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Viruses
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Equine Influenza 2023
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Equine Influenza 2023

A special issue of Viruses (ISSN 1999-4915). This special issue belongs to the section "Animal Viruses".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 July 2024) | Viewed by 3865

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Stephane Pronost

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
BioTARGen—Biologie, Génétique et Thérapies OstéoArticulaires et Respiratoires, Saint-Contest, France
Interests: equine immunology; equine influenza virus; equine herpesvirus; equine grass sickness
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Gang Lu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
Interests: molecular mechanisms of natural immune factors in animals to limit virus replication; emerging infectious diseases in animals and their pathogenic mechanisms; diagnostic techniques for clinical diseases in animals
Dr. Romain Paillot

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Science & Engineering, School of Agriculture, Animal and Environmental Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
Interests: equine infectious diseases; immunology; vaccination; equine influenza
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Equine influenza virus (EIV) is one of the most important pathogens of the horse. While equine influenza virus from the H7N7 subtype is no longer circulating, the H3N8 subtype, first isolated in the 1960s, still represents a significant threat to horse populations. Despite long-lasting surveillance efforts and the availability of numerous vaccines, the active circulation of equine influenza virus worldwide continues to cause outbreaks and disrupt the equine industry on a regular basis. For example, several hundred equine influenza outbreaks were reported between 2018 and 2019, leading to horse race disruptions and equine influenza vaccination requirement modifications in numerous European countries. In 2022 and now 2023, a surge in equine influenza outbreaks is occurring. While good equine influenza vaccine coverage may mitigate the spread, size, and impact of the disease, it is clear that all actors of the equine industry have a role to play in order to improve the prevention and protection of horses and meet the challenges associated with this pathogen.

This Special Issue aims to gather reviews and original research articles to explore our understanding of equine influenza. The objective of the issue is to provide an overview of the virus and its disease, from its epidemiology, evolution, and pathogenicity, to the efficacy and effectiveness of current equine influenza vaccines and prevention strategies, and finally, about its importance in terms of welfare and economic impact.

Kind Regards.

Dr. Stephane Pronost
Dr. Gang Lu
Dr. Romain Paillot
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Viruses is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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14 pages, 1161 KiB  
Article
First Molecular Detection and Epidemiological Analysis of Equine Influenza Virus in Two Regions of Colombia, 2020–2023
by Juliana Gonzalez-Obando, Angélica Zuluaga-Cabrera, Isabel Moreno, Jaime Úsuga, Karl Ciuderis, Jorge E. Forero, Andrés Diaz, Carlos Rojas-Arbeláez, Juan P. Hernández-Ortiz and Julian Ruiz-Saenz
Viruses 2024, 16(6), 839; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16060839 - 24 May 2024
Viewed by 972
Abstract
Equine influenza is a viral disease caused by the equine influenza virus (EIV), and according to the WOAH, it is mandatory to report these infections. In Latin America and Colombia, EIV risk factors have not been analyzed. The objective of this research is [...] Read more.
Equine influenza is a viral disease caused by the equine influenza virus (EIV), and according to the WOAH, it is mandatory to report these infections. In Latin America and Colombia, EIV risk factors have not been analyzed. The objective of this research is to perform an epidemiological and molecular analysis of the EIV in horses with respiratory symptoms from 2020 to 2023 in Colombia. Molecular EIV detection was performed using RT–qPCR and nanopore sequencing. A risk analysis was also performed via the GEE method. A total of 188 equines with EIV respiratory symptoms were recruited. The positivity rate was 33.5%. The descriptive analysis showed that only 12.8% of the horses were vaccinated, and measures such as the quarantine and isolation of symptomatic animals accounted for 91.5% and 88.8%, respectively. The variables associated with the EIV were the non-isolation of positive individuals (OR = 8.16, 95% CI (1.52–43.67), p = 0.014) and sharing space with poultry (OR = 2.16, 95% CI (1.09–4.26), p = 0.027). In conclusion, this is the first EIV investigation in symptomatic horses in Colombia, highlighting the presence of the virus in the country and the need to improve preventive and control measures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Equine Influenza 2023)
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21 pages, 1669 KiB  
Systematic Review
Systematic Review of Equine Influenza A Virus Vaccine Studies and Meta-Analysis of Vaccine Efficacy
by Sol Elliott, Olaolu T. Olufemi and Janet M. Daly
Viruses 2023, 15(12), 2337; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15122337 - 28 Nov 2023
Viewed by 2122
Abstract
Vaccines against equine influenza have been available since the late 1960s, but outbreaks continue to occur periodically, affecting both vaccinated and unvaccinated animals. The aim of this study was to systematically evaluate the efficacy of vaccines against influenza A virus in horses (equine [...] Read more.
Vaccines against equine influenza have been available since the late 1960s, but outbreaks continue to occur periodically, affecting both vaccinated and unvaccinated animals. The aim of this study was to systematically evaluate the efficacy of vaccines against influenza A virus in horses (equine IAV). For this, PubMed, CAB abstracts, and Web of Science were searched for controlled trials of equine IAV vaccines published up to December 2020. Forty-three articles reporting equine IAV vaccination and challenge studies in previously naïve equids using an appropriate comparison group were included in a qualitative analysis of vaccine efficacy. A value for vaccine efficacy (VE) was calculated as the percentage reduction in nasopharyngeal virus shedding detected by virus isolation in embryonated hens’ eggs from 38 articles. Among 21 studies involving commercial vaccines, the mean VE was 50.03% (95% CI: 23.35–76.71%), ranging from 0 to 100%. Among 17 studies reporting the use of experimental vaccines, the mean VE was 40.37% (95% CI: 19.64–62.44), and the range was again 0–100%. Overall, complete protection from virus shedding was achieved in five studies. In conclusion, although commercially available vaccines can, in some circumstances, offer complete protection from infection, the requirement for frequent vaccination in the field to limit virus shedding and hence transmission is apparent. Although most studies were conducted by a few centres, a lack of consistent study design made comparisons difficult. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Equine Influenza 2023)
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