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Viruses
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Viral Hemorrhagic Disease
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Viral Hemorrhagic Disease

A special issue of Viruses (ISSN 1999-4915). This special issue belongs to the section "Animal Viruses".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 October 2025 | Viewed by 2023

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Joseph W. Golden

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
Interests: host–pathogen interaction; virology; immunology; pathogenesis
Dr. Aura R. Garrison

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
Interests: qRT-PCR; virology; vaccines; DNA vaccine; molecular virology; antivirals; ticks; molecular cloning

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Haemorrhagic fever viruses (HFVs) constitute a broad group of unrelated pathogens that include family members of the Arenaviridae, Filoviridae, Flaviviridae, Hantaviridae, Nairoviridae, and Phenuiviridae, among others. HFVs can spread to humans by rodent and insect vectors, or by direct human-to-human transmission. These viruses produce a spectrum of human illnesses ranging from mild, marginally symptomatic to life-threatening and catastrophic. Viral and host factors influencing such diametrically opposed outcomes are not well understood. Furthermore, more evidence suggests that several HFVs can persistently infect their host and re-emerge months or years after the primary infection. Such recrudescence has resulted in sexual transmission to uninfected humans. This Special Issue, entitled "Viral Hemorrhagic Disease", seeks to present state-of-the-art research on these key aspects of HFVs and serve as a reference point that increases our understanding of the HFV host–pathogen relationship and identifies intervention strategies that prevent severe outcomes. Key topics for this Special Issue include, but are not limited to, the following:

  • Host factors contributing to severe disease;
  • Immune correlates of protection;
  • Animal models;
  • Persistent infections;
  • Surveillance of hemorrhagic fever viruses;
  • Prophylactic and therapeutic development against hemorrhagic fever viruses.

Reviews, original research, and communications are all welcome.

Dr. Joseph W. Golden
Dr. Aura R. Garrison
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Viruses is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • host factors contributing to severe disease
  • immune correlates of protection
  • animal models
  • persistent infections
  • surveillance of hemorrhagic fever viruses
  • prophylactic and therapeutic development against hemorrhagic fever viruses

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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11 pages, 1067 KiB  
Article
Seroprevalence and Risk Factors of Crimean–Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Exposure in Wild and Domestic Animals in Benin
by Roland Eric Yessinou, Souaïbou Farougou, James Olukayode Olopade, Daniel Oladimeji Oluwayelu, Anise Happi, Christian Happi and Martin Groschup
Viruses 2025, 17(3), 387; https://doi.org/10.3390/v17030387 - 8 Mar 2025
Viewed by 631
Abstract
Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a tick-borne zoonotic viral disease prevalent in Africa. While infection is asymptomatic in animals, it can cause severe illness with hemorrhagic manifestations and high mortality rates in humans. This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence and potential risk [...] Read more.
Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a tick-borne zoonotic viral disease prevalent in Africa. While infection is asymptomatic in animals, it can cause severe illness with hemorrhagic manifestations and high mortality rates in humans. This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence and potential risk factors of CCHF in wild (rodents, birds) and domestic (cattle, horses) animals in Benin. A cross-sectional study was carried out from 2022 to 2024 with the assistance of cattle breeders, hunters, farmers and bushmeat sellers in 15 districts found in three agroecological zones in the country. A total of 366 serum samples were analyzed, comprising 254 collected from wild animals and 112 from domestic animals. Among the wild animals tested, 1.18% (95% CI: 0.31–3.70; n = 3) were seropositive for antibodies against CCHF virus (CCHFV). The seroprevalence rates were 3.7% (95% CI: 0.19–20.89) in squirrels, 5.88% (95% CI: 0.31–30.76) in hares and 1.19% (95% CI: 0.06–7.38) in giant rats. In domestic animals, anti-CCHFV antibodies were detected in 38 of the 112 samples, resulting in an overall seroprevalence of 33.93% (95% CI: 25.42–43.56). Specifically, antibodies were identified in 34 out of 81 cattle (41.98%, 95% CI: 31.26–53.46) and 4 out of 24 horses (16.67%, 95% CI: 5.48–38.19). No positive samples were reported in pigeons. This study provides the first seroprevalence data on CCHF in wild and domestic animals in Benin. It highlights the risk and epidemiological dynamics of the disease and underscores the need for further investigations into tick vectors and human populations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Viral Hemorrhagic Disease)
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14 pages, 1761 KiB  
Article
Serological Evidence of Hantavirus in Bats from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest: An Investigation of Seroreactivity and Cross-Reactivity of Neotropical Bat Samples Using Nucleoproteins of Rodent- and Bat-Borne Hantaviruses
by Caroline Lacorte Rangel, Silvia da Silva Fontes, Marcus Vinicius de Mattos Silva, Jorlan Fernandes, Janaina Figueira Mansur, Emmanuel Messias Vilar, Sócrates Fraga da Costa-Neto, Roberto Leonan Morim Novaes, Pedro Cordeiro-Estrela, Ricardo Moratelli, Elba Regina Sampaio de Lemos, Ronaldo Mohana Borges, Rodrigo Nunes Rodrigues-da-Silva and Renata Carvalho de Oliveira
Viruses 2024, 16(12), 1857; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16121857 - 29 Nov 2024
Viewed by 949
Abstract
Hantaviruses are zoonotic pathogens associated with severe human diseases such as hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. Despite the extensive study of rodent-borne hantaviruses, research on bat-associated hantaviruses remains limited. This study aimed to investigate the seroprevalence and cross-reactivity of [...] Read more.
Hantaviruses are zoonotic pathogens associated with severe human diseases such as hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. Despite the extensive study of rodent-borne hantaviruses, research on bat-associated hantaviruses remains limited. This study aimed to investigate the seroprevalence and cross-reactivity of neotropical bat samples with rodent- and bat-associated recombinant hantavirus nucleoproteins (rNPs) to improve hantavirus surveillance in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. The studied bat population consisted of 336 blood samples collected over nearly a decade in five Brazilian states (Bahia, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina, Paraná, and Minas Gerais). Antibodies were detected using IgG ELISA assays with rNPs from bat-borne Mobatvirus xuansonense (XSV) and Loanvirus brunaense (BRNV) and the rodent-borne hantaviruses Orthohantavirus andesense (ANDV) and Orthohantavirus seoulense (SEOV). Results indicated a higher seroprevalence for the BRNV rNP (36.6%) compared to ANDV (7.4%), SEOV (5.7%), and XSV (0.6%). The high sensitivity of the BRNV rNP and the cross-reactivity observed with the ANDV rNP, the main protein used for serological tests in the Americas, indicates that BRNV rNP is a better antigen for the accurate detection of antibodies against hantaviruses in Brazilian bats. These findings underscore the presence of unknown hantaviruses antigenically similar to BRNV in Brazilian bat populations and highlight the urgent need for identifying better antigens for comprehensive hantavirus monitoring in bats. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Viral Hemorrhagic Disease)
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Review

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23 pages, 544 KiB  
Review
Virucidal Approaches for Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses
by Raymond W. Nims and M. Khalid Ijaz
Viruses 2025, 17(5), 663; https://doi.org/10.3390/v17050663 (registering DOI) - 30 Apr 2025
Abstract
We have reviewed the primary literature on the virucidal efficacy of microbicidal active ingredients, formulated microbicides, and physical inactivation approaches (heat, irradiation) for hemorrhagic fever viruses (HFVs) (arenaviruses, filoviruses, flaviviruses, hantaviruses, nairoviruses, and phenuiviruses), and for two non-typical HFV paramyxoviruses. As each of [...] Read more.
We have reviewed the primary literature on the virucidal efficacy of microbicidal active ingredients, formulated microbicides, and physical inactivation approaches (heat, irradiation) for hemorrhagic fever viruses (HFVs) (arenaviruses, filoviruses, flaviviruses, hantaviruses, nairoviruses, and phenuiviruses), and for two non-typical HFV paramyxoviruses. As each of these HFVs are large, lipid-enveloped RNA viruses, their susceptibilities to virucidal agents are informed by the so-called hierarchy of susceptibility of pathogens to microbicides. The unique susceptibility of lipid-enveloped viruses to most classes of microbicides is based on the common mechanisms of action of envelope-disrupting microbicides. Despite this, due to the relatively great lethality of these viruses, it is prudent (where possible) to confirm the expected efficacies of inactivation approaches in testing involving the HFVs themselves (as opposed to less lethal surrogate viruses) using field-relevant methods. Empirical data for virucidal activities of microbicidal active ingredients, formulated microbicides, and physical inactivation approaches, such as heat, ultraviolet light, and gamma irradiation, that were collected specifically for HFVs have been reviewed and summarized in this paper. These empirical data for surface and hand hygiene approaches, liquid inactivation approaches, and approaches for rendering diagnostic samples safe to handle inform non-pharmaceutical interventions intended to mitigate transmission risk associated with these HFVs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Viral Hemorrhagic Disease)
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