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Viruses
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Surveillance, Prevention, and Treatment of Avian Influenza
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Surveillance, Prevention, and Treatment of Avian Influenza

A special issue of Viruses (ISSN 1999-4915). This special issue belongs to the section "Animal Viruses".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 18 June 2026 | Viewed by 906

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Huihui Kong

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150008, China
Interests: avian and human influenza A viruses; host adaptation; evolution and molecular epidemiology; antiviral strategies; risk assessment and One Health–oriented prevention and control of avian influenza
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Feng Wen

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China
Interests: avian influenza; avian influenza virus; H9N2, H5N1, H5N6; avian coronavirus

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Avian influenza continues to pose a major threat to animal health, food security, and global public health. The recent emergence and sustained circulation of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses, particularly H5 lineages, in poultry, wild birds, mammals, and even livestock highlight the urgent need for integrated surveillance, early warning, and effective intervention strategies. This Special Issue, “Surveillance, Prevention, and Treatment of Avian Influenza,” aims to provide a comprehensive forum for cutting-edge research spanning the entire “detection–understanding–control” continuum of avian influenza.

We welcome original research articles, reviews, short communications, and methodological papers that address virological, epidemiological, and clinical aspects of avian influenza. Topics of interest include, but are not limited to, the following: molecular and antigenic evolution; virus–host interactions and determinants of cross-species transmission; surveillance in poultry, wild birds, and mammals (including cattle and other livestock); antiviral strategies; and One Health–based prevention and control policies.

Dr. Huihui Kong
Dr. Feng Wen
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Viruses is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • influenza
  • surveillance
  • molecular epidemiology
  • antigenic evolution
  • cross-species transmission
  • vaccine
  • antiviral therapy

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Further information on MDPI's Special Issue policies can be found here.

Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

13 pages, 5459 KB  
Article
A Portable One-Tube Assay Integrating RT-RPA and CRISPR/Cas12a for Rapid Visual Detection of Eurasian Avian-like H1N1 Swine Influenza Virus in the Field
by Changhai Tian, Lulu Feng, Xu Zhou, Kailun Huang, Feifei Wang, Ru Luo, Fei Meng, Huanliang Yang, Chuanling Qiao, Xiurong Wang, Jianzhong Shi and Yan Chen
Viruses 2026, 18(1), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/v18010047 - 28 Dec 2025
Viewed by 248
Abstract
The widespread circulation of Eurasian avian-like H1N1 (EA H1N1) swine influenza virus poses significant zoonotic and pandemic risks worldwide. However, current diagnostic methods are difficult to deploy in the field, as they generally require specialized laboratory infrastructure and trained personnel. Here, we present [...] Read more.
The widespread circulation of Eurasian avian-like H1N1 (EA H1N1) swine influenza virus poses significant zoonotic and pandemic risks worldwide. However, current diagnostic methods are difficult to deploy in the field, as they generally require specialized laboratory infrastructure and trained personnel. Here, we present a novel dual-signal detection platform that combines reverse transcription recombinase polymerase amplification (RT-RPA) with CRISPR/Cas12a technology for rapid, on-site EA H1N1 detection. We established an integrated one-tube assay by designing and optimizing RT-RPA primers targeting a conserved region of the hemagglutinin (HA) gene, together with engineered CRISPR/Cas12a guide RNAs exhibiting high specificity. The platform incorporates two complementary readout modes: real-time fluorescence monitoring and visual colorimetric detection using a smartphone. The assay shows excellent analytical specificity, with no cross-reactivity observed against other swine influenza virus subtypes or common swine pathogens, (including CSFV, PRRSV, PEDV, PCV, TGEV, and RV). The detection limit is 2 copies/μL, and the entire procedure can be completed within 30 mins using simple portable equipment. When evaluated on 86 clinical samples, the assay demonstrated 94.18% concordance with RT-qPCR. Compared with conventional diagnostic methods, this RT-RPA–CRISPR/Cas12a assay offers greater convenience and cost-effectiveness. Its strong potential for field-based rapid testing underscores promising application prospects in swine influenza surveillance and control programs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surveillance, Prevention, and Treatment of Avian Influenza)
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12 pages, 1330 KB  
Article
Replication and Transmission of Influenza A Virus in Farmed Mink
by Guojun Wang, Xiaoran Gao, Guoquan Zhang, Guohua Deng and Jianzhong Shi
Viruses 2026, 18(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/v18010009 - 20 Dec 2025
Viewed by 451
Abstract
Farmed mink are frequently exposed to circulating influenza A viruses (IAVs), as confirmed by viral isolation and serological evidence. Previous work reveals that naïve mink serve as susceptible hosts for both avian and human influenza strains, highlighting their potential role in influenza ecology. [...] Read more.
Farmed mink are frequently exposed to circulating influenza A viruses (IAVs), as confirmed by viral isolation and serological evidence. Previous work reveals that naïve mink serve as susceptible hosts for both avian and human influenza strains, highlighting their potential role in influenza ecology. In this study, we investigated whether farmed mink naturally pre-exposed to H9 retain the capacity to serve as “mixing vessels” for reassorting human and avian IAVs. Our results demonstrate that they remain fully susceptible and permissive to infection by both avian H6N6 and human H1N1 influenza strains. Notably, efficient transmission of these viruses occurred among farmed mink, confirming their potential to sustain viral exchange. These findings indicate that farmed mink represent highly permissive hosts capable of facilitating reassortment between circulating human and avian IAVs. Given this risk, current mink farming practices may substantially increase the likelihood of a pandemic emergence. We therefore urge immediate revision, stringent enhancement, and rigorous enforcement of biosecurity protocols and active surveillance systems in fur farming operations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surveillance, Prevention, and Treatment of Avian Influenza)
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