World Electric Vehicle Journal

Research

30 pages, 3057 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Intricate DG and EV Planning Impact Assessment with Seasonal Variation in a Three-Phase Distribution System

by Abhinav Kumar, Sanjay Kumar, Umesh Kumar Sinha and Aashish Kumar Bohre

World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(9), 425; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15090425 - 19 Sep 2024

Modern power systems present opportunities and challenges when integrating distributed generation and electric vehicle charging stations into unbalanced distribution networks. The performance and efficiency of both Distributed Generation (DG) and Electric Vehicle (EV) infrastructure are significantly affected by global temperature variation characteristics, which [...] Read more.

Modern power systems present opportunities and challenges when integrating distributed generation and electric vehicle charging stations into unbalanced distribution networks. The performance and efficiency of both Distributed Generation (DG) and Electric Vehicle (EV) infrastructure are significantly affected by global temperature variation characteristics, which are taken into consideration in this study as it investigates the effects of these integrations. This scenario is further complicated by the unbalanced structure of distribution networks, which introduces inequalities that can enhance complexity and adverse effects. This paper analyzes the manner in which temperature changes influence the network operational voltage profile, power quality, energy losses, greenhouse harmful emissions, cost factor, and active and reactive power losses using analytical and heuristic techniques in the IEEE 69 bus network in both three-phase balance and modified unbalanced load conditions. In order to maximize adaptability and efficiency while minimizing the adverse impacts on the unbalanced distribution system, the findings demonstrate significant variables to take into account while locating the optimal location and size of DG and EV charging stations. To figure out the objective, three-phase distribution load flow is utilized by the particle swarm optimization technique. Greenhouse gas emissions dropped by 61.4%, 64.5%, and 60.98% in each of the three temperature case circumstances, while in the modified unbalanced condition, they dropped by 57.55%, 60.39%, and 62.79%. In balanced conditions, energy loss costs are reduced by 95.96%, 96.01%, and 96.05%, but in unbalanced conditions, they are reduced by 91.79%, 92.06%, and 92.46%. The outcomes provide valuable facts that electricity companies, decision-makers, along with other energy sector stakeholders may utilize to formulate strategies that adapt to the fluctuating patterns of electricity distribution during fluctuations in global temperature under balanced and unbalanced conditions of network. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power and Energy Systems for E-mobility)

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16 pages, 2194 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating Synergies between Electric Vehicles and Photovoltaics: A Comparative Study of Urban Environments

by Renos Rotas, Petros Iliadis, Nikos Nikolopoulos and Ananias Tomboulides

World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(9), 397; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15090397 - 2 Sep 2024

Viewed by 378

Abstract

Electric vehicles (EVs) and photovoltaics (PVs) are expected to be broadly adopted in future power systems. However, the temporal variability of EV load and PV production presents challenges for integrating them into the power grid. This study evaluates and assesses the synergies between [...] Read more.

Electric vehicles (EVs) and photovoltaics (PVs) are expected to be broadly adopted in future power systems. However, the temporal variability of EV load and PV production presents challenges for integrating them into the power grid. This study evaluates and assesses the synergies between EVs and PV systems to maximize solar energy utilization for EV load coverage. The configurations studied include EV charging via the national grid as a reference case (Case 1) and two solar energy harvesting options: EVs powered directly by vehicle-mounted PVs (Case 2) and EV chargers connected to residential PV installations (Case 3). These cases are evaluated across different urban environments with large EV fleets and dissimilar weather conditions: Berlin and Los Angeles. A customized operation profile based on the worldwide harmonized light-duty test cycle (WLTC) and a charge-right-away (CRA) strategy is used. Energy performance analysis is conducted through dynamic simulations using the Modelica language, with environmental and economic indices derived. Key findings highlight the superior performance of residential PV systems in both cities compared to current solar EV technologies, with both solutions offering significant benefits over the reference case. Cases 2 and 3 result in a 44% and 59% reduction in annual energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, and charging costs in Berlin, while in Los Angeles, the reductions are 67% and 98%. The average daily solar driving range reaches 20.3% in Berlin and 30.4% in Los Angeles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power and Energy Systems for E-mobility)

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21 pages, 5940 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Performance Analysis of Multiple Energy-Storage Devices Used in Electric Vehicles

by Kiran Raut, Asha Shendge, Jagdish Chaudhari, Ravita Lamba, Tapas Mallick and Anurag Roy

World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(8), 357; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15080357 - 8 Aug 2024

Viewed by 695

Abstract

Considering environmental concerns, electric vehicles (EVs) are gaining popularity over conventional internal combustion (IC) engine-based vehicles. Hybrid energy-storage systems (HESSs), comprising a combination of batteries and supercapacitors (SCs), are increasingly utilized in EVs. Such HESS-equipped EVs typically outperform standard electric vehicles. However, the [...] Read more.

Considering environmental concerns, electric vehicles (EVs) are gaining popularity over conventional internal combustion (IC) engine-based vehicles. Hybrid energy-storage systems (HESSs), comprising a combination of batteries and supercapacitors (SCs), are increasingly utilized in EVs. Such HESS-equipped EVs typically outperform standard electric vehicles. However, the effective management of power sources to meet varying power demands remains a major challenge in the hybrid electric vehicles. This study presents the development of a MATLAB Simulink model for a hybrid energy-storage system aimed at alleviating the load on batteries during periods of high power demand. Two parallel combinations are investigated: one integrating the battery with a supercapacitor and the other with a photovoltaic (PV) system. These configurations address challenges encountered in EVs, such as power fluctuations and battery longevity issues. Although batteries are commonly used in conjunction with solar PV systems for energy storage, they incur higher operating costs due to the necessity of converters. The findings suggest that the proposed supercapacitor–battery configuration reduces battery peak power consumption by up to 39%. Consequently, the supercapacitor–battery HESS emerges as a superior option, possibly prolonging battery cycle life by mitigating stress induced by fluctuating power exchanges during the charging and discharging phases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power and Energy Systems for E-mobility)

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27 pages, 7136 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Study on an Energy-Regenerative Braking Model Using Supercapacitors and DC Motors

by Alistair Teasdale, Lucky Ishaku, Chiemela Victor Amaechi, Ibitoye Adelusi and Abdelrahman Abdelazim

World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(7), 326; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15070326 - 22 Jul 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 874

Abstract

This study presents an energy regeneration model and some theory required to construct a regeneration braking system. Due to the effects of carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions, there is increasing interest in the use of electric vehicles (EVs), electric bikes, electric bicycles, [...] Read more.

This study presents an energy regeneration model and some theory required to construct a regeneration braking system. Due to the effects of carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions, there is increasing interest in the use of electric vehicles (EVs), electric bikes, electric bicycles, electric buses and electric aircraft globally. In order to promote the use of electric transportation systems, there is a need to underscore the impact of net zero emissions. The development of EVs requires regenerating braking system. This study presents the advantages of regenerative braking. This system is globally seen in applications such as electric cars, trams, and trains. In this study, the design specification, design methodology, testing configurations, Simulink model, and recommendations will be outlined. A unique element of this work is the practical experiment that was carried out using 1.5 Amps with no load and 2.15 Amps with a load. The discharge voltage was purely from the 22 W bulb load connected to the capacitor bank as we limited this study to the use of 1.5 Amps and it took 15 min for a full discharge cycle, after which no charge was left in the capacitor bank. The results showed that the discharge rate and charging rate for the regenerative braking system were effective but could be improved. The objective of this paper is to investigate how a supercapacitor works alongside a battery in regenerative braking applications. This study demonstrates that the superconductor used can deliver maximum power when required. Also, it can also withstand elevated peaks in charging or discharging current via the supercapacitor. Combining a battery with a supercapacitor reduces the abrupt load on the battery by shifting it to the capacitor. When these two combinations are used in tandem, the battery pack’s endurance and lifespan are both boosted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power and Energy Systems for E-mobility)

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23 pages, 7194 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Energy Consumption Estimation Method of Battery Electric Buses Based on Real-World Driving Data

by Peng Wang, Qiao Liu, Nan Xu, Yang Ou, Yi Wang, Zaiqiang Meng, Ning Liu, Jiyao Fu and Jincheng Li

World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(7), 314; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15070314 - 18 Jul 2024

Viewed by 713

Abstract

The estimation of energy consumption under real-world driving conditions is a prerequisite for optimizing bus scheduling and meeting the requirements of route operation, thereby promoting the large-scale application of battery electric buses. However, the limitation of data accuracy and the uncertainty of many [...] Read more.

The estimation of energy consumption under real-world driving conditions is a prerequisite for optimizing bus scheduling and meeting the requirements of route operation, thereby promoting the large-scale application of battery electric buses. However, the limitation of data accuracy and the uncertainty of many factors, such as weather conditions, traffic conditions, and driving styles, etc. make accurate energy consumption estimation complicated. In response to these challenges, a new method for estimating the energy consumption of battery electric buses (BEBs) is proposed in this research. This method estimates the speed profiles of different driving styles and the energy consumption extremes using real-world driving data. First, this research provides the constraints on speed formed by environmental factors including weather conditions, route characteristics, and traffic characteristics. On this basis, there are two levels of estimation for energy consumption. The first level classifies different driving styles and constructs the corresponding speed profiles with the time interval (10 s), the same as real-world driving data. The second level further constructs the speed profiles with the time interval of 1 s by filling in the first-level speed profiles and estimating the energy consumption extremes. Finally, the estimated maximum and minimum value of energy consumption were compared with the true value and the results showed that the real energy consumption did not exceed the extremes we estimated, which proves the method we proposed is reasonable and useful. Therefore, this research can provide a theoretical foundation for the deployment of battery electric buses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power and Energy Systems for E-mobility)

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31 pages, 3073 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Overview of Sustainable Mobility: The Role of Electric Vehicles in Energy Communities

by Jozsef Menyhart

World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(6), 275; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15060275 - 20 Jun 2024

Viewed by 1074

Abstract

From 2035 onward, the registration of new conventional internal combustion engine vehicles will be prohibited in the European Union. This shift is driven by steadily rising fuel prices and growing concerns over carbon dioxide emissions. Electric vehicles (EVs) are becoming increasingly popular across [...] Read more.

From 2035 onward, the registration of new conventional internal combustion engine vehicles will be prohibited in the European Union. This shift is driven by steadily rising fuel prices and growing concerns over carbon dioxide emissions. Electric vehicles (EVs) are becoming increasingly popular across Europe, and many manufacturers now offer modified models, making pure internal combustion versions unavailable for certain types. Additionally, the comparatively lower operational costs of EVs for end users further bolster their appeal. In the European Union, new directives have been established to define innovative approaches to energy use in Member States, known as energy communities. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the architecture of energy communities, electric vehicles, and the V2X technologies currently on the market. It highlights the evolution of electric vehicle adoption in the EU, contextualizing it within broader energy trends and presenting future challenges and development opportunities related to energy communities. The paper details the diversification of electricity sources among Member States and the share of generated electricity that is utilized for transport. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power and Energy Systems for E-mobility)

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23 pages, 10187 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Hardware Implementation of a Resilient Energy Management System for Networked Microgrids

by Hossam M. Hussein, S M Sajjad Hossain Rafin, Mahmoud S. Abdelrahman and Osama A. Mohammed

World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(5), 209; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15050209 - 10 May 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 950

Abstract

A networked microgrid is composed of multiple nearby microgrids linked together to gain additional flexibility for resilient operations. Networked microgrids collaborate to prevent power shortages in microgrid clusters by sharing critical renewable and energy storage resources. However, controlling the local resources of each [...] Read more.

A networked microgrid is composed of multiple nearby microgrids linked together to gain additional flexibility for resilient operations. Networked microgrids collaborate to prevent power shortages in microgrid clusters by sharing critical renewable and energy storage resources. However, controlling the local resources of each microgrid, including the energy storage systems’ charging and discharging, maintaining the DC bus voltage, and even overseeing the power shared by multiple microgrids, is challenging. Therefore, a microgrid control technique and distributed energy management are used cooperatively in this study to handle the shared power between a system of networked microgrids incorporating photovoltaics and battery energy storage systems. Numerical simulation results from a networked microgrid system verify the accuracy and soundness of the suggested distributed energy management under several operating conditions, including renewable uncertainties and sequential load variations in different zones. The applicability of the suggested technique is confirmed by hardware implementation, and several operational scenarios further evaluate the proposed system on a practical two-microgrid system located in the Florida International University (FIU) testbed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power and Energy Systems for E-mobility)

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21 pages, 2519 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Systemic Evaluation of PV Self-Consumption Optimization Using Electric Vehicles

by Kirstin Ganz, Timo Kern and Michael Hinterstocker

World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(3), 98; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15030098 - 5 Mar 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1639

Abstract

The shift to electric transportation is crucial to fighting climate change. However, Germany’s goal of 15 million electric vehicles (EVs) by 2030 remains distant. Therefore, enhancing their economic viability is essential to promoting EV adoption. One promising option to increase the economics for [...] Read more.

The shift to electric transportation is crucial to fighting climate change. However, Germany’s goal of 15 million electric vehicles (EVs) by 2030 remains distant. Therefore, enhancing their economic viability is essential to promoting EV adoption. One promising option to increase the economics for the user is PV self-consumption optimization using smart charging EVs. Yet, more research is needed to explore the use case’s impacts on the German/European energy systems. Therefore, PV self-consumption optimization using EVs is integrated into an energy system model, assessing its impact on the energy system in 2030. For this purpose, the use case is modeled for different groups of people—personas—which are defined in a way that creates a diverse set of personas reflecting the distribution of different statistical values within Germany. The modified (dis)charging profiles are then aggregated and integrated into the energy system model. With a high implementation of PV self-consumption optimization in Germany in 2030, a positive system effect (with a system cost reduction of 53 million EUR/a) can be observed with a lower need for further storage and less curtailment of renewable energies (RES). Furthermore, the market values for RES increase by 0.7%, which fosters the integration of RES. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power and Energy Systems for E-mobility)

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Graphical abstract

11 pages, 1043 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Economic Prospects of Taxis Powered by Hydrogen Fuel Cells in Palestine

by Fady M. A. Hassouna and Kangwon Shin

World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(2), 50; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15020050 - 5 Feb 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1637

Abstract

Recently, major problems related to fuel consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have arisen in the transportation sector. Therefore, developing transportation modes powered by alternative fuels has become one of the main targets for car manufacturers and governments around the world. This study [...] Read more.

Recently, major problems related to fuel consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have arisen in the transportation sector. Therefore, developing transportation modes powered by alternative fuels has become one of the main targets for car manufacturers and governments around the world. This study aimed to investigate the economic prospects of using hydrogen fuel cell technology in taxi fleets in Westbank. For this purpose, a model that could predict the number of taxis was developed, and the expected economic implications of using hydrogen fuel cell technology in taxi fleets were determined based on the expected future fuel consumption and future fuel cost. After analysis of the results, it was concluded that a slight annual increase in the number of taxis in Palestine is expected in the future, due to the government restrictions on issuing new taxi permits in order to get this sector organized. Furthermore, using hydrogen fuel cells in taxi fleets is expected to become more and more feasible over time due to the expected future increase in oil price and the expected significant reduction in hydrogen cost as a result of the new technologies that are expected to be used in the production and handling of hydrogen. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power and Energy Systems for E-mobility)

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Review

Jump to: Research, Other

17 pages, 1815 KiB

Open AccessReview

Energy Management Strategies for Hybrid Electric Vehicles: A Technology Roadmap

by Vikram Mittal and Rajesh Shah

World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(9), 424; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15090424 - 18 Sep 2024

Viewed by 367

Abstract

Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) are set to play a critical role in the future of the automotive industry. To operate efficiently, HEVs require a robust energy management strategy (EMS) that decides whether the vehicle is powered by the engine or electric motors while [...] Read more.

Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) are set to play a critical role in the future of the automotive industry. To operate efficiently, HEVs require a robust energy management strategy (EMS) that decides whether the vehicle is powered by the engine or electric motors while managing the battery’s state of charge. The EMS must rapidly adapt to driver demands and optimize energy usage, ideally predicting battery charge rates and fuel consumption to adjust the powertrain in real time, even under unpredictable driving conditions. As HEVs become more prevalent, EMS technologies will advance to improve predictive capabilities. This analysis provides an overview of current EMS systems, including both rule-based and optimization-based approaches. It explores the evolution of EMS development through a technology roadmap, highlighting the integration of advanced algorithms such as reinforcement learning and deep learning. The analysis addresses the technologies that underly this evolution, including machine learning, cloud computing, computer vision, and swarm technology. Key advances and challenges in these technologies are discussed, along with their implications for the next generation of EMS systems for HEVs. The analysis of these technologies indicates that they will play a key role in the evolution of EMS technology, allowing it to better optimize driver needs and fuel economy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power and Energy Systems for E-mobility)

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21 pages, 1213 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Comprehensive Analysis of Supercapacitors and Their Equivalent Circuits—A Review

by Pranathi Mehra, Sahaj Saxena and Suman Bhullar

World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(8), 332; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15080332 - 25 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1026

Abstract

Supercapacitors (SCs) are an emerging energy storage technology with the ability to deliver sudden bursts of energy, leading to their growing adoption in various fields. This paper conducts a comprehensive review of SCs, focusing on their classification, energy storage mechanism, and distinctions from [...] Read more.

Supercapacitors (SCs) are an emerging energy storage technology with the ability to deliver sudden bursts of energy, leading to their growing adoption in various fields. This paper conducts a comprehensive review of SCs, focusing on their classification, energy storage mechanism, and distinctions from traditional capacitors to assess their suitability for different applications. To investigate the voltage response of SCs, the existing electrical equivalent circuits are further studied. The analysis is carried forward with the parameter of impedance, which has not so far been addressed. Impedance analysis is essential for a better understanding of SCs as capacitors work on alternating source of supply. The paper also highlights the applications of SCs in electric automobiles and charging stations, showcasing their advantages such as fast charging and higher power density compared to traditional capacitors. Additionally, other applications in areas like the military, medicine, and industry are discussed, demonstrating the versatility of SC technology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power and Energy Systems for E-mobility)

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Other

Jump to: Research, Review

27 pages, 3439 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

A Systematic Review on the Integration of Artificial Intelligence into Energy Management Systems for Electric Vehicles: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives

by Paul Arévalo, Danny Ochoa-Correa and Edisson Villa-Ávila

World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(8), 364; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15080364 - 13 Aug 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1588

Abstract

This systematic review paper examines the current integration of artificial intelligence into energy management systems for electric vehicles. Using the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) methodology, 46 highly relevant articles were systematically identified from extensive literature research. Recent advancements [...] Read more.

This systematic review paper examines the current integration of artificial intelligence into energy management systems for electric vehicles. Using the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) methodology, 46 highly relevant articles were systematically identified from extensive literature research. Recent advancements in artificial intelligence, including machine learning, deep learning, and genetic algorithms, have been analyzed for their impact on improving electric vehicle performance, energy efficiency, and range. This study highlights significant advancements in energy management optimization, route planning, energy demand forecasting, and real-time adaptation to driving conditions through advanced control algorithms. Additionally, this paper explores artificial intelligence’s role in diagnosing faults, predictive maintenance of electric propulsion systems and batteries, and personalized driving experiences based on driver preferences and environmental factors. Furthermore, the integration of artificial intelligence into addressing security and cybersecurity threats in electric vehicles’ energy management systems is discussed. The findings underscore artificial intelligence’s potential to foster innovation and efficiency in sustainable mobility, emphasizing the need for further research to overcome current challenges and optimize practical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power and Energy Systems for E-mobility)

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