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Electric Vehicles Integrated with Green Energy Sources
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Electric Vehicles Integrated with Green Energy Sources

A special issue of World Electric Vehicle Journal (ISSN 2032-6653).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2021) | Viewed by 40101

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Ching-Ming Lai

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Electrical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
Interests: electric vehicles; microgrid; power electronics

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Aiming to mitigate the negative effect of climate change while maintaining social prosperity as a priority, the broad theme of sustainability is targeting a balance between economic growth and sustainable mobility. In this context, as a consequence of climate change concerns, the automotive industry is facing major investment targeting to reduce its dependence on fossil fuels. Therefore, the transportation sector is adopting the electric mobility paradigm, entailing a set of important questions about sustainability, namely, about the required amount of electricity for driving an electric vehicle, the environmental impact due to the amount of energy required to produce EV (including batteries). This work concentrates on EV adoption integrated with GES. Specifically, this Special Issue examines the feasibility of significantly reducing GHG emissions by integrating EVs with GESs for sustainable mobility.

Topics of interest include but are not limited to the following:

  • Solar energy/wind energy/biomass energy/hydroelectric power/geothermal energy;
  • Smart grids;
  • Battery storage systems/battery SoC, SoH, and thermal estimations;
  • Battery charging, balancing, and management technologies;
  • Information, communication; machine learning; IoT; and big data for green energy, storage systems, and smart grids;
  • Threats, challenges, and opportunities associated with integrating green energy, storage systems, and smart grids;
  • Case studies on recent advances in green energy, storage systems, and smart grids;
  • Environmental, economic, policy, or social impacts of green energy, energy storage systems, and smart grids;
  • Power electronics-based solutions for plug-in hybrid electric vehicle energy storage and management systems;
  • New techniques in design and controller implementation for a battery ultracapacitor hybrid electric vehicle energy storage system;
  • Multi-objective genetic algorithms for the optimal design of parallel hybrid electric vehicles;
  • Modeling, design, control, and implementation of a modified integrated PV/grid/EV DC charger/inverter;
  • Innovative methods for thermal management in modern electric vehicle battery systems.

Dr. Ching-Ming Lai
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. World Electric Vehicle Journal is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • electric vehicles (EVs)
  • green energy sources (GESs)

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Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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12 pages, 1152 KiB  
Article
Vehicle-to-Water (V2W) Concept for Disaster Relief to Ensure Safe Access to Freshwater and Electricity—A Proposed System Where Electric Vehicles Power the Desalination Process
by Jennifer Leijon and Olof Lindahl
World Electr. Veh. J. 2021, 12(4), 179; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj12040179 - 4 Oct 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2721
Abstract
In this paper, the concept of vehicle-to-water is proposed for disaster relief. This, along with a presentation of a new system including an electric vehicle of van type, with roof-mounted solar panels and a desalination system installed in its cargo hold. The system [...] Read more.
In this paper, the concept of vehicle-to-water is proposed for disaster relief. This, along with a presentation of a new system including an electric vehicle of van type, with roof-mounted solar panels and a desalination system installed in its cargo hold. The system can be used for transportation and water and electricity supply, with zero tailpipe emissions. The mobile electric vehicle and desalination system are expected to be beneficial for communities with an urgent need for freshwater while also lacking electricity, such as during natural disasters or societal crises in coastal regions. It is related to the water–energy nexus and is an interdisciplinary project. The electric vehicle would have to be charged from a grid-connected charging infrastructure, and the desalination system would require an inlet of seawater and would generate freshwater and brine. The presentation of the innovative system is followed by a brief case study, estimating the amount of freshwater that could be generated and the amount of people that could benefit from such a system. It is estimated that one system could produce up to 29,333 L of freshwater daily, suggesting that around 1466 people could fulfill their personal daily freshwater need of 20 L during a disaster. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Vehicles Integrated with Green Energy Sources)
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16 pages, 5086 KiB  
Article
Electrification of Urban Waste Collection: Introducing a Simulation-Based Methodology for Technical Feasibility, Impact and Cost Analysis
by Ricardo Ewert, Alexander Grahle, Kai Martins-Turner, Anne Magdalene Syré, Kai Nagel and Dietmar Göhlich
World Electr. Veh. J. 2021, 12(3), 122; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj12030122 - 17 Aug 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3395
Abstract
Electrification is a potential solution for transport decarbonization and already widely available for individual and public transport. However, the availability of electrified commercial vehicles like waste collection vehicles is still limited, despite their significant contribution to urban emissions. Moreover, there is a lack [...] Read more.
Electrification is a potential solution for transport decarbonization and already widely available for individual and public transport. However, the availability of electrified commercial vehicles like waste collection vehicles is still limited, despite their significant contribution to urban emissions. Moreover, there is a lack of clarity whether electric waste collection vehicles can persist in real world conditions and which system design is required. Therefore, we introduce a multi-agent-based simulation methodology to investigate the technical feasibility and evaluate environmental and economic sustainability of an electrified urban waste collection. We present a synthetic model for waste collection demand on a per-link basis, using open available data. The tour planning is solved by an open-source algorithm as a capacitated vehicle routing problem (CVRP). This generates plausible tours which handle the demand. The generated tours are simulated with an open-source transport simulation (MATSim) for both the diesel and the electric waste collection vehicles. To compare the life cycle costs, we analyze the data using total cost of ownership (TCO). Environmental impacts are evaluated based on a Well-to-Wheel approach. We present a comparison of the two propulsion types for the exemplary use case of Berlin. And we are able to generate a suitable planning to handle Berlin’s waste collection demand using battery electric vehicles only. The TCO calculation reveals that the electrification raises the total operator cost by 16–30%, depending on the scenario and the battery size with conservative assumptions. Furthermore, the greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) can be reduced by 60–99%, depending on the carbon footprint of electric power generation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Vehicles Integrated with Green Energy Sources)
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10 pages, 1568 KiB  
Article
Change in Fuel Consumption of a Hybrid Vehicle When Operating in the Far North
by Alexey V. Shvetsov
World Electr. Veh. J. 2021, 12(3), 104; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj12030104 - 30 Jul 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4021
Abstract
This paper studies the effect of extremely low outdoor temperatures (−40...−50 °C) on the increase in fuel consumption of a passenger car with a hybrid powertrain when operating in the far north regions. The experiment was carried out in the climatic conditions of [...] Read more.
This paper studies the effect of extremely low outdoor temperatures (−40...−50 °C) on the increase in fuel consumption of a passenger car with a hybrid powertrain when operating in the far north regions. The experiment was carried out in the climatic conditions of the far north ern territory of the city of Yakutsk, Russia (Russian Federation). At the first stage of the experiment, data on fuel consumption of a hybrid vehicle in the summer season at an outdoor temperature in the range of +20...+30 °C were obtained. At the second stage of the experiment, data on fuel consumption of a hybrid vehicle in the winter season at extremely low outdoor temperatures in the range of −40...−50 °C were obtained. As a result, by comparing the fuel consumption data obtained in the first and second stages of the experiment, data on the effect of extremely low outdoor temperatures on fuel consumption of a hybrid vehicle were obtained. The obtained data may be of interest to manufacturers of hybrid vehicles, as well as to consumers of their products, including taxi services and individual car owners living (working) in the northern regions of the planet. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Vehicles Integrated with Green Energy Sources)
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24 pages, 1407 KiB  
Article
Analysis of Electric Moped Scooter Sharing in Berlin: A Technical, Economic and Environmental Perspective
by Chris Wortmann, Anne Magdalene Syré, Alexander Grahle and Dietmar Göhlich
World Electr. Veh. J. 2021, 12(3), 96; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj12030096 - 2 Jul 2021
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 6140
Abstract
Electric moped scooter sharing services have recently experienced strong growth rates, particularly in Europe. Due to their compactness, environmental-friendliness and convenience, shared e-mopeds are suitable for helping to reduce the environmental impact of urban transport. However, its traffic-related, economic and environmental effects are [...] Read more.
Electric moped scooter sharing services have recently experienced strong growth rates, particularly in Europe. Due to their compactness, environmental-friendliness and convenience, shared e-mopeds are suitable for helping to reduce the environmental impact of urban transport. However, its traffic-related, economic and environmental effects are merely represented in academic research. Therefore, this study investigates the ability of an e-moped sharing system to substitute passenger car trips, and the resulting economic and environmental effects. First, we model fleets of 2500, 10,000 and 50,000 shared e-mopeds in Berlin, based on a passenger car scenario generated by the multi-agent transport simulation framework MATSim. Afterwards, the total cost of ownership and a life cycle assessment are conducted. The results indicate that a substantial part of all passenger car trips in Berlin can be substituted. The larger the fleet, the more and longer trips are replaced. Simultaneously, the efficiency in terms of fleet utilization decreases. The scenario with 10,000 e-mopeds offers the lowest total distance-based costs for sharing operators, whereas a fleet consisting of 2500 vehicles exhibits the lowest environmental emissions per kilometer. Already with today’s grid mix, the use of shared e-mopeds results in a significant reduction in environmental impact compared to conventional and battery-electric passenger cars. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Vehicles Integrated with Green Energy Sources)
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19 pages, 2896 KiB  
Article
Application and Evaluation of Load Management Systems in Urban Low-Voltage Grid Planning
by Patrick Wintzek, Shawki Alsayed Ali, Kevin Kotthaus, Julian Wruk, Markus Zdrallek, Julian Monscheidt, Ben Gemsjäger and Adam Slupinski
World Electr. Veh. J. 2021, 12(3), 91; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj12030091 - 25 Jun 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2806
Abstract
Not all urban low-voltage grids will be able to integrate new loads such as charging infrastructure for electric mobility or electrical heat pumps into existing structures without further measures. Therefore, this article analyzes to what extent load management is more cost-effective than conventional [...] Read more.
Not all urban low-voltage grids will be able to integrate new loads such as charging infrastructure for electric mobility or electrical heat pumps into existing structures without further measures. Therefore, this article analyzes to what extent load management is more cost-effective than conventional grid expansion. Methodically, the different load types are first apportioned from country to grid-level on the basis of different parameters. Subsequently, both conventional grid planning as a reference variant and innovative grid planning with different variants of load management are carried out. As a result, it can be summarized that the future success of load management is strongly dependent on its costs and whether the necessary information and communication technology is already deployed in the grids. Regardless of the costs, there is also considerable potential for savings in conventional grid expansions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Vehicles Integrated with Green Energy Sources)
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19 pages, 992 KiB  
Article
Design and Performance Analysis of Misalignment Tolerant Charging Coils for Wireless Electric Vehicle Charging Systems
by Eiman ElGhanam, Mohamed Hassan, Ahmed Osman and Hanin Kabalan
World Electr. Veh. J. 2021, 12(3), 89; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj12030089 - 24 Jun 2021
Cited by 33 | Viewed by 5710
Abstract
In order to design a high efficiency Wireless Electric Vehicle Charging (WEVC) system, the design of the different system components needs to be optimized, particularly the design of a high-coupling, misalignment-tolerant inductive link (IL), comprising primary and secondary charging coils. Different coil geometries [...] Read more.
In order to design a high efficiency Wireless Electric Vehicle Charging (WEVC) system, the design of the different system components needs to be optimized, particularly the design of a high-coupling, misalignment-tolerant inductive link (IL), comprising primary and secondary charging coils. Different coil geometries can be utilized for the primary and the secondary sides, each with a set of advantages and drawbacks in terms of weight, cost, coupling at perfect alignment and coupling at lateral misalignments. In this work, a Finite Element Method (FEM)-based systematic approach for the design of double-D (DD) charging coils is presented in detail. In particular, this paper studies the effect of different coil parameters, namely the number of turns and the turn-to-turn spacing, on the coupling performance of the IL at perfect alignment and at ±200 mm lateral misalignment, given a set of space constraints. The proposed design is verified by an experimental prototype to validate the accuracy of the FEM model and the simulation results. Accordingly, FEM simulations are utilized to compare the performance of rectangular, DD and DDQ coils. The FEM results prove the importance of utilizing an additional quadrature coil on the secondary side, despite the added weight and cost, to further improve the misalignment tolerance of the proposed inductive link design. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Vehicles Integrated with Green Energy Sources)
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Review

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22 pages, 795 KiB  
Review
Review of Communication Technologies for Electric Vehicle Charging Management and Coordination
by Eiman ElGhanam, Mohamed Hassan, Ahmed Osman and Ibtihal Ahmed
World Electr. Veh. J. 2021, 12(3), 92; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj12030092 - 28 Jun 2021
Cited by 49 | Viewed by 13954
Abstract
Recently, electric vehicles (EVs) have been introduced as an alternative method of transportation to help mitigate environmental issues, such as carbon emissions and fuel consumption, caused by conventional transportation systems. The implementation of effective EV charging systems is essential to motivate mass adoption [...] Read more.
Recently, electric vehicles (EVs) have been introduced as an alternative method of transportation to help mitigate environmental issues, such as carbon emissions and fuel consumption, caused by conventional transportation systems. The implementation of effective EV charging systems is essential to motivate mass adoption of EVs. Accordingly, fast and reliable communications between the charging systems and the EVs are vital for efficient management of the charging process. Different radio access technologies (RATs) are discussed in the literature to enable communication between the highly mobile EVs and the charging subsystems, to collect and exchange information such as state of charge (SoC), users’ locations, and charging decisions between the different network entities. This information can be used to coordinate charging plans and select the optimal routes for moving vehicles. This paper presents a survey of existing literature on vehicular communications for EV charging coordination and management. The communication requirements and feasible communication technologies for vehicular communication are first discussed in details. A review of the physical layer security strategies is then presented and the role of the different RATs in EV charging coordination and management is described and studied. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Vehicles Integrated with Green Energy Sources)
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