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With the large-scale integration of high-penetration distributed photovoltaic (DPV) into distribution networks, its output volatility and reverse power flow characteristics are prone to causing voltage violations, necessitating the accurate identification of weak nodes to enhance operational reliability. This paper investigates the definition, quantification criteria, and multi-indicator comprehensive determination methods for weak nodes in distribution networks. A multi-criteria assessment method integrating voltage deviation rate, sensitivity analysis, and power margin has been proposed. This method quantifies the node disturbance resistance and comprehensively evaluates the vulnerability of voltage stability. Simulation validation based on the IEEE 33-node system demonstrates that the proposed method can effectively identify the distribution patterns of weak nodes under different penetration levels (20~80%) and varying numbers of DPV access points (single-point to multi-point distributed access scenarios). The study reveals the impact of increased penetration and dispersed access locations on the migration characteristics of weak nodes. The research findings provide a theoretical basis for the planning of distribution networks with high-penetration DPV, offering valuable insights for optimizing the siting of volatile loads such as electric vehicle (EV) charging stations while considering both grid safety and the demand for distributed energy accommodation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fast-Charging Station for Electric Vehicles: Challenges and Issues)

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21 pages, 672 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Assessing and Understanding Educators’ Experiences of Synchronous Hybrid Learning in Universities: A Systematic Review

by Hannah Clare Wood, Michael Detyna and Eleanor Jane Dommett

Educ. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 987; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15080987 (registering DOI) - 2 Aug 2025

Abstract

The rise in online learning, accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic, has led to greater use of synchronous hybrid learning (SHL) in higher education. SHL allows simultaneous teaching of in-person and online learners through videoconferencing tools. Previous studies have identified various benefits (e.g., flexibility) and challenges (e.g., student engagement) to SHL. Whilst systematic reviews have emerged on this topic, few studies have considered the experiences of staff. The aim of this review was threefold: (i) to better understand how staff experiences and perceptions are assessed, (ii) to understand staff experiences in terms of the benefits and challenges of SHL and (iii) to identify recommendations for effective teaching and learning using SHL. In line with the PRISMA guidance, we conducted a systematic review across four databases, identifying 14 studies for inclusion. Studies were conducted in nine different countries and covered a range of academic disciplines. Most studies adopted qualitative methods, with small sample sizes. Measures used were typically novel and unvalidated. Four themes were identified relating to (i) technology, (ii) redesigning teaching and learning, (iii) student engagement and (iv) staff workload. In terms of recommendations, ensuring adequate staff training and ongoing classroom support were considered essential. Additionally, active and collaborative learning were considered important to address issues with interactivity. Whilst these findings largely aligned with previous work, this review also identified limited reporting in research in this area, and future studies are needed to address this. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Higher Education)

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19 pages, 443 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of a Flipped Classroom College Business Course on Students’ Pre-Class Preparation, In-Class Participation, Learning, and Skills Development

by Gordon Wang

Adm. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 301; https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci15080301 (registering DOI) - 2 Aug 2025

Abstract

As an example of pedagogical approaches that blend online and face-to-face instruction, the flipped classroom model has seen exponential growth in business schools. To explore its effectiveness, expectancy-value theory and cognitive load theory were employed to develop a framework linking students’ perceived usefulness of the online and in-person content to their pre-class preparation, class participation, perceived learning, and skills development. A preliminary test of this framework was conducted using a flipped Organizational Behavior course within a business diploma program at a publicly funded Canadian college. The perceived usefulness of the online component was positively associated with students’ pre-class preparation, which, in turn, was positively related to both their perceived learning and skills development. Implications for practice and directions for future research are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Organizational Behavior)

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16 pages, 2901 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Unveiling the Genetic Landscape of Canine Papillomavirus in the Brazilian Amazon

by Jeneffer Caroline de Macêdo Sousa, André de Medeiros Costa Lins, Fernanda dos Anjos Souza, Higor Ortiz Manoel, Cleyton Silva de Araújo, Lorena Yanet Cáceres Tomaya, Paulo Henrique Gilio Gasparotto, Vyctoria Malayhka de Abreu Góes Pereira, Acácio Duarte Pacheco, Fernando Rosado Spilki, Mariana Soares da Silva, Felipe Masiero Salvarani, Cláudio Wageck Canal, Flavio Roberto Chaves da Silva and Cíntia Daudt

Microorganisms 2025, 13(8), 1811; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13081811 (registering DOI) - 2 Aug 2025

Abstract

Papillomaviruses (PVs) are double-stranded DNA viruses known to induce a variety of epithelial lesions in dogs, ranging from benign hyperplasia to malignancies. In regions of rich biodiversity such as the Western Amazon, data on the circulation and genetic composition of canine papillomaviruses (CPVs) remain scarce. This study investigated CPV types present in oral and cutaneous papillomatous lesions in domiciled dogs from Acre and Rondônia States, Brazil. Sixty-one dogs with macroscopically consistent lesions were clinically evaluated, and tissue samples were collected for histopathological examination and PCR targeting the L1 gene. Among these, 37% were histologically diagnosed as squamous papillomas or fibropapillomas, and 49.2% (30/61) tested positive for papillomavirus DNA. Sequencing of the L1 gene revealed that most positive samples belonged to CPV1 (Lambdapapillomavirus 2), while one case was identified as CPV8 (Chipapillomavirus 3). Complete genomes of three CPV1 strains were obtained via high-throughput sequencing and showed high identity with CPV1 strains from other Brazilian regions. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed close genetic relationships among isolates across distinct geographic areas. These findings demonstrate the circulation of genetically conserved CPVs in the Amazon and reinforce the value of molecular and histopathological approaches for the accurate diagnosis and surveillance of viral diseases in domestic dogs, especially in ecologically complex regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Infectious and Parasitic Diseases of Animals)

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22 pages, 3994 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Foaming Properties, Foam Stability, and Basic Physicochemical and Application Parameters of Bio-Based Car Shampoos

by Bartosz Woźniak, Agata Wawrzyńczak and Izabela Nowak

Coatings 2025, 15(8), 907; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15080907 (registering DOI) - 2 Aug 2025

Abstract

Environmental protection has become one of the key challenges of our time. This has led to an increase in pro-environmental activities in the field of cosmetics and household chemicals, where manufacturers are increasingly trying to meet the expectations of consumers who are aware of the potential risks associated with the production of cosmetics and household chemistry products. This is one of the most important challenges of today’s industry, given that some of the raw materials still commonly used, such as surfactants, may be toxic to aquatic organisms. Many companies are choosing to use natural raw materials that have satisfactory performance properties but are also environmentally friendly. In addition, modern products are also characterized by reduced consumption of water, resources, and energy in production processes. These measures reduce the carbon footprint and reduce the amount of plastic packaging required. In the present study, seven formulations of environmentally friendly car shampoo concentrates were developed, based entirely on mixtures of bio-based surfactants. The developed formulations were tested for application on the car body surface, allowing the selection of the two best products. For these selected formulations, an in-depth physicochemical analysis was carried out, including pH, density, and viscosity measurements. Comparison of the results with commercial products available on the market was also performed. Additionally, using the multiple light scattering method, the foamability and foam stability were determined for the car shampoos developed. The results obtained indicate the very high application potential of the products under study, which combine high performance and environmental concerns. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Aspects in Colloid and Interface Science)

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16 pages, 2227 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Physiological and Transcriptomic Mechanisms Underlying Vitamin C-Mediated Cold Stress Tolerance in Grafted Cucumber

by Panpan Yu, Junkai Wang, Xuyang Zhang, Zhenglong Weng, Kaisen Huo, Qiuxia Yi, Chenxi Wu, Sunjeet Kumar, Hao Gao, Lin Fu, Yanli Chen and Guopeng Zhu

Plants 2025, 14(15), 2398; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14152398 (registering DOI) - 2 Aug 2025

Abstract

Cucumbers (Cucumis sativus L.) are highly sensitive to cold, but grafting onto cold-tolerant rootstocks can enhance their low-temperature resilience. This study investigates the physiological and molecular mechanisms by which exogenous vitamin C (Vc) mitigates cold stress in grafted cucumber seedlings. Using cucumber ‘Chiyu 505’ as the scion and pumpkin ‘Chuangfan No.1’ as the rootstock, seedlings were grafted using the whip grafting method. In the third true leaf expansion stage, seedlings were foliar sprayed with Vc at concentrations of 50, 100, 150, and 200 mg L⁻¹. Three days after initial spraying, seedlings were subjected to cold stress (8 °C) for 3 days, with continued spraying. After that, morphological and physiological parameters were assessed. Results showed that 150 mg L⁻¹ Vc treatment was most impactive, significantly reducing the cold damage index while increasing the root-to-shoot ratio, root vitality, chlorophyll content, and activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, POD, CAT). Moreover, this treatment enhanced levels of soluble sugars, soluble proteins, and proline compared to control. However, 200 mg L⁻¹ treatment elevated malondialdehyde (MDA) content, indicating potential oxidative stress. For transcriptomic analysis, leaves from the 150 mg L⁻¹ Vc and CK treatments were sampled at 0, 1, 2, and 3 days of cold stress. Differential gene expression revealed that genes associated with photosynthesis (LHCA1), stress signal transduction (MYC2-1, MYC2-2, WRKY22, WRKY2), and antioxidant defense (SOD-1, SOD-2) were initially up-regulated and subsequently down-regulated, as validated by qRT-PCR. Overall, we found that the application of 150 mg L⁻¹ Vc enhanced cold tolerance in grafted cucumber seedlings by modulating gene expression networks related to photosynthesis, stress response, and the antioxidant defense system. This study provides a way for developing Vc biostimulants to enhance cold tolerance in grafted cucumbers, improving sustainable cultivation in low-temperature regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Response to Abiotic Stress and Climate Change)

16 pages, 8522 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Plant Extracts as Modulators of the Wound Healing Process—Preliminary Study

by Anna Herman, Aleksandra Leska, Patrycja Wińska and Andrzej Przemysław Herman

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(15), 7490; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26157490 (registering DOI) - 2 Aug 2025

Abstract

The treatment of chronic wounds is one of the most complex therapeutic problems of modern medicine. It leads to patients’ protracted recovery, generating high treatment costs. Herbal products may be useful in the treatment of chronic wounds via a wide range of pharmacological properties and multidirectional effects on the wound healing phases. The study aims to determine the ability of selected plant extracts to modulate the processes involved in wound healing. The antimicrobial (MIC, MBC, MFC) and antioxidant (ABTS, DPPH) activities, cytotoxicity (MTT test), scratch wound test, and collagen assay were tested. R. canina (MBC 0.39 mg/mL) and V. venifera (MBC 3.13 mg/mL) extracts had bactericidal activities against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus, respectively. The V. vinifera extract showed the highest antioxidant activity in both ABTS (EC50 0.078 mg/mL) and DPPH (EC50 0.005 mg/mL) methods. The percentage of wound closure observed for C. cardunculus, R. rosea, and R. canina extracts with HaCaT, and V. vinifera extract with Hs27 cells was set as 100%. V. vinifera extract (50 μg/mL) stimulated collagen synthesis 5.16 times more strongly than ascorbic acid. Our preliminary study showed that some plant extracts may be promising modulators of the wound healing process, although further in-depth studies are necessary to determine their effectiveness in the in vivo model. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Natural Compound for Wound and Tissue Repair and Regeneration: 3rd Edition)

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16 pages, 1196 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integrated Additive Manufacturing of TGV Interconnects and High-Frequency Circuits via Bipolar-Controlled EHD Jetting

by Dongqiao Bai, Jin Huang, Hongxiao Gong, Jianjun Wang, Yunna Pu, Jiaying Zhang, Peng Sun, Zihan Zhu, Pan Li, Huagui Wang, Pengbing Zhao and Chaoyu Liang

Micromachines 2025, 16(8), 907; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi16080907 (registering DOI) - 2 Aug 2025

Abstract

Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) printing offers mask-free, high-resolution deposition across a broad range of ink viscosities, yet combining void-free filling of high-aspect-ratio through-glass vias (TGVs) with ultrafine drop-on-demand (DOD) line printing on the same platform requires balancing conflicting requirements: for example, high field strengths to drive ink into deep and narrow vias; sufficiently high ink viscosity to prevent gravity-induced leakage; and stable meniscus dynamics to avoid satellite droplets and charge accumulation on the glass surface. By coupling electrostatic field analysis with transient level-set simulations, we establish a dimensionless regime map that delineates stable cone-jetting regime; these predictions are validated by high-speed imaging and surface profilometry. Operating within this window, the platform achieves complete, void-free filling of 200 µm × 1.52 mm TGVs and continuous 10 µm-wide traces in a single print pass. Demonstrating its capabilities, we fabricate transparent Ku-band substrate-integrated waveguide antennas on borosilicate glass: the printed vias and arc feed elements exhibit a reflection coefficient minimum of –18 dB at 14.2 GHz, a –10 dB bandwidth of 12.8–16.2 GHz, and an 8 dBi peak gain with 37° beam tilt, closely matching full-wave predictions. This physics-driven, all-in-one EHD approach provides a scalable route to high-performance, glass-integrated RF devices and transparent electronics. Full article

20 pages, 3035 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study of Taconis-Based Cryogenic Thermoacoustic Engine with Hydrogen and Helium

by Matthew P. Shenton, Jacob W. Leachman and Konstantin I. Matveev

Energies 2025, 18(15), 4114; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18154114 (registering DOI) - 2 Aug 2025

Abstract

Taconis oscillations represent spontaneous excitation of acoustic modes in tubes with large temperature gradients in cryogenic systems. In this study, Taconis oscillations in hydrogen and helium systems are enhanced with a porous material resulting in a standing-wave thermoacoustic engine. A theoretical model is developed using the thermoacoustic software DeltaEC, version v6.4b2.7, to predict system performance, and an experimental apparatus is constructed for engine characterization. The low-amplitude thermoacoustic model predicts the pressure amplitude, frequency, and temperature gradient required for excitation of the standing-wave system. Experimental measurements, including the onset temperature ratio, acoustic pressure amplitudes, and frequencies, are recorded for different stack materials and geometries. The findings indicate that, independent of stack, hydrogen systems excite at smaller temperature differentials than helium (because of different properties such as lower viscosity for hydrogen), and the stack geometry and material affect the onset temperature ratio. However, pressure amplitude in the excited states varies minimally. Initial measurements are also conducted in a cooling setup with an added regenerator. The configuration with stainless-steel mesh screens produces a small cryogenic refrigeration effect with a decrease in temperature of about 1 K. The reported characterization of a Taconis-based thermoacoustic engine can be useful for the development of novel thermal management systems for cryogenic storage vessels, including refrigeration and pressurization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section A5: Hydrogen Energy)

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17 pages, 4983 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Two-Year Post-Fire Abundance of Arthropod Groups Across Different Types of Forest in Temperate Central Europe

by Václav Zumr, Oto Nakládal and Jiří Remeš

Fire 2025, 8(8), 305; https://doi.org/10.3390/fire8080305 (registering DOI) - 2 Aug 2025

Abstract

Forest fires are commonly regarded as negative for ecosystems; however, they also represent a major ecological force shaping the biodiversity of invertebrates and many other organisms. The aim of this study was to better understand how multiple groups of invertebrates respond to wildfire across different forest types in Central Europe. The research was conducted following a large forest fire (ca. 1200 ha) that occurred in 2022. Data were collected over two years (2023 and 2024), from April to September. The research was conducted in coniferous forests and included six pairwise study types: burnt and unburnt dead spruce (bark beetle affected), burnt and unburnt clear-cuts, and burnt and unburnt healthy stands. In total, 96 traps were deployed each year. Across both years, 220,348 invertebrates were recorded (1.Y: 128,323; 2.Y: 92,025), representing 24 taxonomic groups. A general negative trend in abundance following forest fire was observed in the groups Acari, Auchenorhyncha, Blattodea, Dermaptera, Formicidae, Chilopoda, Isopoda, Opiliones, and Pseudoscorionida. Groups showing a neutral response included Araneae, Coleoptera, Collembola, Diplopoda, Heteroptera, Psocoptera, Raphidioptera, Thysanoptera, and Trichoptera. Positive responses, indicated by an increase in abundance, were recorded in Hymenoptera, Orthoptera, Lepidoptera, and Diptera. However, considerable differences among management types (clear-cut, dead spruce, and healthy) were evident, as their distinct characteristics largely influenced invertebrate abundance in both unburnt and burnt variants of the types across all groups studied. Forest fire primarily creates favorable conditions for heliophilous, open-landscape, and floricolous invertebrate groups, while less mobile epigeic groups are strongly negatively affected. In the second year post-fire, the total invertebrate abundance in burnt sites decreased to 59% of the first year’s levels. Conclusion: Forest fire generates a highly heterogeneous landscape from a regional perspective, creating unique ecological niches that persist more than two years after fire. For many invertebrates, successional return toward pre-fire conditions is delayed or incomplete. Full article

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42 pages, 5770 KiB

Open AccessReview

Echoes from Below: A Systematic Review of Cement Bond Log Innovations Through Global Patent Analysis

by Lim Shing Wang, Muhammad Haarith Firdaous and Pg Emeroylariffion Abas

Inventions 2025, 10(4), 67; https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions10040067 (registering DOI) - 2 Aug 2025

Abstract

Maintaining well integrity is essential in the oil and gas industry to prevent environmental hazards, operational risks, and economic losses. Cement bond log (CBL) tools are essential in evaluating cement bonding and ensuring wellbore stability. This study presents a patent landscape review of CBL technologies, based on 3473 patent documents from the Lens.org database. After eliminating duplicates and irrelevant entries, 167 granted patents were selected for in-depth analysis. These were categorized by technology type (wave, electrical, radiation, neutron, and other tools) and by material focus (formation, casing, cement, and borehole fluid). The findings reveal a dominant focus on formation evaluation (59.9%) and a growing reliance on wave-based (22.2%) and other advanced tools (25.1%), indicating a shift toward high-precision diagnostics. Geographically, 75% of granted patents were filed through the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, and 97.6% were held by companies, underscoring the dominance of corporate innovation and the minimal presence of academia and individuals. The review also identifies notable patents that reflect significant technical innovations and discusses their role in advancing diagnostic capabilities. These insights emphasize the need for broader collaboration and targeted research to advance well integrity technologies in line with industry goals for operational performance and safety. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Inventions and Innovation in Energy and Thermal/Fluidic Science)

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14 pages, 9090 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Climate Change on the Global Distribution of Trachypteris picta (Coleoptera: Buprestidae)

by Huafeng Liu, Shuangyi Wang, Yunchun Li, Shuangmei Ding, Aimin Shi, Ding Yang and Zhonghua Wei

Insects 2025, 16(8), 802; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16080802 (registering DOI) - 2 Aug 2025

Abstract

Trachypteris picta (Pallas, 1773) is a significant pest that can cause serious damage to poplars and willows. To assess the impact of climate change on the suitable habitats of T. picta, this study conducted a comparative analysis of its global suitable habitats using climatic factors, global land use type, and global vegetation from different periods, in combination with the maximum entropy (MaxEnt) model. The results indicate that the annual mean temperature (Bio01), mean temperature of the coldest quarter (Bio11), precipitation of the coldest quarter (Bio19), and isothermality (Bio03) are the four most important climate variables determining the distribution of T. picta. Under the current climate conditions, the highly suitable areas are primarily located in southern Europe, covering an area of 2.22 × 10⁶ km². Under future climate scenarios, the suitable habitat for T. picta is expected to expand and shift towards higher latitudes. In the 2050s, the SSP5-8.5 scenario has the largest suitable area compared to other scenarios, while the SSP2-4.5 scenario has the largest suitable area in the 2090s. In addition, the centroids of the total suitable areas are expected to shift toward higher latitudes under future climate conditions. The results of this study provide valuable data for the monitoring, control, and management of this pest. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Pest and Vector Management)

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13 pages, 849 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Morphofunctional Profile Focusing on Strength and Ultrasound of the Upper Limbs in Female Breast Cancer Survivors: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study Between Groups with and Without Lymphoedema and Between Ipsilateral and Contralateral Limbs

by Ana Rafaela Cardozo Da Silva, Juliana Netto Maia, Vanessa Maria Da Silva Alves Gomes, Naiany Tenório, Juliana Fernandes de Souza Barbosa, Ana Claudia Souza da Silva, Vanessa Patrícia Soares de Sousa, Leila Maria Alvares Barbosa, Armèle de Fátima Dornelas de Andrade and Diego Dantas

Biomedicines 2025, 13(8), 1884; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13081884 (registering DOI) - 2 Aug 2025

Abstract

Background: Breast cancer is the most common neoplasm in women. Despite effective treatments, sequelae such as decreased muscle strength, upper limb dysfunction, and tissue changes are common, highlighting the need for functional assessments during rehabilitation. This study analysed the morphofunctional profile of the upper limbs in breast cancer survivors, comparing muscle strength and ultrasound findings between groups with and without lymphoedema, as well as between ipsilateral and contralateral limbs. Methods: This cross-sectional study included female breast cancer survivors treated at an oncology physical therapy clinic. Muscle strength was measured using dynamometry (handgrip and arm flexor strength), and ultrasound assessed the thickness of the dermal–epidermal complex (DEC), subcutaneous tissue (SUB), and muscle (MT). Results: The upper limbs of 41 women were evaluated. No significant differences were observed between those with and without breast cancer-related lymphoedema (BCRL). When comparing the ipsilateral and contralateral limbs, significant reductions were observed in arm flexor strength (p < 0.001; 95% CI: −9.77 to −2.50), handgrip strength (p < 0.001; 95% CI: −4.10 to −1.22), and tissue thickness, with increased DEC thickness on the forearm (0.20 mm; p = 0.022) and arm flexors (0.25 mm; p < 0.001) of the ipsilateral limb. Conclusion: Significant differences in muscle strength and tissue structure between ipsilateral and contralateral limbs may reflect surgical and local pathophysiological effects. A trend toward reduced values for these parameters was also noted in limbs with BCRL, reinforcing the importance of future research to elucidate underlying mechanisms and guide more effective therapeutic strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular and Translational Medicine)

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23 pages, 3916 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Leveraging Wearable Sensors for the Identification and Prediction of Defensive Pessimism Personality Traits

by You Zhou, Dongfen Li, Bowen Deng and Weiqian Liang

Micromachines 2025, 16(8), 906; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi16080906 (registering DOI) - 2 Aug 2025

Abstract

Defensive pessimism, an important emotion regulation and motivation strategy, has increasingly attracted scholarly attention in psychology. Recently, sensor-based methods have begun to supplement or replace traditional questionnaire surveys in personality research. However, current approaches for collecting vital signs data face several challenges, including limited monitoring durations, significant data deviations, and susceptibility to external interference. This paper proposes a novel approach using a NiCr/NiSi alloy film temperature sensor, which has a K-type structure and flexible piezoelectric pressure sensor to identify and predict defensive pessimism personality traits. Experimental results indicate that the Seebeck coefficients for K-, T-, and E-type thermocouples are approximately 41 μV/°C, 39 μV/°C, and 57 μV/°C, respectively, which align closely with national standards and exhibit good consistency across multiple experimental groups. Moreover, radial artery frequency experiments demonstrate a strong linear relationship between pulse rate and the intensity of external stimuli, where stronger stimuli correspond to faster pulse rates. Simulation experiments further reveal a high correlation between radial artery pulse frequency and skin temperature, and a regression model based on the physiological sensor data shows a good fit (p < 0.05). These findings verify the feasibility of using temperature and flexible piezoelectric pressure sensors to identify and predict defensive pessimism personality characteristics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structural Analyses and Designs for Flexible/Stretchable Electronics, 3rd Edition)

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21 pages, 1024 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Impact of Environmental Factors on the Secretion of Gastrointestinal Hormones

by Joanna Smarkusz-Zarzecka, Lucyna Ostrowska and Marcelina Radziszewska

Nutrients 2025, 17(15), 2544; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17152544 (registering DOI) - 2 Aug 2025

Abstract

The enteroendocrine system of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is the largest endocrine organ in the human body, playing a central role in the regulation of hunger, satiety, digestion, and energy homeostasis. Numerous factors—including dietary components, physical activity, and the gut microbiota—affect the secretion of GI hormones. This study aims to analyze how these factors modulate enteroendocrine function and influence systemic metabolic regulation. This review synthesizes the current scientific literature on the physiology and distribution of enteroendocrine cells and mechanisms of hormone secretion in response to macronutrients, physical activity, and microbial metabolites. Special attention is given to the interactions between gut-derived signals and central nervous system pathways involved in appetite control. Different GI hormones are secreted in specific regions of the digestive tract in response to meal composition and timing. Macronutrients, particularly during absorption, stimulate hormone release, while physical activity influences hormone concentrations, decreasing ghrelin and increasing GLP-1, PYY, and leptin levels. The gut microbiota, through fermentation and metabolite production (e.g., SCFAs and bile acids), modulates enteroendocrine activity. Species such as Akkermansia muciniphila are associated with improved gut barrier integrity and enhanced GLP-1 secretion. These combined effects contribute to appetite regulation and energy balance. Diet composition, physical activity, and gut microbiota are key modulators of gastrointestinal hormone secretion. Their interplay significantly affects appetite regulation and metabolic health. A better understanding of these relationships may support the development of personalized strategies for managing obesity and related disorders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional Immunology)

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