Coronavirus Therapy: Antiviral Drugs and Anti-Inflammatory Immunopharmacology

A special issue of Viruses (ISSN 1999-4915). This special issue belongs to the section "Coronaviruses".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 September 2026 | Viewed by 2012

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
School of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an, China
Interests: research on anti-infective agents and development of pharmacological evaluation frameworks; development of viral protease inhibitors, PROTACs, and molecular glues; discovery of small-molecule kinase inhibitors; functions and regulation of inflammatory pathways in infectious diseases; therapeutic strategies for infection-induced cytokine storm and hyperinflammation
School of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an, China
Interests: drug development against pan-coronavirus infections; new strategies to combat bacterial antimicrobial resistance; drug design and optimization informed by computational chemistry and structural biology; mechanistic studies of targeted degradation pathways for druggable targets

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Guest Editor
School of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an, China
Interests: development of therapeutic strategies grounded in medicinal chemistry; design and development of antivirals and agents targeting multidrug-resistant bacteria; development of synthetic methodologies and elucidation of reaction/formation mechanisms

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Even as the acute phase of the COVID-19 pandemic recedes, coronaviruses remain a global health challenge with evolving variants and sporadic outbreaks. Direct-acting antivirals have delivered substantial benefits, and controlling the excessive inflammation of severe illness is equally vital. These antiviral and immunomodulatory strategies have saved many lives, yet important questions persist regarding breadth of activity, resistance, access, and durability. The emergence of new variants and limitations of current options underscore the need for next-generation antivirals and immunopharmacological tools that are effective against current and future coronaviruses.

To advance this field, Viruses invites multidisciplinary contributions. We welcome papers on novel antiviral agents and targets, including discovery, and development of small molecules, peptides, and biologics against coronaviruses. We encourage studies of viral and host targets and broad-spectrum strategies. We are interested in innovative platforms that include mRNA- or siRNA-based antivirals, gene therapies, and nanoparticle delivery systems that enhance targeted delivery and the efficacy of antiviral or immunomodulatory treatments. We also welcome AI-driven discovery and repurposing that identify new therapeutics, optimize design, and repurpose existing drugs.

This Special Issue highlights new technologies and multidisciplinary perspectives that will shape the future of coronavirus therapy. We encourage experimental and clinical studies and SotA literature reviews that synthesize recent advances. By assembling diverse insights on antiviral drugs and anti-inflammatory immunopharmacology, we aim to foster dialogue that accelerates development of effective treatments for current and emerging threats. We warmly invite researchers from all relevant fields to contribute their work to this Special Issue of Viruses.

Dr. Chengyuan Liang
Dr. Lei Tian
Dr. Mengzhou Wang
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • coronavirus therapeutics
  • antiviral target
  • host-directed antivirals
  • immunomodulation
  • diagnostics
  • prevention
  • antiviral resistance
  • AI-driven drug discovery

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

17 pages, 30860 KB  
Article
Elucidating the Molecular Mechanism of 3D1 Antibody Binding to a Swine Enteric Coronavirus Antigen
by Liangminghui Zhang, Ze Liang, Guang Yang and Lei Yan
Viruses 2026, 18(2), 208; https://doi.org/10.3390/v18020208 - 5 Feb 2026
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Abstract
The broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibody 3D1 potently neutralizes SADS-CoV by targeting a conserved epitope within the heptad repeat 1 (HR1) domain of the viral spike protein. Structural and biophysical analyses demonstrate that 3D1 binds with high affinity to a specific linear β-turn motif [...] Read more.
The broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibody 3D1 potently neutralizes SADS-CoV by targeting a conserved epitope within the heptad repeat 1 (HR1) domain of the viral spike protein. Structural and biophysical analyses demonstrate that 3D1 binds with high affinity to a specific linear β-turn motif (residues A804–N809) in HR1. High-resolution crystallography reveals that this motif sits within a deep, electrostatically complementary paratope groove. Critically, 3D1 binding competitively inhibits the essential interaction between HR1 and HR2. Notably, its recognition is not dependent on HR1’s native helical conformation, as it maintains strong binding to conformationally constrained, stapled helical peptides. Collectively, the data indicate that 3D1 neutralizes by capturing a pre-hairpin intermediate state of HR1—a transition state between prefusion and postfusion forms—thereby sterically blocking the formation of the stable postfusion six-helix bundle that is essential for membrane fusion. This work defines a precise, structure-dependent neutralizing epitope and elucidates a mechanism of action that involves trapping a key fusion intermediate, offering a valuable template for the design of broad-spectrum coronavirus therapeutics. Full article
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17 pages, 2196 KB  
Article
Developing Synthetic Full-Length SARS-CoV-2 cDNAs and Reporter Viruses for High-Throughput Antiviral Drug Screening
by Megha Rohamare, Nidhi Kaushik, Juveriya Qamar Khan, Mahrokh Balouchi, Joaquin Lopez-Orozco, Robert Kozak, Tom C. Hobman, Darryl Falzarano, Anil Kumar and Joyce A. Wilson
Viruses 2026, 18(1), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/v18010044 - 27 Dec 2025
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Abstract
The continuing spread of SARS-CoV-2 and the associated morbidity and mortality, especially in vulnerable populations, highlight the need for the development of antiviral therapeutics. Reverse genetics systems and reporter viruses are valuable for antiviral screening by simplifying methods to detect and quantify virus [...] Read more.
The continuing spread of SARS-CoV-2 and the associated morbidity and mortality, especially in vulnerable populations, highlight the need for the development of antiviral therapeutics. Reverse genetics systems and reporter viruses are valuable for antiviral screening by simplifying methods to detect and quantify virus infections. This study aimed to generate wild-type and Nluc reporter full-length SARS-CoV-2 molecular clones and viruses as tools for high-throughput antiviral assays. The large SARS-CoV-2 genome (~30 kb) makes cDNA cloning and virus rescue technically challenging, so we opted to use cDNA chemical synthesis services to generate full-length wild-type and reporter Delta and Omicron clones. Clone-derived Delta and Omicron wild-type and reporter viruses were successfully rescued and showed replication kinetics comparable to patient-derived isolates. Nluc reporter viruses displayed stable luciferase expression that correlated with viral titres, supporting their reliability as replication substitutes. Antiviral assays measuring replication inhibition by Remdesivir, Molnupiravir, and Nirmatrelvir, based on Nluc expression, yielded IC50 values and selectivity indices consistent with published ranges. Finally, Delta Nluc viruses replicated in primary human bronchial epithelial cells, demonstrating the application of clone-derived viruses in physiologically relevant models. The SARS-CoV-2 cDNA clones and Nluc reporter viruses derived from DNA synthesis services provide a rapid, scalable reverse genetics platform for generating new viruses and developing assays to rapidly assess antiviral compounds against current and emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants or coronaviruses that may emerge in the future. Full article
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