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Search Results (435)

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Keywords = chemical and physical barrier

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23 pages, 2295 KiB  
Review
Advances in Interfacial Engineering and Structural Optimization for Diamond Schottky Barrier Diodes
by Shihao Lu, Xufang Zhang, Shichao Wang, Mingkun Li, Shuopei Jiao, Yuesong Liang, Wei Wang and Jing Zhang
Materials 2025, 18(15), 3657; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18153657 - 4 Aug 2025
Abstract
Diamond, renowned for its exceptional electrical, physical, and chemical properties, including ultra-wide bandgap, superior hardness, high thermal conductivity, and unparalleled stability, serves as an ideal candidate for next-generation high-power and high-temperature electronic devices. Among diamond-based devices, Schottky barrier diodes (SBDs) have garnered significant [...] Read more.
Diamond, renowned for its exceptional electrical, physical, and chemical properties, including ultra-wide bandgap, superior hardness, high thermal conductivity, and unparalleled stability, serves as an ideal candidate for next-generation high-power and high-temperature electronic devices. Among diamond-based devices, Schottky barrier diodes (SBDs) have garnered significant attention due to their simple architecture and superior rectifying characteristics. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in diamond SBDs, focusing on both metal–semiconductor (MS) and metal–interlayer–semiconductor (MIS) configurations. For MS structures, we critically analyze the roles of single-layer metals (including noble metals, transition metals, and other metals) and multilayer metals in modulating Schottky barrier height (SBH) and enhancing thermal stability. However, the presence of interface-related issues such as high densities of surface states and Fermi level pinning often leads to poor control of the SBH, limiting device performance and reliability. To address these challenges and achieve high-quality metal/diamond interfaces, researchers have proposed various interface engineering strategies. In particular, the introduction of interfacial layers in MIS structures has emerged as a promising approach. For MIS architectures, functional interlayers—including high-k materials (Al2O3, HfO2, SnO2) and low-work-function materials (LaB6, CeB6)—are evaluated for their efficacy in interface passivation, barrier modulation, and electric field control. Terminal engineering strategies, such as field-plate designs and surface termination treatments, are also highlighted for their role in improving breakdown voltage. Furthermore, we emphasize the limitations in current parameter extraction from current–voltage (I–V) properties and call for a unified new method to accurately determine SBH. This comprehensive analysis provides critical insights into interface engineering strategies and evaluation protocols for high-performance diamond SBDs, paving the way for their reliable deployment in extreme conditions. Full article
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15 pages, 3579 KiB  
Article
Dual-Control-Gate Reconfigurable Ion-Sensitive Field-Effect Transistor with Nickel-Silicide Contacts for Adaptive and High-Sensitivity Chemical Sensing Beyond the Nernst Limit
by Seung-Jin Lee, Seung-Hyun Lee, Seung-Hwa Choi and Won-Ju Cho
Chemosensors 2025, 13(8), 281; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13080281 - 2 Aug 2025
Viewed by 156
Abstract
In this study, we propose a bidirectional chemical sensor platform based on a reconfigurable ion-sensitive field-effect transistor (R-ISFET) architecture. The device incorporates Ni-silicide Schottky barrier source/drain (S/D) contacts, enabling ambipolar conduction and bidirectional turn-on behavior for both p-type and n-type configurations. Channel polarity [...] Read more.
In this study, we propose a bidirectional chemical sensor platform based on a reconfigurable ion-sensitive field-effect transistor (R-ISFET) architecture. The device incorporates Ni-silicide Schottky barrier source/drain (S/D) contacts, enabling ambipolar conduction and bidirectional turn-on behavior for both p-type and n-type configurations. Channel polarity is dynamically controlled via the program gate (PG), while the control gate (CG) suppresses leakage current, enhancing operational stability and energy efficiency. A dual-control-gate (DCG) structure enhances capacitive coupling, enabling sensitivity beyond the Nernst limit without external amplification. The extended-gate (EG) architecture physically separates the transistor and sensing regions, improving durability and long-term reliability. Electrical characteristics were evaluated through transfer and output curves, and carrier transport mechanisms were analyzed using band diagrams. Sensor performance—including sensitivity, hysteresis, and drift—was assessed under various pH conditions and external noise up to 5 Vpp (i.e., peak-to-peak voltage). The n-type configuration exhibited high mobility and fast response, while the p-type configuration demonstrated excellent noise immunity and low drift. Both modes showed consistent sensitivity trends, confirming the feasibility of complementary sensing. These results indicate that the proposed R-ISFET sensor enables selective mode switching for high sensitivity and robust operation, offering strong potential for next-generation biosensing and chemical detection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Electrochemical Devices and Sensors)
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22 pages, 1268 KiB  
Review
Natural Polymer-Based Hydrogel Platforms for Organoid and Microphysiological Systems: Mechanistic Insights and Translational Perspectives
by Yeonoh Cho, Jungmok You and Jong Hun Lee
Polymers 2025, 17(15), 2109; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17152109 - 31 Jul 2025
Viewed by 330
Abstract
Organoids and microphysiological systems (MPSs) have emerged as physiologically relevant platforms that recapitulate key structural and functional features of human organs, tissues, and microenvironments. As one of the essential components that define the success of these systems, hydrogels play the central role of [...] Read more.
Organoids and microphysiological systems (MPSs) have emerged as physiologically relevant platforms that recapitulate key structural and functional features of human organs, tissues, and microenvironments. As one of the essential components that define the success of these systems, hydrogels play the central role of providing a three-dimensional, biomimetic scaffold that supports cell viability, spatial organization, and dynamic signaling. Natural polymer-based hydrogels, derived from materials such as collagen, gelatin, hyaluronic acid, and alginate, offer favorable properties including biocompatibility, degradability, and an extracellular matrix-like architecture. This review presents recent advances in the design and application of such hydrogels, focusing on crosslinking strategies (physical, chemical, and hybrid), the viscoelastic characteristics, and stimuli-responsive behaviors. The influence of these materials on cellular processes, such as stemness maintenance, differentiation, and morphogenesis, is critically examined. Furthermore, the applications of organoid culture and dynamic MPS platforms are discussed, highlighting their roles in morphogen delivery, barrier formation, and vascularization. Current challenges and future perspectives toward achieving standardized, scalable, and translational hydrogel systems are also addressed. Full article
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23 pages, 2173 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Soil Quality and Balancing of Nitrogen Application Effects in Summer Direct-Seeded Cotton Fields Based on Minimum Dataset
by Yukun Qin, Weina Feng, Cangsong Zheng, Junying Chen, Yuping Wang, Lijuan Zhang and Taili Nie
Agronomy 2025, 15(8), 1763; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15081763 - 23 Jul 2025
Viewed by 220
Abstract
There is a lack of systematic research on the comprehensive regulatory effects of urea and organic fertilizer application on soil quality and cotton yield in summer direct-seeded cotton fields in the Yangtze River Basin. Additionally, there is a redundancy of indicators in the [...] Read more.
There is a lack of systematic research on the comprehensive regulatory effects of urea and organic fertilizer application on soil quality and cotton yield in summer direct-seeded cotton fields in the Yangtze River Basin. Additionally, there is a redundancy of indicators in the cotton field soil quality evaluation system and a lack of reports on constructing a minimum dataset to evaluate the soil quality status of cotton fields. We aim to accurately and efficiently evaluate soil quality in cotton fields and screen nitrogen application measures that synergistically improve soil quality, cotton yield, and nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency. Taking the summer live broadcast cotton field in Jiangxi Province as the research object, four treatments, including CK without nitrogen application, CF with conventional nitrogen application, N1 with nitrogen reduction, and N2 with nitrogen reduction and organic fertilizer application, were set up for three consecutive years from 2022 to 2024. A total of 15 physical, chemical, and biological indicators of the 0–20 cm plow layer soil were measured in each treatment. A minimum dataset model was constructed to evaluate and verify the soil quality status of different nitrogen application treatments and to explore the physiological mechanisms of nitrogen application on yield performance and stability from the perspectives of cotton source–sink relationship, nitrogen use efficiency, and soil quality. The minimum dataset for soil quality evaluation in cotton fields consisted of five indicators: soil bulk density, moisture content, total nitrogen, organic carbon, and carbon-to-nitrogen ratio, with a simplification rate of 66.67% for the evaluation indicators. The soil quality index calculated based on the minimum dataset (MDS) was significantly positively correlated with the soil quality index of the total dataset (TDS) (R2 = 0.904, p < 0.05). The model validation parameters RMSE was 0.0733, nRMSE was 13.8561%, and the d value was 0.9529, all indicating that the model simulation effect had reached a good level or above. The order of soil quality index based on MDS and TDS for CK, CF, N1, and N2 treatments was CK < N1 < CF < N2. The soil quality index of N2 treatment under MDS significantly increased by 16.70% and 26.16% compared to CF and N1 treatments, respectively. Compared with CF treatment, N2 treatment significantly increased nitrogen fertilizer partial productivity by 27.97%, 31.06%, and 21.77%, respectively, over a three-year period while maintaining the same biomass, yield level, yield stability, and yield sustainability. Meanwhile, N1 treatment had the risk of significantly reducing both boll density and seed cotton yield. Compared with N1 treatment, N2 treatment could significantly increase the biomass of reproductive organs during the flower and boll stage by 23.62~24.75% and the boll opening stage by 12.39~15.44%, respectively, laying a material foundation for the improvement in yield and yield stability. Under CF treatment, the cotton field soil showed a high degree of soil physical property barriers, while the N2 treatment reduced soil barriers in indicators such as bulk density, soil organic carbon content, and soil carbon-to-nitrogen ratio by 0.04, 0.04, 0.08, and 0.02, respectively, compared to CF treatment. In summary, the minimum dataset (MDS) retained only 33.3% of the original indicators while maintaining high accuracy, demonstrating the model’s efficiency. After reducing nitrogen by 20%, applying 10% total nitrogen organic fertilizer could substantially improve cotton biomass, cotton yield performance, yield stability, and nitrogen partial productivity while maintaining soil quality levels. This study also assessed yield stability and sustainability, not just productivity alone. The comprehensive nitrogen fertilizer management (reducing N + organic fertilizer) under the experimental conditions has high practical applicability in the intensive agricultural system in southern China. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovations in Green and Efficient Cotton Cultivation)
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18 pages, 2652 KiB  
Article
The Use of a Composite of Modified Construction Aggregate and Activated Carbon for the Treatment of Groundwater Contaminated with Heavy Metals and Chlorides
by Katarzyna Pawluk, Marzena Lendo-Siwicka, Grzegorz Wrzesiński, Sylwia Szymanek and Osazuwa Young Osawaru
Materials 2025, 18(15), 3437; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18153437 - 22 Jul 2025
Viewed by 220
Abstract
The treatment of contaminants from road infrastructure poses significant challenges due to their variable composition and the high concentrations of chloride ions, heavy metals, and oil-derived substances. Traditional methods for protecting groundwater environments are often insufficient. A promising alternative is permeable reactive barrier [...] Read more.
The treatment of contaminants from road infrastructure poses significant challenges due to their variable composition and the high concentrations of chloride ions, heavy metals, and oil-derived substances. Traditional methods for protecting groundwater environments are often insufficient. A promising alternative is permeable reactive barrier (PRB) technology, which utilizes recycled materials and construction waste as reactive components within the treatment zone of the ground. This paper delves into the potential of employing a composite (MIX) consisting of modified construction aggregate (as recycled material) and activated carbon (example of reactive material) to address environmental contamination from a mixture of heavy metals and chloride. The research involved chemical modifications of the road aggregate, activated carbon, and their composite, followed by laboratory tests in glass reactors and non-flow batch tests to evaluate the kinetics and chemical equilibrium of the reactions. The adsorption process was stable and conformed to the pseudo-second-order kinetics and Langmuir, Toth, and Redlich–Peterson isotherm models. Studies using MIX from a heavy metal model solution showed that monolayer adsorption was a key mechanism for removing heavy metals, with strong fits to the Langmuir (R2 > 0.80) and Freundlich models, and optimal efficiencies for Cd and Ni (R2 > 0.90). The best fit, at Cd, Cu, Ni = 0.96, however, was with the Redlich–Peterson isotherm, indicating a mix of physical and chemical adsorption on heterogeneous surfaces. The Toth model was significant for all analytes, fitting Cl and Cd well and Pb and Zn moderately. The modifications made to the composite significantly enhanced its effectiveness in removing the contaminant mixture. The test results demonstrated an average reduction of chloride by 85%, along with substantial removals of heavy metals: lead (Pb) by 90%, cadmium (Cd) by 86%, nickel (Ni) by 85%, copper (Cu) by 81%, and zinc (Zn) by 79%. Further research should focus on the removal of other contaminants and the optimization of magnesium oxide (MgO) dosage. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recovered or Recycled Materials for Composites and Other Materials)
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39 pages, 1536 KiB  
Review
Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems: Methods for Enhancing Skin Permeability and Their Evaluation
by Elena O. Bakhrushina, Marina M. Shumkova, Yana V. Avdonina, Arsen A. Ananian, Mina Babazadeh, Ghazaleh Pouya, Viktoria V. Grikh, Irina M. Zubareva, Svetlana I. Kosenkova, Ivan I. Krasnyuk and Ivan I. Krasnyuk
Pharmaceutics 2025, 17(7), 936; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics17070936 - 20 Jul 2025
Viewed by 833
Abstract
Transdermal drug delivery (TDD) is an increasingly important non-invasive method for administering active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) through the skin barrier, offering advantages such as improved therapeutic efficacy and reduced systemic side effects. As demand increases for patient-friendly and minimally invasive treatment options, TDD [...] Read more.
Transdermal drug delivery (TDD) is an increasingly important non-invasive method for administering active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) through the skin barrier, offering advantages such as improved therapeutic efficacy and reduced systemic side effects. As demand increases for patient-friendly and minimally invasive treatment options, TDD has attracted substantial attention in research and clinical practice. This review summarizes recent advances enhancing skin permeability through chemical enhancers (e.g., ethanol, fatty acids, terpenes), physical (e.g., iontophoresis, microneedles, sonophoresis), and nanotechnological methods (e.g., liposomes, ethosomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, and transferosomes). A comprehensive literature analysis, including scientific publications, regulatory guidelines, and patents, was conducted to identify innovative methods and materials used to overcome the barrier properties of the stratum corneum. Special emphasis was placed on in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo evaluation techniques for such as Franz diffusion cells for assessing drug permeation and skin interactions. The findings highlight the importance of active physical methods, passive nanostructured systems, and chemical penetration enhancers. In conclusion, integrating multiple analytical techniques is essential for the rational design and optimization of effective transdermal drug delivery systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dermal and Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems)
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20 pages, 1893 KiB  
Article
Acute Dermatotoxicity of Green-Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) in Zebrafish Epidermis
by Grace Emily Okuthe and Busiswa Siguba
Toxics 2025, 13(7), 592; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13070592 - 15 Jul 2025
Viewed by 314
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), lauded for their unique antibacterial and physicochemical attributes, are proliferating across industrial sectors, raising concerns about their environmental fate, in aquatic systems. While “green” synthesis offers a sustainable production route with reduced chemical byproducts, the safety of these AgNPs for [...] Read more.
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), lauded for their unique antibacterial and physicochemical attributes, are proliferating across industrial sectors, raising concerns about their environmental fate, in aquatic systems. While “green” synthesis offers a sustainable production route with reduced chemical byproducts, the safety of these AgNPs for aquatic fauna remains uncertain due to nanoparticle-specific effects. Conversely, mast cells play crucial roles in fish immunity, orchestrating innate and adaptive immune responses by releasing diverse mediators and recognizing danger signals. Goblet cells are vital for mucosal immunity and engaging in immune surveillance, regulation, and microbiota interactions. The interplay between these two cell types is critical for maintaining mucosal homeostasis, is central to defending against fish diseases and is highly responsive to environmental cues. This study investigates the acute dermatotoxicity of environmentally relevant AgNP concentrations (0, 0.031, 0.250, and 5.000 μg/L) on zebrafish epidermis. A 96 h assay revealed a biphasic response: initial mucin hypersecretion at lower AgNP levels, suggesting an early stress response, followed by a concentration-dependent collapse of mucosal integrity at higher exposures, with mucus degradation and alarm cell depletion. A rapid and generalized increase in epidermal mucus production was observed across all AgNP exposure groups within two hours of exposure. Further mechanistic insights into AgNP-induced toxicity were revealed by concentration-dependent alterations in goblet cell dynamics. Lower AgNP concentrations initially led to an increase in both goblet cell number and size. However, at the highest concentration, this trend reversed, with a significant decrease in goblet cell numbers and size evident between 48 and 96 h post-exposure. The simultaneous presence of neutral and acidic mucins indicates a dynamic epidermal response suggesting a primary physical barrier function, with acidic mucins specifically upregulated early on to enhance mucus viscosity, trap AgNPs, and inhibit pathogen invasion, a clear defense mechanism. The subsequent reduction in mucin-producing cells at higher concentrations signifies a critical breakdown of this protective strategy, leaving the epidermis highly vulnerable to damage and secondary infections. These findings highlight the vulnerability of fish epidermal defenses to AgNP contamination, which can potentially compromise osmoregulation and increase susceptibility to threats. Further mechanistic research is crucial to understand AgNP-induced epithelial damage to guide sustainable nanotechnology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Ecotoxicology)
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24 pages, 1442 KiB  
Review
Recent Advances in the Application Technologies of Surface Coatings for Fruits
by Limin Dai, Dong Luo, Changwei Li and Yuan Chen
Foods 2025, 14(14), 2471; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14142471 - 14 Jul 2025
Viewed by 467
Abstract
Globally, the proportion of the consumption of fruits in the human diet shows an increasing trend. However, fruits may incur significant losses during the post-harvest storage and transportation process due to metabolic activities and mechanical damage. Post-harvest coating technology has been proven to [...] Read more.
Globally, the proportion of the consumption of fruits in the human diet shows an increasing trend. However, fruits may incur significant losses during the post-harvest storage and transportation process due to metabolic activities and mechanical damage. Post-harvest coating technology has been proven to be an effective means of reducing quality loss, and it offers the advantages of being environmentally friendly, energy-efficient, and free of chemical residues. This article begins with an introduction to the three main mechanisms of coating preservation, including physical barrier effects, physiological metabolism regulation, and antibacterial and antioxidant effects. Secondly, this paper comprehensively reviews the latest progress of coating application technology in the field of fruit preservation, and summarizes the development of coating application technology in recent years, which is divided into two categories: traditional technology and fiber coating formation technology. Among these, the spraying method in traditional technology and microfluidic spinning technology in fiber coating formation technology are emphasized. This information will help to further develop coating application techniques to improve post-harvest fruit preservation. Full article
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14 pages, 4074 KiB  
Article
Synthesis and Characterization of Biodegradable Polymer Blends Based on Chitosan
by Lyazzat Bekbayeva, Grigoriy A. Mun, Bayana B. Yermukhambetova, El-Sayed Negim, Galiya Irmukhametova, Khaldun M. Al Azzam, Sergey V. Nechipurenko, Sergey A. Efremov, Mubarak Yermaganbetov and Moshera Samy
Polymers 2025, 17(13), 1853; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17131853 - 2 Jul 2025
Viewed by 437
Abstract
Despite its broad application due to its affordability, biodegradability, and natural antimicrobial and antioxidant activities, chitosan (CS) still exhibits limitations in mechanical strength and barrier effectiveness. Owing to its unique chemical characteristics, itaconic acid (IT) presents potential as a compatibilizing agent in polymeric [...] Read more.
Despite its broad application due to its affordability, biodegradability, and natural antimicrobial and antioxidant activities, chitosan (CS) still exhibits limitations in mechanical strength and barrier effectiveness. Owing to its unique chemical characteristics, itaconic acid (IT) presents potential as a compatibilizing agent in polymeric blend formulations. Biodegradable polymers composed of chitosan (CS), itaconic acid (IT), and starch (S) were synthesized using two polymerization methods. The first method involved grafting IT onto CS at varying ratios of IT (4%, 6%, and 8% wt.), using 1% v/v acetic acid/water as the solvent and potassium persulfate as the initiator. In the second approach, starch (S) was blended with the copolymer P(CS-g-IT) at concentrations of 1%, 3%, and 5%, utilizing water as the solvent and glacial acetic acid as a catalyst. The resulting biodegradable films underwent characterization through FTIR, TGA, SEM, and mechanical property analysis. To further explore the effects of combining IT, starch, and carbon black, the blends, referred to as P[(CS-g-IT)-b-S], were also loaded with carbon black. This allowed for the evaluation of the materials’ physicomechanical properties, such as viscosity, tensile strength, elongation, and contact angle. The findings demonstrated that the presence of IT, starch, and carbon black collectively improved the films’ mechanical performance, physical traits, and biodegradability. Among the samples, the blended copolymer with 1% starch exhibited the highest mechanical properties, followed by the grafted copolymer with 8% IT and the blended copolymer mixed with carbon black at 7%. In contrast, the blended copolymer with 5% starch showed the highest hydrophilicity and the shortest degradation time compared to the grafted copolymer with 8% IT and the blended copolymer mixed with 7% carbon black. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Chemistry)
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55 pages, 16837 KiB  
Review
A Comprehensive Review of Plasma Cleaning Processes Used in Semiconductor Packaging
by Stephen Sammut
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(13), 7361; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15137361 - 30 Jun 2025
Viewed by 759
Abstract
Semiconductor device fabrication is conducted through highly precise manufacturing processes. An essential component of the semiconductor package is the lead frame on which the silicon dies are assembled. Impurities such as oxides or organic matter on the surfaces have an impact on the [...] Read more.
Semiconductor device fabrication is conducted through highly precise manufacturing processes. An essential component of the semiconductor package is the lead frame on which the silicon dies are assembled. Impurities such as oxides or organic matter on the surfaces have an impact on the process yield. Plasma cleaning is a vital process in semiconductor manufacturing, employed to enhance production yield through precise and efficient surface preparation essential for device fabrication. This paper explores the various facets of plasma cleaning, with a particular emphasis on its application in the cleaning of lead frames used in semiconductor packaging. To provide comprehensive context, this paper also reviews the critical role of plasma in advanced and emerging packaging technologies. This study investigates the fundamental physics governing plasma generation, the design of plasma systems, and the composition of the plasma medium. A central focus of this work is the comparative analysis of different plasma systems in terms of their effectiveness in removing organic contaminants and oxide residues from substrate surfaces. By utilizing reactive species generated within the plasma—such as oxygen radicals, hydrogen ions, and other chemically active constituents—these systems enable a non-contact, damage-free cleaning method that offers significant advantages over conventional wet chemical processes. Additionally, the role of non-reactive species, such as argon, in sputtering processes for surface preparation is examined. Sputtering is the ejection of individual atoms from a target surface due to momentum transfer from an energetic particle (usually an ion). Sputtering is therefore a physical process driven by momentum transfer. Energetic ions, such as argon (Ar+), are accelerated from the plasma to bombard a target surface. Upon impact, these ions transfer sufficient kinetic energy to atoms within the material’s lattice to overcome their surface binding energy, resulting in their physical ejection. This paper also provides a comparative assessment of various plasma sources, including direct current, dielectric barrier discharge, radio frequency, and microwave-based systems, evaluating their suitability and efficiency for lead frame cleaning applications. Furthermore, it addresses critical parameters affecting plasma cleaning performance, such as gas chemistry, power input, pressure regulation, and substrate handling techniques. The ultimate aim of this paper is to provide a concise yet comprehensive resource that equips technical personnel with the essential knowledge required to make informed decisions regarding plasma cleaning technologies and their implementation in semiconductor manufacturing. This paper provides various tables which provide the reader with comparative assessments of the various plasma sources and gases used. Scoring mechanisms are also introduced and utilized in this paper. The scores achieved by both the sources and the plasma gases are then summarized in this paper’s conclusions. Full article
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25 pages, 1263 KiB  
Review
Nanoneedle-Based Transdermal Gene Delivery: A Minimally Invasive Strategy for Gene Therapy
by Fatma Julide Akbuğa, Muhammet Davut Arpa and Emine Şalva
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(13), 6235; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26136235 - 27 Jun 2025
Viewed by 480
Abstract
Transdermal drug delivery systems have recently been explored as an alternative to oral systems, which have many challenges. Due to the limitations of first-generation transdermal systems, second- and third-generation systems have been developed, among which microneedles have been the most remarkable products. Building [...] Read more.
Transdermal drug delivery systems have recently been explored as an alternative to oral systems, which have many challenges. Due to the limitations of first-generation transdermal systems, second- and third-generation systems have been developed, among which microneedles have been the most remarkable products. Building on the advancements of nanotechnology, nanoneedles have recently been developed. Gene therapy molecules—such as DNA, RNA, siRNA, miRNA, and other nucleic acids—are typically delivered using viral or chemical carriers, but these methods face several challenges. In this context, nanoneedles offer a promising and efficient solution for delivering these large molecules. Nanoneedles are a biocompatible and reliable physical method for gene delivery, enabling transdermal administration by penetrating the skin barrier and delivering nucleic acids directly into cells. Their ability to penetrate cellular barriers with minimal invasiveness makes them advantageous for delivering genetic materials. This review will focus on the potential applications of nanoneedles in pharmaceutical contexts, especially in gene therapy. In addition, information on the properties, structure, and fabrication of nanoneedles is also provided. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomedicine in Gene Therapy and Immunotherapy)
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14 pages, 5796 KiB  
Article
Investigation of Microstructure and Hydrogen Barrier Behavior in Epoxy Resin-Based Ceramic/Graphene Composite Coatings
by Nongzhao Mao, Heping Wang, Bin Liu, Hongbo Zhao, Lei Wang, Ayu Zhang, Jiarui Deng and Keren Zhang
Coatings 2025, 15(7), 764; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15070764 - 27 Jun 2025
Viewed by 415
Abstract
This study addresses the critical challenges of hydrogen permeation and embrittlement in metallic pipelines for hydrogen storage and transportation by developing an epoxy resin-based composite coating with enhanced hydrogen barrier properties. Using cold spray technology, the fabricated coatings with controlled 250–320 μm thicknesses [...] Read more.
This study addresses the critical challenges of hydrogen permeation and embrittlement in metallic pipelines for hydrogen storage and transportation by developing an epoxy resin-based composite coating with enhanced hydrogen barrier properties. Using cold spray technology, the fabricated coatings with controlled 250–320 μm thicknesses incorporating graphene/ceramic composite particles uniformly dispersed in the epoxy matrix. Microstructural characterization revealed dense morphology and excellent interfacial bonding. Electrochemical hydrogen charging tests demonstrated remarkable hydrogen permeation reduction, showing a strong positive correlation between coating thickness and barrier performance. The optimal 320 μm-thick coating achieved a hydrogen content of only 0.28 ± 0.09 ppm, representing an 89% reduction compared to that in uncoated substrates. The superior performance originates from the Al2O3/SiO2 networks providing physical barriers, graphene offering high-surface-area adsorption sites, and MgO chemically trapping hydrogen atoms. Post-charging analysis identified interfacial stress concentration and hydrogen-induced plasticization as primary causes of ceramic particle delamination. This work provides both fundamental insights and practical solutions for designing high-performance protective coatings in long-distance hydrogen pipelines. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ceramic-Based Coatings for High-Performance Applications)
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31 pages, 1459 KiB  
Review
Insights on Natural Membrane Characterization for the Rational Design of Biomimetic Drug Delivery Systems
by Daniela Donghia, Sara Baldassari, Giuliana Drava, Giorgia Ailuno and Gabriele Caviglioli
Pharmaceutics 2025, 17(7), 841; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics17070841 - 27 Jun 2025
Viewed by 499
Abstract
Cell membranes are vital for living organisms and serve as a dynamic barrier between the internal and external environments. They are composed of a complex lipid bilayer embedded with proteins, allowing them to perform multiple functions like maintaining the cell structure, regulating which [...] Read more.
Cell membranes are vital for living organisms and serve as a dynamic barrier between the internal and external environments. They are composed of a complex lipid bilayer embedded with proteins, allowing them to perform multiple functions like maintaining the cell structure, regulating which substances enter or leave the cell, and intercellular communication. Cellular functions are inherently linked to their membrane properties, and the heterogeneous nature of cell membranes makes the study of their physico-chemical properties extremely challenging. This review is intended to provide a comprehensive overview of the composition and physical features of the cell membrane, by focusing on the lipid and protein composition, and on the physical properties (like membrane stiffness or fluidity), highlighting how these characteristics influence cell functions. An insight into the similarities and differences from the membranes of extracellular vesicles (naturally secreted by almost all cell types) is also provided. The understanding of the physico-chemical properties of cell membranes might find application in different therapeutic fields, like disease diagnosis and development of novel drug delivery systems. Therefore, an overview of the literature works describing the rational design of biomimetic drug delivery systems is presented, focusing on the choice of lipid components, frequently inspired by the study of the composition of naturally secreted exosomes, and on the physical characterization of the systems. In the future, in-depth study of biologic vesicles might lead to the development of promising formulation for drug delivery, possibly enhancing the therapeutic outcomes of many pathologies, like cancer. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Membrane Transport and Drug Permeation)
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11 pages, 1722 KiB  
Communication
Comparative Study of Corrosion Inhibition Properties of Q345 Steel by Chitosan MOF and Chitosan Schiff Base
by Lizhen Huang, Jingwen Liu, Li Wan, Bojie Li, Xianwei Wang, Silin Kang and Lei Zhu
Materials 2025, 18(13), 3031; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18133031 - 26 Jun 2025
Viewed by 394
Abstract
This study synthesized two eco-friendly inhibitors—a chitosan–copper metal–organic framework (CS@Cu MOF) and chitosan–Schiff base–Cu complex (Schiff–CS@Cu)—for Q345 steel protection in 3.5% NaCl/1M HCl. Electrochemical and weight loss analyses demonstrated exceptional corrosion inhibition: untreated specimens showed a 25.889 g/(m2·h) corrosion rate, while [...] Read more.
This study synthesized two eco-friendly inhibitors—a chitosan–copper metal–organic framework (CS@Cu MOF) and chitosan–Schiff base–Cu complex (Schiff–CS@Cu)—for Q345 steel protection in 3.5% NaCl/1M HCl. Electrochemical and weight loss analyses demonstrated exceptional corrosion inhibition: untreated specimens showed a 25.889 g/(m2·h) corrosion rate, while 100 mg/L of CS@Cu MOF and Schiff–CS@Cu reduced rates to 2.50 g/(m2·h) (90.34% efficiency) and 1.67 g/(m2·h) (93.56%), respectively. Schiff–CS@Cu’s superiority stemmed from its pyridine–Cu2+ chelation forming a dense coordination barrier that impeded Cl/H+ penetration, whereas CS@Cu MOF relied on physical adsorption and micro-galvanic interactions. Surface characterization revealed that Schiff–CS@Cu suppressed pitting nucleation through chemical coordination, contrasting with CS@Cu MOF’s porous film delaying uniform corrosion. Both inhibitors achieved optimal performance at 100 mg/L concentration. This work establishes a molecular design strategy for green inhibitors, combining metal–organic coordination chemistry with biopolymer modification, offering practical solutions for marine infrastructure and acid-processing equipment protection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Corrosion and Protection of Metallic Materials)
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18 pages, 6070 KiB  
Article
A Non-Vacuum Coating Process That Fully Achieves Technical Goals of Bipolar Plates via Synergistic Control of Multiple Layer-by-Layer Strategy
by Qiaoling Liu, Xiaole Chen, Menghan Wu, Weihao Wang, Yinru Lin, Zilong Chen, Shuhan Yang, Yuhui Zheng and Qianming Wang
Molecules 2025, 30(12), 2543; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30122543 - 11 Jun 2025
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Abstract
The primary challenge associated with stainless steel in fuel cell operation is its susceptibility to corrosion, which leads to increased contact resistance and subsequent degradation of electrochemical performance. In general, the protective layers have been loaded onto the metal surface by widely used [...] Read more.
The primary challenge associated with stainless steel in fuel cell operation is its susceptibility to corrosion, which leads to increased contact resistance and subsequent degradation of electrochemical performance. In general, the protective layers have been loaded onto the metal surface by widely used traditional techniques such as physical vapor deposition (PVD), or cathode arc ion plating. However, the above sputtering and evaporation ways require a high-vacuum condition, complicated experimental setups, higher costs, and an elevated temperature. Therefore, herein the achievement for uniform coatings over a large surface area has been realized by using a cost-effective strategy through a complete wet chemical process. The synergistic regulation of two conductive components and a plastic additive has been employed together with the entrapment of a surfactant to optimize the microstructure of the coating surface. The assembly of layered graphite and a polystyrene sphere could maintain both the high corrosion resistance feature and excellent electrical conductivity. In particular, the intrinsic vacant space in the above physical barriers has been filled with fine powders of indium tin oxide (ITO) due to its small size, and the interconnected conductive network with vertical/horizontal directions would be formed. All the key technical targets based on the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) have been achieved under the simulated operating environments of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell. The corrosion current density has been measured as low as 0.52 μA/cm2 (for the sample of graphite/mixed layer) over the applied potentials from −0.6 V to 1.2 V and its protective efficiency is evaluated to be 99.8%. The interfacial contact resistance between the sample and the carbon paper is much less than 10 mΩ·cm2 (3.4 mΩ·cm2) under a contact pressure of 165 N/cm2. The wettability has been investigated and its contact angle has been evolved from 48° (uncoated sample) to even 110°, providing superior hydrophobicity to prevent water penetration. Such an innovative approach opens up new possibilities for improving the durability and reducing the costs of carbon-based coatings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Inorganic Chemistry in Asia)
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