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Solutions to the Challenge of Implementing Air Conditioning Systems in...
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Solutions to the Challenge of Implementing Air Conditioning Systems in Electric Vehicles

A special issue of World Electric Vehicle Journal (ISSN 2032-6653).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 July 2025 | Viewed by 3449

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Zhenying Zhang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, China
Interests: refrigeration; air conditioning; heat pump; electric vehicle

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

To achieve “carbon peak and carbon neutrality”, various countries and regions have introduced policies and regulations to promote the development of electric vehicles, and the direction towards global long-term zero carbon emissions has been determined. As a necessary component of electric vehicles, air conditioning systems will certainly have large-scale market demand under the support of relevant policies in various countries.

An air conditioning system provides cooling, heating and ventilation in the cabin of a vehicle, which is necessary to control the interior thermal environment and ensure visibility. However, air conditioning systems are electrically powered, so in an electric vehicle, the range is reduced when the air conditioning system is operating. Thus, electric vehicles present a particular challenge to the development of more efficient air conditioning systems. This Special Issue invites original research or review papers that address solutions to implementing air conditioning systems in electric vehicles, such as:

  • The design and optimization of electric vehicle air conditioning systems.
  • Operation strategy and performance investigation of electric vehicle air conditioning.
  • Integrated thermal management systems combining air conditioning and a battery pack.
  • Case studies or experimental validation of novel electric vehicle air conditioning systems.
  • Design and optimization of key components, for example, compressors, heat exchangers, throttling device, and so on.
  • Heat transfer characteristics of heat exchangers in electric vehicle air conditioning.
  • Refrigerant replacement in electric vehicle air conditioning systems.
  • Control system development of electric vehicle air conditioning systems.
  • Life cycle climate performance evaluation of electric vehicle air conditioning systems.
  • Indoor thermal environment  of electric vehicles.
  • Refrigeration or heat pump systems in electric vehicles.

This Special Issue welcomes papers that present novel theoretical, computational, or experimental results that advance the state of the art in air conditioning and thermal management systems in electric vehicles.

Prof. Dr. Zhenying Zhang
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. World Electric Vehicle Journal is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • electric vehicle
  • air conditioning
  • thermal management
  • heat transfer
  • refrigerant replacement
  • indoor thermal environment

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

17 pages, 25118 KiB  
Article
Experimental Performance Investigation of an Air–Air Heat Exchanger and Improved Insulation for Electric Truck Cabins
by Dominik Dvorak, Milan Kardos, Imre Gellai and Dragan Šimić
World Electr. Veh. J. 2025, 16(3), 129; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj16030129 - 26 Feb 2025
Viewed by 1973
Abstract
Battery electric vehicles (BEVs) are one promising approach to mitigating local greenhouse gas emissions. However, they still lag behind conventional vehicles in terms of maximum driving range. Using the heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) system reduces the maximum driving range of the vehicle [...] Read more.
Battery electric vehicles (BEVs) are one promising approach to mitigating local greenhouse gas emissions. However, they still lag behind conventional vehicles in terms of maximum driving range. Using the heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) system reduces the maximum driving range of the vehicle even further since the energy for the HVAC system must come from the battery. This work investigates the impact of (1) an air–air heat exchanger and (2) an improved thermal insulation of a truck cabin on the heating performance of the HVAC system. Additionally, the required fresh-air volume flow rate to keep the CO2 level within the truck cabin below the critical value of 1000 ppm is factored in. The results show that the two simple measures proposed could increase the energy efficiency of the truck’s HVAC system by 22%. When two persons are present in the truck cabin, a fresh-air volume flow of around 100 m3/h is required to keep the CO2 concentration around 1000 ppm. These results prove that, even with simple measures, the energy efficiency of vehicles’ subsystems can be increased. In the future, more research will be necessary to further improve the energy efficiency of other vehicular subsystems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solutions to the Challenge of Implementing Air Conditioning Systems in Electric Vehicles)
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31 pages, 8073 KiB  
Article
Optimising Ventilation Strategies for Improved Driving Range and Comfort in Electric Vehicles
by Matisse Lesage, David Chalet and Jérôme Migaud
World Electr. Veh. J. 2025, 16(2), 98; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj16020098 - 12 Feb 2025
Viewed by 805
Abstract
A car cabin’s small volume makes it vulnerable to discomfort if temperature, humidity, and carbon dioxide levels are poorly regulated. In electric vehicles, the HVAC system draws energy from the car battery, reducing the driving range by several dozen kilometres under extreme conditions. [...] Read more.
A car cabin’s small volume makes it vulnerable to discomfort if temperature, humidity, and carbon dioxide levels are poorly regulated. In electric vehicles, the HVAC system draws energy from the car battery, reducing the driving range by several dozen kilometres under extreme conditions. A 1D simulation model calibrated for the Renault ZOE was used to evaluate the effects of ventilation parameters on thermal comfort, humidity, and power consumption. The results highlighted the interdependence of factors such as the recirculation ratio and blower flow rate, showing that energy-efficient settings depend on ambient conditions and other factors (such as occupancy, vehicle speed, infiltration). Adjustments can reduce heat pump energy use, but no single setting optimally balances power consumption and thermal comfort across all scenarios. The opti-CO2 mode is proposed as a trade-off, offering energy savings while maintaining safety and comfort. This mode quickly achieves the cabin temperature target, limits carbon dioxide concentration at a safe level (1100 ppm), minimises fogging risks, and reduces heat pump power consumption. Compared to fresh air mode, the opti-CO2 mode extends the driving range by 9 km in cold conditions and 26 km in hot conditions, highlighting its potential for improving energy efficiency and occupant comfort in electric vehicles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solutions to the Challenge of Implementing Air Conditioning Systems in Electric Vehicles)
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