The BBNJ Agreement requires science-based, replicable environmental impact assessments (EIAs) for shipping, yet current practices remain largely descriptive and correlational, lacking a formal causal framework for quantitative impact assessment. Anch...
Pollution associated with marine debris is of global ecological concern, as it threatens wildlife and local economies. Submerged marine debris alters local benthic species composition and community characteristics. The study site of Jaguri, Jeju Isla...
Marine benthic ecosystems along urbanised coastlines face heightened vulnerability due to the cumulative effects of chronic anthropogenic stressors. Climate change intensifies these pressures through more frequent and severe storms, while ongoing coa...