Modern Material Technologies Intended for Industrial Applications

Journal Name	Impact Factor	CiteScore	Launched Year	First Decision (median)	APC
Applied Sciences applsci	2.5	5.3	2011	18.4 Days	CHF 2400
Crystals crystals	2.4	4.2	2011	11.1 Days	CHF 2100
Journal of Composites Science jcs	3.0	5.0	2017	17.9 Days	CHF 1800
Materials materials	3.1	5.8	2008	13.9 Days	CHF 2600
Metals metals	2.6	4.9	2011	17.8 Days	CHF 2600

18 pages, 4532 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mechanical Analysis of Corrugated Cardboard Subjected to Shear Stresses

by Florin Ionut Boaca, Sorin Cananau, Andrei Calin, Mihai Bucur, Delia Alexandra Prisecaru and Marilena Stoica

J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(10), 404; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8100404 - 3 Oct 2024

Viewed by 2048

Abstract

Corrugated cardboard is widely used for packaging due to its sturdiness and lightweight properties. However, its ability to withstand lateral forces during handling, transportation, and storage is critical for maintaining its structural integrity. In this study, the problem of understanding and quantifying the [...] Read more.

Corrugated cardboard is widely used for packaging due to its sturdiness and lightweight properties. However, its ability to withstand lateral forces during handling, transportation, and storage is critical for maintaining its structural integrity. In this study, the problem of understanding and quantifying the strain experienced by corrugated cardboard boxes under shear stresses at various points in their lifecycle is addressed. Specifically, a precise methodology for testing shear stresses was developed and validated, enhancing the understanding of the material’s behaviour. Several key problems are addressed in this research, including the quantification of the amount of strain experienced by cardboard boxes from a warehouse to the final delivery, the development of a reliable testing methodology to measure shear stresses, and the understanding of the mechanical behaviour and structural integrity of corrugated cardboard under these conditions. It is anticipated that the findings will improve the design and durability of corrugated cardboard packaging, ensuring better performance during transportation and storage. This research contributes to the optimisation of logistics, the improvement of packaging quality, and the support of sustainable development by enhancing the reuse and recyclability of corrugated cardboard. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Modern Material Technologies Intended for Industrial Applications)

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18 pages, 1508 KiB

Open AccessReview

Metal–Organic Frameworks as Promising Textile Flame Retardants: Importance and Application Methods

by Emilly Karoline Tonini Silva Volante, Vinícius Bonifácio Volante, Manuel José Lis, Siddanth Saxena, Meritxell Martí, Murilo Pereira Moisés, Marc Pallares, Guilherme Andreoli Gil and Fabricio Maestá Bezerra

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(17), 8079; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14178079 - 9 Sep 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2591

Abstract

We present a review of current research on promising flame retardants using specific methods of applying metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) to the highly flammable fibrous surface of cotton fabric. In this review, we initially address the reasons why the search for new flame retardants [...] Read more.

We present a review of current research on promising flame retardants using specific methods of applying metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) to the highly flammable fibrous surface of cotton fabric. In this review, we initially address the reasons why the search for new flame retardants has becomes critically important in textile finishing, the area responsible for adhering new functionalities to substrates. This addition of characteristics is closely linked to the nature of the fibers, so the reason for the improvement in cotton fabric in relation to flame retardancy is discussed. Furthermore, the development of highly porous nanomaterials that can generate composites with specific functions is described, as well as their application and methods of integration into textile surfaces. Finally, the main candidates for flame retardant functionality in cellulosic materials are identified. It is also hoped that this work will facilitate researchers to develop and formulate new methods of applying nanomaterials to textile substrates, with a view to becoming a reference for new research into the development of adhesion of emerging materials to traditional materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Modern Material Technologies Intended for Industrial Applications)

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11 pages, 3229 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Understanding Avobenzone Crystallization in Sunscreen Formulations: Role of Metal Oxide-Driven Nucleation and Stabilization Strategies

by Olga Goral, Grazyna Zofia Zukowska, Elzbieta Zero, Maciej Siekierski and Anna Krzton-Maziopa

Crystals 2024, 14(7), 663; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14070663 - 19 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1903

Abstract

The crystallization behavior of avobenzone in cosmetic formulations has been investigated with a focus on its interaction with titanium dioxide and zinc oxide particles. Characterization studies using SEM, powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Raman spectroscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) reveal that avobenzone undergoes [...] Read more.

The crystallization behavior of avobenzone in cosmetic formulations has been investigated with a focus on its interaction with titanium dioxide and zinc oxide particles. Characterization studies using SEM, powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Raman spectroscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) reveal that avobenzone undergoes crystallization facilitated by nucleation on the surfaces of these metal oxide grains. The presence of wax and titanium oxide within the crystalline structures further suggests a complex formation, potentially involving catalytic effects on avobenzone nucleation and isomerization. Notably, the addition of ascorbyl palmitate inhibits unwanted crystallization, possibly through competitive complexation with exposed metal ions. These findings underscore the significance of formulation modifications in stabilizing avobenzone against crystallization, ensuring enhanced product stability in cosmetic applications. Future structural studies are anticipated to elucidate the precise nature of these co-crystalline phases, offering insights into optimizing sunscreen formulations for improved performance and longevity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Modern Material Technologies Intended for Industrial Applications)

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12 pages, 3238 KiB

Open AccessArticle

On the Efficiency of Air-Cooled Metal Foam Heat Exchangers

by Thomas Fiedler, Nima Movahedi and Rohan Stanger

Metals 2024, 14(7), 750; https://doi.org/10.3390/met14070750 - 25 Jun 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1467

Abstract

This study analyses the heat transfer performance of metal foam heat exchangers through experimental measurements. Using counter-gravity infiltration casting, open-cell aluminium foam elements were manufactured to embed a copper tube for internal mass flow containment. Heat transfer experiments were conducted under natural and [...] Read more.

This study analyses the heat transfer performance of metal foam heat exchangers through experimental measurements. Using counter-gravity infiltration casting, open-cell aluminium foam elements were manufactured to embed a copper tube for internal mass flow containment. Heat transfer experiments were conducted under natural and forced convection conditions, with the airflow controlled in a wind tunnel. A stream of warm water within the internal foam component served as the heat source, transferring thermal energy to the surrounding air flowing through the external foam component of the heat exchanger. The results showed a significantly enhanced heat transfer performance with aluminium foam compared to a single copper tube. Thermal resistance models were developed to elucidate the heat transfer mechanisms, highlighting the effectiveness of air-cooled metal foam heat exchangers. These findings underscore the potential of metal foam heat exchangers as cost-effective alternatives for various thermal management applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Modern Material Technologies Intended for Industrial Applications)

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11 pages, 4675 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nano- and Submicron-Sized TiB₂ Particles in Al–TiB₂ Composite Produced in Semi-Industrial Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis Conditions

by Aleksey Matveev, Vladimir Promakhov, Nikita Schulz, Vladislav Bakhmat and Timur Turanov

Metals 2024, 14(5), 511; https://doi.org/10.3390/met14050511 - 28 Apr 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1596

Abstract

This paper investigates the structure and phase composition of Al–TiB₂ metal matrix composites prepared from the Al–Ti–B system powder using self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) in semi-industrial conditions (the amount of the initial powder mixture was 1000 g). The samples produced in semi-industrial [...] Read more.

This paper investigates the structure and phase composition of Al–TiB₂ metal matrix composites prepared from the Al–Ti–B system powder using self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) in semi-industrial conditions (the amount of the initial powder mixture was 1000 g). The samples produced in semi-industrial conditions do not differ from the laboratory samples, and consist of the aluminum matrix and TiB₂ ceramic particles. The temperature rise leads to the growth in the average size of TiB₂ particles from 0.4 to 0.6 µm as compared to the laboratory samples. SHS-produced composites are milled to the average particle size of 42.3 µm. The powder particles are fragmented, their structure is inherited from the SHS-produced Al–TiB₂ metal matrix composite. The obtained powder can be used as the main raw material and additive in selective laser sintering, vacuum sintering, and hot pressing products. It is worth noting that these products can find their own application in the automotive industry: brake pads, drums, rail discs, etc. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Modern Material Technologies Intended for Industrial Applications)

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16 pages, 10468 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Mechanical Loading Effect on Stress States and Failure Behavior in Thermal Barrier Coatings

by Da Qiao, Wengao Yan, Wu Zeng, Jixin Man, Beirao Xue and Xiangde Bian

Crystals 2024, 14(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14010002 - 19 Dec 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1922

Abstract

Under service conditions, apart from the harsh temperature environment, mechanical loading also seriously affects the life of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs). A comprehensive understanding of the combined effects of thermo-mechanical loads can help to further reveal the failure mechanism of TBCs. In this [...] Read more.

Under service conditions, apart from the harsh temperature environment, mechanical loading also seriously affects the life of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs). A comprehensive understanding of the combined effects of thermo-mechanical loads can help to further reveal the failure mechanism of TBCs. In this work, a portion of a thin-walled circular pipe is intercepted for numerical analysis, and the interface is simplified as a sinusoidal curve. The dynamic growth of thermally grown oxide (TGO) is included into the model. A cohesive model is used for interfacial cracking analysis. The results show that the effects of tensile and compressive loads on the normal stress of the coating are not significant, while the effect on the shear stress of the coating is more obvious. In addition, the in-phase load will delay the occurrence of interfacial failure behavior, while an out-of-phase load can promote the failure. These results will help to better understand the effects of the coupling of mechanical and temperature loads and to provide support and guidance for the design of new TBCs structures in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Modern Material Technologies Intended for Industrial Applications)

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24 pages, 10724 KiB

Open AccessReview

To Shed Light on the UV Curable Coating Technology: Current State of the Art and Perspectives

by Renuka Subhash Patil, Jomin Thomas, Mahesh Patil and Jacob John

J. Compos. Sci. 2023, 7(12), 513; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7120513 - 7 Dec 2023

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 7795

Abstract

The industrial application of UV curable coatings is being widely commercialized at a rapid pace with very diversified product markets. UV curing has existed for many years now, but the new commercial opportunities emerging for sustainable, and climate friendly technologies have driven demand [...] Read more.

The industrial application of UV curable coatings is being widely commercialized at a rapid pace with very diversified product markets. UV curing has existed for many years now, but the new commercial opportunities emerging for sustainable, and climate friendly technologies have driven demand for photo-curable coating systems. It is primarily attributed to its environmentally friendly solvent-free and energy-efficient method. Precedented UV light curable coatings are being commercialized and numerous lamp sources are being extensively studied. In such an era of predominant research evolving the UV curing technology horizon, we attempt to outline the state of the art, opportunities, and challenges. This contribution attempts to highlight, in a comprehensive way, sustainable UV coating on the basis of recent research advancements, existing challenges and prospective scope in this field. With a set of prerequisite foundational knowledge into UV curable coatings and mechanisms, the review has meticulously looked at the recent research advancements. This review contribution attempts to focus on three aspects: the known science behind UV curing coatings, coupled with the recent advancements, and future opportunities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Modern Material Technologies Intended for Industrial Applications)

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17 pages, 4440 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Automated Control of the Fresh State of Industrial Concrete Behaviour by Rheometer Test Adjustment

by Gemma Rojo-López, Belén González-Fonteboa, Diego Carro-López and Fernando Martínez-Abella

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(21), 11738; https://doi.org/10.3390/app132111738 - 26 Oct 2023

Viewed by 1235

Abstract

This study aimed to develop a rheometer prototype and define a procedure for adjusting the automated control of the fresh state of concrete. Sixteen batches were produced, and their fresh behaviour was measured at different testing times by applying the Abrams cone and [...] Read more.

This study aimed to develop a rheometer prototype and define a procedure for adjusting the automated control of the fresh state of concrete. Sixteen batches were produced, and their fresh behaviour was measured at different testing times by applying the Abrams cone and flow curve test (FCT) as the rheological protocol. During this test, the yield stress and plastic viscosity of the concretes were measured in relative units. The rheometer prototype was used to define a new protocol to select the most suitable rheometer impeller arrangement and optimal FCT configuration. This protocol considers the torque at the end of the breakdown period, torque reduction during the breakdown period, segregation, and negative values of the yield stress in relative units. This protocol also enabled an iterative adjustment procedure, facilitating the use of a rheometer for the automated control of the homogeneity and behaviour of fresh concrete, as well as real-time decision making. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Modern Material Technologies Intended for Industrial Applications)

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16 pages, 3664 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Eccentric Compression Behaviors of Self-Compacting Concrete-Filled Thin-Walled Steel Tube Columns

by Yunyang Wang, Shengwei Sun, Liqing Zhang, Yandong Jia, Guang Yang, Meng Li, Wei Tan and Jianmin Qu

Materials 2023, 16(18), 6330; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16186330 - 21 Sep 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1153

Abstract

For the sake of solving sustainability issues and analyzing the complicated service force states, eccentric compression experiments on self-compacting concrete-filled thin-walled medium-length steel tube columns with a circular cross-section were carried out in the present study. Thereafter, the influence of the eccentric ratios [...] Read more.

For the sake of solving sustainability issues and analyzing the complicated service force states, eccentric compression experiments on self-compacting concrete-filled thin-walled medium-length steel tube columns with a circular cross-section were carried out in the present study. Thereafter, the influence of the eccentric ratios and the wall thickness factors on the mechanical behavior and failure characteristics of both the eccentrically loaded and axially loaded columns was comprehensively analyzed. Finally, prediction formulas for the ultimate load of the columns under eccentric compression were proposed, and a comprehensive comparison of the ultimate loads between the predicted values and experimental values was also conducted. The results indicated that the typical failure characteristics of the eccentrically loaded columns presented lateral deflection together with buckling, while the axially compressed columns displayed expansion and rupture at local positions. Moreover, the ultimate loads of the eccentrically loaded columns decreased by 43.0% and 34.5% in comparison to the columns under axial compression, with the wall thickness factor decreasing from 116.7 to 46.7, respectively. Meanwhile, the ratios of the ultimate loads calculated using design codes to the tested values were in the range of 0.70~0.90, which demonstrated that the design codes could predict the ultimate loads conservatively. Additionally, the ratios of the ultimate loads calculated using the proposed formulas to the tested values were within the range of 0.99~1.08, implying that the proposed formulas were more accurate than the design codes. At the same time, the initial stiffness of the columns under eccentric compression was correspondingly lower than that of the columns undergoing axial compression. The lateral deflections along the height of the columns were almost symmetrical at different loading levels. This study could provide a meaningful approach for designing columns and facilitate their application in civil industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Modern Material Technologies Intended for Industrial Applications)

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19 pages, 15310 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Strength Analysis in Bonded, Bolted and Bolted-Bonded Joints, Single Lap Joints, Metal/Composite Plates

by Ali Sadık and Filiz Karabudak

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(18), 10476; https://doi.org/10.3390/app131810476 - 19 Sep 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2427

Abstract

Today, especially in many fields that require structural durability, such as the aerospace and automotive industries, there has been a need to use different bonding techniques separately or together in order to use materials together with different mechanical properties. In this study, stress [...] Read more.

Today, especially in many fields that require structural durability, such as the aerospace and automotive industries, there has been a need to use different bonding techniques separately or together in order to use materials together with different mechanical properties. In this study, stress and damage analysis of single lap joints, bonding and bolt-bonding metal/composite joints under tensile loads were performed. The nine kinds of single lap joint models in different combinations (bonded, bolted and bolt-bonded) were prepared by using acrylic adhesive (Acrytron 1E1) and 100-25-3 mm in size; AZ91/AZ91, AZ91-carbon fiber and carbon fiber-carbon fiber plates. Some comparisons were carried out by examining the stresses and deformations that occur in joint models exposed to tensile and 4-point bending tests. As a result of the tensile test, it was determined that the highest maximum tensile stress occurred in AZ91-CF bolt-bonded samples. In the four-point bending test, the maximum shear force value was determined in the CF-CF bolted-bonded samples. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Modern Material Technologies Intended for Industrial Applications)

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18 pages, 10453 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modeling of the Modification Process of an Epoxy Basalt-Filled Oligomer in Traveling Wave Microwave Chambers

by Amirbek Bekeshev, Ekaterina Vasinkina, Svetlana Kalganova, Sergey Trigorly, Yulia Kadykova, Anton Mostovoy, Andrey Shcherbakov, Marina Lopukhova and Nurgul Zhanturina

J. Compos. Sci. 2023, 7(9), 392; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7090392 - 15 Sep 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1351

Abstract

This paper presents modeling data to select the optimal industrial unit for the microwave modification of an epoxy basalt-filled oligomer (EBO) at electric field strength E of an electromagnetic wave equal to 11.9 × 10³ V/m and a uniform distribution of the [...] Read more.

This paper presents modeling data to select the optimal industrial unit for the microwave modification of an epoxy basalt-filled oligomer (EBO) at electric field strength E of an electromagnetic wave equal to 11.9 × 10³ V/m and a uniform distribution of the temperature field over the entire volume of the modified object. A mathematical description of the electrodynamic and thermal processes occurring in the object under consideration subjected to microwave exposure includes the Helmholtz equation for the electric field strength vector and the heat conduction equation. The joint solution of this problem in a three-dimensional formulation is based on the use of the finite element method, which in this work was implemented in the COMSOL Multiphysics^® 6.1 software environment. According to the modeling results, the use of microwave chambers with a traveling wave of a waveguide type is inefficient because the required value of the electric field strength E is not achieved, while the modeled microwave chamber with a traveling wave on a quasi-coaxial waveguide makes it possible to achieve the required value of the electric field strength E and uniform distribution of the temperature field over the entire volume of the modified object by reducing the generated power for the modification of an EBO from 400 W up to 300 W. Optimal parameters for modifying an epoxy basalt-filled oligomer in the microwave electromagnetic field in the working chamber with a traveling wave on a quasi-coaxial waveguide have been developed, which provide a uniform microwave modification of an EBO with a microwave installation capacity of 11.6 kg/h. A sketch of an industrial microwave working chamber has been developed, which provides a mode of the uniform modification of the oligomer at electric field strength E = 12.3 × 10³ V/m. The proposed microwave chamber with a traveling wave on a quasi-coaxial waveguide can be replicated for the microwave modification of filled oligomers of various chemical compositions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Modern Material Technologies Intended for Industrial Applications)

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20 pages, 10276 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Abrasive Wear Resistance of Ultrafine Ausferritic Ductile Iron Intended for the Manufacture of Gears for Mining Machinery

by Dawid Myszka, Andrzej N. Wieczorek, Emilia Skołek, Tomasz Borowski, Krzysztof Kotwica, Marek Kalita, Radosław Kruk and Paweł M. Nuckowski

Materials 2023, 16(12), 4311; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16124311 - 11 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1990

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to experimentally determine the abrasion wear properties of ausferritic ductile iron austempered at 250 °C in order to obtain cast iron of class EN-GJS-1400-1. It has been found that such a cast iron grade makes it possible [...] Read more.

The purpose of this study was to experimentally determine the abrasion wear properties of ausferritic ductile iron austempered at 250 °C in order to obtain cast iron of class EN-GJS-1400-1. It has been found that such a cast iron grade makes it possible to create structures for material conveyors used for short-distance transport purposes, required to perform in terms of abrasion resistance under extreme conditions. The wear tests addressed in the paper were conducted at a ring-on-ring type of test rig. The test samples were examined under the conditions of slide mating, where the main destructive process was surface microcutting via loose corundum grains. The mass loss of the examined samples was measured as a parameter characteristic of the wear. The volume loss values thus obtained were plotted as a function of initial hardness. Based on these results, it has been found that prolonged heat treatment (of more than 6 h) causes only an insignificant increase in the resistance to abrasive wear. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Modern Material Technologies Intended for Industrial Applications)

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19 pages, 9845 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study of the Impact of Coals and Claystones on Wear-Resistant Steels

by Andrzej N. Wieczorek, Iwona Jonczy, Krzysztof Filipowicz, Mariusz Kuczaj, Arkadiusz Pawlikowski, Dariusz Łukowiec, Marcin Staszuk and Anna Gerle

Materials 2023, 16(6), 2136; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16062136 - 7 Mar 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2092

Abstract

This paper discusses the impact of coal abrasive materials of varied petrographic composition and claystones containing admixtures of coal matter on the surface wear of wear-resistant martensitic steels. Wear tests were conducted at a test stand for three petrographic varieties of hard coal: [...] Read more.

This paper discusses the impact of coal abrasive materials of varied petrographic composition and claystones containing admixtures of coal matter on the surface wear of wear-resistant martensitic steels. Wear tests were conducted at a test stand for three petrographic varieties of hard coal: vitrinite, clarinite, and durinite, and five samples of claystone. These tests revealed no significant effect of the type of coal abrasive used on the value of mass loss from the surface of the wear-resistant steel samples. The reason behind the foregoing is the observed tendency of coal abrasives, irrespective of their petrographic variety, to penetrate surface irregularities, especially those attributable to previous surface treatment of the samples and the impact of wear products. The dominant forms of surface damage were surface fatigue chipping and scratches caused by the particles which detached themselves from the surface of the steel samples, as observed for all the analysed coal variants. On the surfaces of the samples seasoned in the presence of claystones, highly varied forms of damage were observed: microcutting, scaly surface cracks, delamination, and deep cracks. In these cases, it was possible that the abrasive grains had been pressed into the steel surface irregularities, but no layered forms of the pressed-in abrasive material were observed to have developed. The paper also presents a model for the formation of coal films and discusses their possible effect on wear minimisation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Modern Material Technologies Intended for Industrial Applications)

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14 pages, 5007 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Cr Concentration on the Structure and the Electrical and Optical Properties of Ti-Al-Cr-N Thin Films Prepared by Means of Reactive Co-Sputtering

by Gina Prieto-Novoa, Fabio Vallejo, Oscar Piamba, Jhon Olaya and Yaneth Pineda

Crystals 2022, 12(12), 1831; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst12121831 - 15 Dec 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2551

Abstract

Thin films of Ti-Al-Cr-N were deposited onto glass substrates by means of the reactive magnetron co-sputtering of pure Cr and TiAl alloy targets in an atmosphere of Ar and N₂. This investigation was carried out by adjusting the Cr-target power in [...] Read more.

Thin films of Ti-Al-Cr-N were deposited onto glass substrates by means of the reactive magnetron co-sputtering of pure Cr and TiAl alloy targets in an atmosphere of Ar and N₂. This investigation was carried out by adjusting the Cr-target power in order to increase the Cr amount in the films. The crystal structure of the films was investigated via X-ray diffraction (XRD). The elemental composition of the coatings was determined using Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). The electrical resistivity was measured using the four-point probe method, and the optical properties were characterized via ultraviolet/visible (UV/Vis) spectroscopy. The experimental results showed that, with a Cr concentration between 0 at% and 11.6 at%, a transition between phases from a single-phase hexagonal wurtzite-type structure to a single-phase cubic NaCl-type structure took place. The addition of Cr increased the crystallite size and, with it, the roughness of the coatings. All of the coatings exhibited an ohmic behavior at room temperature, and their surface electrical resistivity decreased from 490.1 ± 43.4 Ωcm to 1.5 ± 0.1 Ωcm as the chromium concentration increased. The transmittance of the coatings decreased, and the optical band gap (Egap) went from 3.5 eV to 2.3 eV with the addition of Cr. These electrical and optical properties have not been previously reported for these films. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Modern Material Technologies Intended for Industrial Applications)

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15 pages, 9057 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Contact Point of Wire Ring on Cooling Behavior during Stelmor Cooling

by Joong-Ki Hwang

Materials 2022, 15(22), 8262; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15228262 - 21 Nov 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3216

Abstract

The influence of the contact point of wire rod on the inhomogeneity of cooling behavior within wire ring was investigated to reveal the fundamental cooling mechanism of wire rod during the Stelmor cooling process. A hotspot, a relatively high-temperature region within wire ring [...] Read more.

The influence of the contact point of wire rod on the inhomogeneity of cooling behavior within wire ring was investigated to reveal the fundamental cooling mechanism of wire rod during the Stelmor cooling process. A hotspot, a relatively high-temperature region within wire ring compared with other regions, was generated in both the central (WR_c) and edge (WR_e) regions of the wire ring. The WR_e exhibited hotspots regardless of ring configuration. Meanwhile, the WR_c exhibited hotspots with an inline arrangement; otherwise, no hotspot occurred in the WR_c with a staggered arrangement. Compared with the middle regions of the wire ring, hotspots easily occurred at both the WR_c and WR_e due to the low-contact angle of the two wire rings. Moreover, the possibility of hotspot formation increased with increasing wire diameter due to the high-contact area and load caused by the weight of the wire rod. This is the primary reason why the WR_c with a large diameter had hotspots despite the large ring pitch. Three solutions were suggested to improve the homogeneity in the mechanical properties within wire ring. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Modern Material Technologies Intended for Industrial Applications)

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19 pages, 5890 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Method to Predict Performances of PCB Silicone Conformal Coating under Thermal Aging

by Lu Zou and Pierre Descamps

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(21), 11268; https://doi.org/10.3390/app122111268 - 7 Nov 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3445

Abstract

The stability of print circuit board (PCB) conformal coating is critical to guarantee the long-term performance of electronic components on PCB boards. Coating exposure to thermal shock or temperature cycles may initiate cracks, a common failure mechanism of conformal coatings. Different simplified approaches [...] Read more.

The stability of print circuit board (PCB) conformal coating is critical to guarantee the long-term performance of electronic components on PCB boards. Coating exposure to thermal shock or temperature cycles may initiate cracks, a common failure mechanism of conformal coatings. Different simplified approaches are compared to help identify desired mechanical profiles for coatings to be used in a harsh environment, focusing on silicone characterized by low rigidity and high deformability compared to alternative chemistries. Evaluation of the bi-material strip bending test method appears not to be effective in the conformal coating selection. The large difference between the coating’s elastic modulus of silicones compared to substrate modulus allows the use of a simplified formula to calculate the stress associated with the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) mismatch, the silicone accommodating displacement imposed by thermal changes. Both lateral tensile stress and local shear stress near the edge are estimated, with local shear stress decreasing quickly and moving apart from the edge with the stress relaxation preventing coating delamination. Predictions of simplified models agree with both results of grid-independent finite element analysis (FEA) models and observations of test pieces submitted to temperature cycles. This demonstrates the ability to use simplified models to predict coating’s performances under thermal aging and help in product selection depending on the working environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Modern Material Technologies Intended for Industrial Applications)

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11 pages, 10960 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Crystallization of Fe-W-B Amorphous Powder Prepared by Gas Atomization

by Shuwang Ma, Zheng Lv, Jian Wang, Haicheng Wang, Jian Yang, Zhimin Yang, Jingli Li and Zhiyong Xue

Metals 2022, 12(11), 1855; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12111855 - 30 Oct 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2303

Abstract

In this work, the effects of master alloy composition and annealing temperature on the amorphization and crystallization behavior of Fe-W-B powders prepared by gas atomization using compacts of Fe, W and B powder mixture were systematically studied. The results show that only the [...] Read more.

In this work, the effects of master alloy composition and annealing temperature on the amorphization and crystallization behavior of Fe-W-B powders prepared by gas atomization using compacts of Fe, W and B powder mixture were systematically studied. The results show that only the master alloy with high content of W (19.9 at.%) and B (13.6 at.%) of the six alloys studied yielded amorphous Fe-W-B powders. The alloying elements W and B are believed to have a glass-forming ability (GFA)-enhancing effect, which together with the high cooling rate of gas atomization leads to the formation of amorphization. The difference in the average particle size of 3–10 μm for the six atomized powders indicates that the master alloys with different W and B contents have different superheat and melt viscosity at the same atomization temperature. The Fe-W-B amorphous powder is structurally stable within 600 °C and crystallizes from the edge of the particles when the temperature increases to 700 °C, and its crystalline precipitates include α-Fe, FeWB and Fe₇W₆. The nuclear shielding tests and Monte Carlo N Particle Transport Code (MCNP) calculated results revealed that the Fe-W-B amorphous powder has a much better shielding performance for γ-rays and neutrons than that of iron. This work provides an efficient strategy for fabricating Fe-W-B amorphous powder with promising nuclear shielding potential and sheds light on the crystallization behaviors of this alloy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Modern Material Technologies Intended for Industrial Applications)

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13 pages, 3832 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Graphene Based FET Biosensor for Organic-Phosphorous Sample Detection and the Enzymatic Analysis

by Jieyi Zhu, Meiyan Feng and Guofu Lian

Crystals 2022, 12(10), 1327; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst12101327 - 20 Sep 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2572

Abstract

Our paper presents a flexible enzymatic acetylcholinesterase graphene based FET biosensor of the target organic phosphorous. The sensor’s purpose is to detect pesticide residues in the field of food safety. In our sensor design, the material is graphene with its functionalization, and graphene [...] Read more.

Our paper presents a flexible enzymatic acetylcholinesterase graphene based FET biosensor of the target organic phosphorous. The sensor’s purpose is to detect pesticide residues in the field of food safety. In our sensor design, the material is graphene with its functionalization, and graphene based FET structure will be discussed in one section of this paper. The mechanism of this graphene sensor is the enzymatic linked reaction on a sensor surface. The enzyme is fixed on the sensor surface by the linker 3-mercapto propionic acid. Measurement experiments using the biosensor were performed for detecting the concentration of isocarbophos (an organophosphate). The enzymatic biosensor has successfully detected 100 μg/mL isocarbophos from the water sample, presenting a significant detection limit index for organophosphate detection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Modern Material Technologies Intended for Industrial Applications)

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11 pages, 5515 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of the Microstructure and Properties of Aluminum–Copper Compounds Fabricated by the High-Pressure Die Casting Process

by Nane Nolte, Thomas Lukasczyk and Bernd Mayer

Metals 2022, 12(8), 1314; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12081314 - 5 Aug 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2575

Abstract

The material combination of aluminum and copper is increasingly coming into focus, especially for electrical contact applications. Investigations of different casting processes show that a significant influence for the formation of a material bond is the thermal impact. For high-pressure die casting (HPDC) [...] Read more.

The material combination of aluminum and copper is increasingly coming into focus, especially for electrical contact applications. Investigations of different casting processes show that a significant influence for the formation of a material bond is the thermal impact. For high-pressure die casting (HPDC) processes, the impact is quite low, e.g., due to short cycle times. Despite the high efficiency of this technology, currently there are hardly any investigations in this respect. So, the technology was used in this study to produce aluminum–copper compounds and analyze interfacial layers by means of SEM images and EDX measurements. Furthermore, the mechanical and electrical properties of the compounds were determined by means of tensile shear tests and measurements of the electrical conductivity. By modifying specimen geometry, the thermal impact could be increased and, thus, enhanced compound properties were achieved. Overall, compounds of sufficiently high mechanical strength, as well as electrical conductivity, could be produced by HPDC processes, demonstrating the high technical and economic potential of this casting technique. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Modern Material Technologies Intended for Industrial Applications)

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14 pages, 6360 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Melting–Dropping Property of Blast Furnace Charge on the Basis of Its Slag Formation Behavior

by Yonghong Wang, Jiang Diao, Bing Xie, Chenglin Qi and Ping Du

Metals 2022, 12(6), 987; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12060987 - 8 Jun 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2823

Abstract

In order to reveal the melting–dropping property of a charged blast furnace (BF) and the mechanism of its slag formation, such as the temperature interval of slag formation, the pressure drop during the reduction process, and the K value of each sample, the [...] Read more.

In order to reveal the melting–dropping property of a charged blast furnace (BF) and the mechanism of its slag formation, such as the temperature interval of slag formation, the pressure drop during the reduction process, and the K value of each sample, the soft melt drop experiment was tested in a large-capacity melting–dropping furnace. The results show that a positive linear relationship exists between the slag melting behavior and the melting–dropping property of the corresponding charge. The results indicate that owing to their poor melting–dropping property, single iron ores are not suitable for BF production and the charging mix can improve slag formation as well as the melting–dropping property when the temperature is increased. Chemical composition is the key factor that will affect slag formation. An excessive amount of lump ore in the charging mix favors the formation of a high-fusion point slag phase such as spinel at low temperatures. The charging mix containing fewer lump ore has high FeO content in the slag, decreasing fluidity at increased temperature. Consequently, the gas path is choked and permeability is reduced. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Modern Material Technologies Intended for Industrial Applications)

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19 pages, 5804 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Concrete Elastic Modulus Experimental Research Based on Theory of Capillary Tension

by Fengbin Zhou, Changwang Su, Daifeng Wu, Jianmin Hua, Lepeng Huang, Qiming Luo, Maoyi Liu, Mi Nie and Chunyao Tang

Materials 2022, 15(10), 3734; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15103734 - 23 May 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3110

Abstract

The risk of cracking in the early stage is a critical indicator of the performance of concrete structures. Concrete cracked when the tensile stresses caused by deformation under restraint conditions exceeded its tensile strength. This research aims at an accurate prediction of shrinkage [...] Read more.

The risk of cracking in the early stage is a critical indicator of the performance of concrete structures. Concrete cracked when the tensile stresses caused by deformation under restraint conditions exceeded its tensile strength. This research aims at an accurate prediction of shrinkage cracking of concrete under constraints. Based on the theory of capillary tension under the concrete shrinkage mechanism, the method to test and compute the elastic modulus of a micro-matrix around the capillary,

E_{t}

, was derived. Shrinkage and porosity determination tests were conducted to obtain the shrinkage values and confining stresses of concrete at different strength grades, different ages and under different restraint conditions, accordingly. Meanwhile, the proposed method of this research was used to obtain

E_{t}

. The restraint stress given by

E_{t}

was compared with the experimental result under the corresponding time. The results suggested a positive correlation between the elastic modulus of a micro-matrix around the capillary,

E_{t}

, precomputed by the theory, and the static elastic modulus,

E_{c}

, and that the ratio between the two gradually decreased with the passage of time, which ranged from 2.8 to 3.1. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Modern Material Technologies Intended for Industrial Applications)

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8 pages, 1251 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characteristics of a 2-2 Piezoelectric Composite Transducer Made by Magnetic Force Assembly

by Taeyang Kim

Crystals 2022, 12(5), 740; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst12050740 - 20 May 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2898

Abstract

A wider operational bandwidth, a higher electromechanical coupling factor, and lower acoustic impedance are important requirements for ultrasound transducers for use across many applications. Conventional 2-2 piezoelectric composite transducers have been widely researched because of their wider bandwidth and higher sensitivity over their [...] Read more.

A wider operational bandwidth, a higher electromechanical coupling factor, and lower acoustic impedance are important requirements for ultrasound transducers for use across many applications. Conventional 2-2 piezoelectric composite transducers have been widely researched because of their wider bandwidth and higher sensitivity over their piezoelectric ceramic counterparts. In this paper, the fabrication of a novel 2-2 piezoelectric composite using magnetic force assembly is proposed to explore the potential of the transducer and to minimize mode coupling effect compared to 1–3 composites. To determine the desired transducer performance, such as the electromechanical coupling factor, the operational bandwidth, and the acoustic impedance, the design of a 2-2 composite should be considered using the mode-coupling theory and an effective medium model. The experimental results indicate that the electromechanical coupling factor and the −6 dB fractional bandwidth of the composite achieve values of 0.58 and 65.2%, respectively, which are comparable to those of traditional 1-3 piezoceramic/epoxy composites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Modern Material Technologies Intended for Industrial Applications)

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7 pages, 2381 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Strain Profile in the Subsurface of He-Ion-Irradiated Tungsten Accessed by S-GIXRD

by Wenjie Huang, Meng Sun, Wen Wen, Junfeng Yang, Zhuoming Xie, Rui Liu, Xianping Wang, Xuebang Wu, Qianfeng Fang and Changsong Liu

Crystals 2022, 12(5), 691; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst12050691 - 12 May 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2298

Abstract

The strain profile in the subsurface of He-ion-irradiated W was figured out by unfolding the synchrotron-grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (S-GIXRD) patterns at different incidence angles. The results show that for 2 × 10²¹ ions/m² He²⁺-irradiated W, in addition to [...] Read more.

The strain profile in the subsurface of He-ion-irradiated W was figured out by unfolding the synchrotron-grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (S-GIXRD) patterns at different incidence angles. The results show that for 2 × 10²¹ ions/m² He²⁺-irradiated W, in addition to a compressive strain exists in the depths of 0–100 nm due to mechanical polishing, an expansion strain appears in the depth beyond 100 nm owing to irradiation-induced lattice swelling. This work provides a reference for the study of irradiation damage in the subsurface by S-GIXRD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Modern Material Technologies Intended for Industrial Applications)

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9 pages, 1980 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Thermic Effect on Degradation Kinetics of Sugar Cane Bagasse Polypropylene Composites

by Tshwafo E. Motaung, Setumo V. Motloung, Lehlohonolo F. Koao, Thembinkosi D. Malevu and Ella. C. Linganiso

J. Compos. Sci. 2022, 6(5), 123; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs6050123 - 24 Apr 2022

Viewed by 3002

Abstract

In this study, thermal degradation mechanisms and the kinetics of PP (Polypropylene) composites containing alkali and saline treated SC (Sugar cane bagasse) have been evaluated using a non-isothermal thermogravimetric analysis under consistent nitrogen atmosphere. The study indicates dynamics of kinetics that need to [...] Read more.

In this study, thermal degradation mechanisms and the kinetics of PP (Polypropylene) composites containing alkali and saline treated SC (Sugar cane bagasse) have been evaluated using a non-isothermal thermogravimetric analysis under consistent nitrogen atmosphere. The study indicates dynamics of kinetics that need to be considered should the composites be applied in high temperature applications. NaOH treated composites revealed a reduced fiber size compared to the other composites. The presence of SC generally reduced the functional group intensities of FTIR peaks, however some peaks re-emerged after the treatments. The composites indicated higher thermal stability and char content than the pristine polymer. In fact, NaOH treated composite is more thermally stable, while the saline is the least stable of the rest. Well known reliable degradation kinetics methods were employed in order to unpack thermal degradation behavior and possible metaphors. Flynn–Wall–Ozawa (FWO) and Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose (KAS) thermal degradation kinetic models are in agreement that the presence of both SC and those in the PP matrix that have been treated lead to increased activation energy values with the competing reactions in the degradation process. Nonetheless, the linear relation is not absolutely perfect and the competing reactions seem complex at lower temperatures as there are overlying inconsistencies in activation energies. Interestingly, bagasse indicated some effect on the mechanism that included the hindering of free radicals that emanated from the first cleavage of PP. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Modern Material Technologies Intended for Industrial Applications)

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10 pages, 3135 KiB

Open AccessArticle

N-polar GaN Film Epitaxy on Sapphire Substrate without Intentional Nitridation

by Zhaole Su, Yangfeng Li, Xiaotao Hu, Yimeng Song, Rui Kong, Zhen Deng, Ziguang Ma, Chunhua Du, Wenxin Wang, Haiqiang Jia, Hong Chen and Yang Jiang

Materials 2022, 15(9), 3005; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15093005 - 21 Apr 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2624

Abstract

High-temperature nitridation is commonly thought of as a necessary process to obtain N-polar GaN films on a sapphire substrate. In this work, high-quality N-polar GaN films were grown on a vicinal sapphire substrate with a 100 nm high-temperature (HT) AlN buffer layer (high [...] Read more.

High-temperature nitridation is commonly thought of as a necessary process to obtain N-polar GaN films on a sapphire substrate. In this work, high-quality N-polar GaN films were grown on a vicinal sapphire substrate with a 100 nm high-temperature (HT) AlN buffer layer (high V/III ratio) and without an intentional nitriding process. The smallest X-ray full width at half maximum (FWHM) values of the (002)/(102) plane were 237/337 arcsec. On the contrary, N-polar GaN film with an intentional nitriding process had a lower crystal quality. In addition, we investigated the effect of different substrate treatments 1 min before the high-temperature AlN layer’s growth on the quality of the N-polar GaN films grown on different vicinal sapphire substrates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Modern Material Technologies Intended for Industrial Applications)

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17 pages, 13677 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Abrasive Wear of Mining Chain Drums Made of Austempered Ductile Iron in Different Operating Modes

by Andrzej N. Wieczorek, Mateusz Wójcicki, Andrzej Drwięga, Waldemar Tuszyński, Paweł M. Nuckowski and Jakub Nędza

Materials 2022, 15(8), 2709; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15082709 - 7 Apr 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2175

Abstract

The paper presents results of testing the resistance of chain wheels made of alloyed austempered ductile iron (ADI) with various content of retained austenite and subjected to shot peening, to the dynamic and abrasive wear by solid particles. The impact of the additional [...] Read more.

The paper presents results of testing the resistance of chain wheels made of alloyed austempered ductile iron (ADI) with various content of retained austenite and subjected to shot peening, to the dynamic and abrasive wear by solid particles. The impact of the additional environmental factor—external dynamic forces—accompanying the operation of the chain wheels in the presence of the quartz particles has a synergistic effect on the abrasive wear in the contact area between the wheels and the chain links for all the considered variants, except for the ADI with the structure of the upper ausferrite. Based on the results obtained, it was found that the abrasive wear by solid particles increased and that the hardness of the surface layer of the chain wheels subjected to shot peening decreased. The relative increase in the wear ΔV_DYN/δ_MAX,(A), representing the share of the additional dynamic force in the process of wear, was in the range of 16–40% for the group of tested cast iron ADI not subjected to shot peening, while for the shot peened—in the range of 16–64%. Demonstration of phase changes during the operation of chain wheels and the change in their intensity depending on the combination of environmental factors is the work novelty. In the opinion of the authors, the presented results will be of great practical importance as they will allow to increase the knowledge on the proper selection of ADI cast iron for environmental conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Modern Material Technologies Intended for Industrial Applications)

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14 pages, 6519 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Nd and Mn Co-Doping on Dielectric, Ferroelectric and Photovoltaic Properties of BiFeO₃

by Qiyuan Wu, Yanling Song, Caihong Jia, Zhaomeng Gao and Weifeng Zhang

Crystals 2022, 12(4), 500; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst12040500 - 4 Apr 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2347

Abstract

Bi_1−xNd_xFe_0.99Mn_0.01O₃ (BNFMO, x = 0.00~0.20) films were epitaxially grown on Nb:SrTiO₃ (001) substrates using pulsed laser deposition. It was found that the Nd-doping concentration has a great impact on the surface morphology, crystal [...] Read more.

Bi_1−xNd_xFe_0.99Mn_0.01O₃ (BNFMO, x = 0.00~0.20) films were epitaxially grown on Nb:SrTiO₃ (001) substrates using pulsed laser deposition. It was found that the Nd-doping concentration has a great impact on the surface morphology, crystal structure, and electrical properties. BNFMO thin film with low Nd-doping concentration (≤16%) crystallizes into a rhombohedral structure, while the high Nd-doping (>16%) will lead to the formation of an orthogonal structure. Furthermore, to eliminate the resistive switching (RS) effect, a positive-up–negative-down (PUND) measurement was applied on two devices in series. The remnant polarization experiences an increase with the Nd-doping concentration increasing to 16%, then drops down with the further increased concentration of Nd. Finally, the ferroelectric photovoltaic effect is also regulated by the ferroelectric polarization, and the maximum photocurrent of 1758 μA/cm² was obtained in Bi_0.84Nd_0.16Fe_0.99Mn_0.01O₃ thin film. BNFMO films show great potential for ferroelectric and photovoltaic applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Modern Material Technologies Intended for Industrial Applications)

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13 pages, 7122 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Adsorption of Indium(III) Ions from an Acidic Solution by Using UiO-66

by Wanyi Zeng, Lei Xu, Qiongling Wang, Chen Chen and Minglai Fu

Metals 2022, 12(4), 579; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12040579 - 29 Mar 2022

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3484

Abstract

Considering environmental friendliness and economic factors, the separation and extraction of indium under acidic conditions are of great significance. In this research, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) of UiO-66 were successfully prepared and used for the separation and adsorption of indium. The properties of UiO-66 [...] Read more.

Considering environmental friendliness and economic factors, the separation and extraction of indium under acidic conditions are of great significance. In this research, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) of UiO-66 were successfully prepared and used for the separation and adsorption of indium. The properties of UiO-66 were structurally characterized using powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area analyzer (BET), thermogravimetric analysers (TGA) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The results show that UiO-66 can resist acid and keep its structure unchanged, even at a strong acidity of pH 1. The adsorption performance of UiO-66 to indium (III) was also evaluated. The results show that the adsorption process of indium ions was by the Langmuir adsorption isotherm, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 11.75 mg·g⁻¹ being recorded. The adsorption kinetics experiment preferably fits the second-order kinetic model. A possible mechanism for the adsorption of In(III) by UiO-66 was explored through X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transform infrared analysis(FT-IR). It was concluded that the C=O of free –COOH of UiO-66 was involved in the adsorption of In(III) by cation exchange. This study indicates, for the first time, that UiO-66 can be applied as an acid-resistant adsorbent to recover indium (III). Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Modern Material Technologies Intended for Industrial Applications)

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