19 Results Found

The single variable new antigen receptor domain antibody fragments (VNARs) derived from shark immunoglobulin new antigen receptor antibodies (IgNARs) represent some of the smallest known immunoglobulin-based protein scaffolds. As single domains, they...

Passive immunotherapy, i.e., treatment with therapeutic antibodies, has been increasingly used over the last decade in several diseases such as cancers or inflammation. However, these proteins have some limitations that single-domain antibodies could...

Since the delivery of biologic drugs to the brain is greatly hampered by the existence of the blood–brain barrier (BBB), brain shuttles are being developed to enhance therapeutic efficacy. As we have previously shown, efficient and selective br...

Glioblastoma is the most prevalent and fatal form of primary brain tumors. New targeted therapeutic strategies for this type of tumor are imperative given the dire prognosis for glioblastoma patients and the poor results of current multimodal therapy...

Single domain shark antibodies that bind to the transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) on brain endothelial cells have been used to shuttle antibodies and other cargos across the blood brain barrier (BBB) to the brain. For these studies the TXB4 brain shuttle...

Glioblastoma is the most common and highly malignant brain tumor in adults. New targeted therapeutic approaches are imperative. EGFRvIII has appealing therapeutic targets using monoclonal antibodies. Thus, endeavors toward developing new mAbs therapi...

Immunoglobulin new antigen receptor (IgNAR) is a naturally occurring antibody that consists of only two heavy chains with two independent variable domains. The variable binding domain of IgNAR, called variable new antigen receptor (VNAR), is attracti...

The shark-derived single-domain antibody VNAR (variable domain of new antigen receptor) has many advantageous features that make the VNAR suitable for improving current monoclonal antibody therapy deficiencies or disease diagnosis methods. In order t...

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 is the causal pathogen of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The emergence of new variants with different mutational patterns has limited the therapeutic options available and complicated the developm...

Research into various proteins capable of blocking metabolic pathways has improved the detection and treatment of multiple pathologies associated with the malfunction and overexpression of different metabolites. However, antigen-binding proteins have...

The receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is the major target for antibody therapeutics. Shark-derived variable domains of new antigen receptors (VNARs) are the smallest antibody fragments with flexible paratopes that can reco...

At 420 million years, the variable domain of New Antigen Receptors or VNARs are undoubtedly the oldest (and smallest) antigen binding single domains identified in the vertebrate kingdom. Their role as an integral part of the adaptive immune system of...

Variable new antigen receptor domain (vNAR) antibodies are novel, naturally occurring antibodies that can be isolated from naïve, immune or synthetic shark libraries. These molecules are very interesting to the biotechnology and pharmaceutical indust...

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are key ligands for proteins involved in physiological and pathological processes. Specific GAG-binding patterns are rarely identified, with the heparin pentasaccharide as an Antithrombin-III ligand being the best characteri...

Single-domain antibodies, including variable domains of the heavy chains of heavy chain-only antibodies (VHHs) from camelids and variable domains of immunoglobulin new antigen receptors (VNARs) from cartilaginous fish, show the therapeutic potential...

Shark is a cartilaginous fish that produces new antigen receptor (IgNAR) antibodies. This antibody is identified with a similar human heavy chain but dissimilar sequences. The variable domain (VNAR) of IgNAR is stable and small in size, these feature...

Biomarkers are defined as indicators of biological processes, pathogenic processes, or pharmacological responses to a therapeutic intervention. Biomarkers have been widely used for early detection, prediction of response after treatment, and for moni...

Antibodies represent a relatively mature detection means and serve as therapeutic drug carriers in the clinical diagnosis and treatment of cancer—among which monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) currently occupy a dominant position. However, the emerge...

Heavy chain-only antibodies in sharks are called immunoglobulin new antigen receptors (IgNAR), consisting of one variable region (VNAR) and five constant regions (C1-C5). The variable region of IgNAR can be expressed as a monomer composed of a single...