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Viruses
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Viral Diseases of Livestock and Diagnostics, 2nd Edition
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Viral Diseases of Livestock and Diagnostics, 2nd Edition

A special issue of Viruses (ISSN 1999-4915). This special issue belongs to the section "Animal Viruses".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 September 2025 | Viewed by 1745

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Scott P. Kenney

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Center for Food Animal Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
Interests: molecular virology; virus host interactions; zoonotic diseases; hepatitis; hepatitis E virus; African swine fever virus; coronavirus
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Production animals represent one of the major sources of protein for a significant portion of the world’s population. High-density livestock production systems are highly vulnerable to disease outbreaks due to their large numbers of animals combined with the continuous breeding of young animals that are naïve for circulating pathogens. Additionally, livestock animals and products derived from livestock animals represent the largest area in terms of the human–animal interaction interface. On a daily basis, billions of humans interact with food items derived from livestock, interface with livestock directly, or encounter waste products generated from livestock facilities. This constant interaction allows viruses to sample humans as hosts, posing a threat for zoonotic transmission. The adaptation of animal viruses to humans could result in new pandemics. This threat is not unidirectional as livestock farmers can also transmit diseases to their animals in a process known as zooanthroponosis or reverse zoonosis. The keys limiting the spread of existing and emerging diseases are vigilance and understanding these pathogens.

Diseases such as influenza, COVID-19, and Rift Valley fever have highlighted the need for the in-depth understanding of disease transmission. Rapid diagnostic tools in the field help generate the basic knowledge that provides the foundation for future disease prevention. Newer technologies, allowing for faster, more sensitive, more accurate, and cost-effective diagnostics, are needed to monitor and treat emerging threats before they become established on farms.

This Special Issue is intended to publish the research of academics with scientific expertise in virology, disease transmission, and diagnostics. Submitted article should aim to (1) understand the current and emerging viral diseases within the livestock industry; (2) use emerging technologies that can possibly contribute to new diagnostic tools; and (3) utilize new approaches to eradicate potential viral pathogenic livestock threats.

Dr. Scott P. Kenney
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Viruses is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • viral disease
  • zoonosis
  • zooanthroponosis
  • production animal

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Related Special Issue

Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

10 pages, 2185 KiB  
Article
Testing the Tenacity of Small Ruminant Lentiviruses In Vitro to Assess the Potential Risk of Indirect Fomites’ Transmission
by Maksym Samoilenko, Vitalii Nedosekov and Giuseppe Bertoni
Viruses 2025, 17(3), 419; https://doi.org/10.3390/v17030419 - 14 Mar 2025
Viewed by 492
Abstract
In 2011–2013, we isolated and characterized small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs) from two flocks, one of goats and the other of sheep, that had never been in direct contact. Phylogenetic analysis of these viruses indicated a common origin, which led us to hypothesize indirect [...] Read more.
In 2011–2013, we isolated and characterized small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs) from two flocks, one of goats and the other of sheep, that had never been in direct contact. Phylogenetic analysis of these viruses indicated a common origin, which led us to hypothesize indirect transmission of these viruses between the two flocks. Since, to our knowledge, there are no published data on the tenacity of these viruses, we started this work. In the first part, we monitored the loss of infectivity of two prototypic SRLV strains, MVV 1514 and CAEV-CO, over time, in liquid suspension. As expected, the suspensions stored at 4 °C better preserved the infectivity of the viruses. Additionally, viruses resuspended in milk, the medium mirroring the in vivo situation, proved more tenacious than those maintained in a cell culture medium. These viruses, subjected to harsh treatments such as drying and resuspending, partially maintained their replication capacity. After an immediate loss of nearly 1 log10 TCID50 immediately after desiccation, the viruses maintained their replication capacity for at least three weeks when desiccated in milk. These results suggest that fomites, clothing, or pastures contaminated with secretions or milk from infected animals might mediate the infection of animals independently of direct contact. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Viral Diseases of Livestock and Diagnostics, 2nd Edition)
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12 pages, 1930 KiB  
Article
Optimizing Tongue Fluid Sampling and Testing Protocols for Enhanced PRRSV Isolation from Perinatal Swine Mortalities
by Onyekachukwu Henry Osemeke, Isadora Machado, Elisa De Conti, Mariah Musskopf, Mafalda Pedro Mil-Homens, Samuel Stutzman, Baoqing Guo, Thomas Petznick, Gustavo De-Sousa-E Silva, Phillip Gauger, Jianqiang Zhang and Daniel C. L. Linhares
Viruses 2025, 17(1), 102; https://doi.org/10.3390/v17010102 - 14 Jan 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1051
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) remains a major concern for swine health. Isolating PRRSV is essential for identifying infectious viruses and for vaccine formulation. This study evaluated the potential of using tongue fluid (TF) from perinatal piglet mortalities for PRRSV isolation. [...] Read more.
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) remains a major concern for swine health. Isolating PRRSV is essential for identifying infectious viruses and for vaccine formulation. This study evaluated the potential of using tongue fluid (TF) from perinatal piglet mortalities for PRRSV isolation. Four collection protocols were tested: extracting TF from fresh tissues using phosphate-buffered saline (PBS group), extracting TF from fresh tissues using virus transportation medium (VTM group), extracting TF from freeze-thawed tissue (freeze-thaw group), and using tissue homogenates (homogenate group). Two cell lines (ZMAC and MARC-145) and primary alveolar macrophages (PAM) were evaluated for their effect on successful PRRSV isolation. An eligible PRRSV-positive unstable breeding herd in Midwestern USA was chosen for the study. Tongues were collected in 20 batches (~30 mortalities per batch). Within each batch, each tongue tissue was cut into four quarters, with each quarter randomly assigned to one of the four collection protocols and RT-qPCR tested. Virus isolation (VI) was attempted on 10 batches. The mean RT-qPCR cycle threshold (Ct) values for the PBS, VTM, freeze-thaw, and homogenate groups were 21.9, 21.8, 22.6, and 24.8, respectively. The VI success rate was 22.6%, 12.1%, 2.8%, and 2.8% in the PBS, VTM, freeze-thaw, and homogenate groups, respectively. The probability of successful VI was 3.1% and 21.0% in the MARC-145 and ZMAC cell lines, respectively, and 4.8% in the PAM cells. TF from perinatal mortalities is an option for PRRS VI, aiding in PRRSV monitoring and control programs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Viral Diseases of Livestock and Diagnostics, 2nd Edition)
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