4 | Baby products | 18 | 36 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Fragrances and Perfumed Products | 9 | 14.3 | 7 | 10.5 | Perfume or cologne | 28 | 56 | Perfume | - | 41 | Perfume/Cologne | 93 | 88.6 |
Nail Polish or Remover | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1.5 | Nail polish or remover | 8 | 16 | Nail polish or remover | - | 10 | Nail polish | 58 | 55.2 |
Product Category | Loretz et al. [7,8,9] | Product Category | P4 Study T2 | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N 1 | Mean | SD | Med | Min | Max | N 1 | Mean | SD | Med | Min | Max | ||
Lipstick | 311 | 2.4 | 1.8 | 2 | - | - | Lip Products | 13 | 1.6 | 1.0 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
Eye Shadow | 299 | 1.2 | 0.3 | 1.1 | 1 | 2.7 | Eye Makeup and Cosmetics | 22 | 2.3 | 1.1 | 2 | 1 | 4 |
Shampoo | 340 | 1.1 | 0.2 | 1.0 | 1 | 2.1 | Shampoo | 40 | 1.1 | 0.3 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
Hair Conditioner | 297 | 1.1 | 0.2 | 1.0 | 1 | 2.4 | Conditioner | 31 | 1.0 | 0.2 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
Body Wash | 340 | 1.4 | 0.6 | 1.13 | 1 | 6.4 | Body Soaps | 49 | 1.3 | 0.7 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
Facial Cleanser | 295 | 1.6 | 0.5 | 1.7 | 1 | 3.2 | Facial Soaps, Cleansers and Washes | 34 | 1.4 | 0.9 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
Solid Antiperspirant | 340 | 1.3 | 0.4 | 1.1 | 1 | 4 | Deodorant and Antiperspirants | 39 | 1.2 | 0.4 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
Body Lotion, applied to hands 2 | 308 | 2.1 | 1.6 | 2 | - | - | Body Lotion, Creams and Oils | 39 | 2.4 | 1.6 | 2 | 1 | 7 |
Face Cream | 308 | 1.8 | 1.2 | 2 | - | - | Face Lotions and Creams | 35 | 1.7 | 1.0 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Files
Supplementary File 1Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Abreviations/Definitions
PCP | personal care product |
T1A | early pregnancy (prior to 20 weeks gestation) study period, weekday |
T1B | early pregnancy (prior to 20 weeks gestation) study period, weekend |
T1 | early pregnancy (prior to 20 weeks gestation) (weekday or weekend) |
T2 | second trimester (24–28 weeks) study period |
T3 | third trimester (32–36 weeks gestation) study period |
T5 | 2–3 months postpartum study period |
makeup | general makeup and cosmetics |
lip | lip products |
eyemakeup | eye makeup and cosmetics |
hair | hairstyling products |
condit | conditioner |
bodysoap | body soaps |
skinclea | facial soaps, cleansers and washes |
oral | toothpaste and mouthwash |
soap | hand soaps, sanitizers and soap not otherwise specified |
anti | deodorant and antiperspirants |
lotion | body lotions, creams and oils |
face | face lotions and creams |
babyprod | Baby lotions, soaps, and other baby products |
frag | fragrance and perfumed products |
nail | nail polish and remover |
face | face lotions and creams |
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Lang, C.; Fisher, M.; Neisa, A.; MacKinnon, L.; Kuchta, S.; MacPherson, S.; Probert, A.; Arbuckle, T.E. Personal Care Product Use in Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period: Implications for Exposure Assessment. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2016, 13, 105. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13010105
Lang C, Fisher M, Neisa A, MacKinnon L, Kuchta S, MacPherson S, Probert A, Arbuckle TE. Personal Care Product Use in Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period: Implications for Exposure Assessment. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2016; 13(1):105. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13010105
Chicago/Turabian StyleLang, Carly, Mandy Fisher, Angelica Neisa, Leona MacKinnon, Sandra Kuchta, Susan MacPherson, Adam Probert, and Tye E. Arbuckle. 2016. "Personal Care Product Use in Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period: Implications for Exposure Assessment" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13, no. 1: 105. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13010105