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Viruses
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Emerging Zoonotic Paramyxoviruses
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Emerging Zoonotic Paramyxoviruses

A special issue of Viruses (ISSN 1999-4915). This special issue belongs to the section "Animal Viruses".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 April 2025) | Viewed by 9522

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Glenn Marsh

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Geelong, Australia
Interests: virology; emerging infectious diseases; animal models; pre-clinical vaccine and therapeutic testing
Jennifer Barr

E-Mail Website
Co-Guest Editor
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Geelong, Australia
Interests: virology; emerging infectious diseases; animal models; serological assays; viral infection

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Paramyxoviruses are a large family of negative-sense RNA viruses with a broad host tropism. Several bat-borne paramyxoviruses have been identified as zoonotic, including henipaviruses and pararubulaviruses. The two original members of the henipavirus genus (Hendra and Nipah viruses) are lethal in humans and animals, whereas other more recently discovered members are non-pathogenic or have an unknown pathogenicity. Zoonotic pararubulaviruses, such as the Menangle virus, can cause mild flu-like symptoms in humans or be asymptomatic. In recent years, we have seen an increase in the identification of emerging zoonotic paramyxoviruses, particularly from bat species.   

In this Special Issue, we aim to provide original and review articles describing newly emerging zoonotic paramyxoviruses and advances in the knowledge of recently emerged zoonotic paramyxoviruses.

Dr. Glenn Marsh
Jennifer Barr
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Viruses is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • paramyxovirus
  • zoonotic
  • bat

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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12 pages, 2304 KiB  
Article
Rousettus aegyptiacus Fruit Bats Do Not Support Productive Replication of Cedar Virus upon Experimental Challenge
by Björn-Patrick Mohl, Sandra Diederich, Kerstin Fischer and Anne Balkema-Buschmann
Viruses 2024, 16(9), 1359; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16091359 - 26 Aug 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1666
Abstract
Cedar henipavirus (CedV), which was isolated from the urine of pteropodid bats in Australia, belongs to the genus Henipavirus in the family of Paramyxoviridae. It is closely related to the Hendra virus (HeV) and Nipah virus (NiV), which have been classified at [...] Read more.
Cedar henipavirus (CedV), which was isolated from the urine of pteropodid bats in Australia, belongs to the genus Henipavirus in the family of Paramyxoviridae. It is closely related to the Hendra virus (HeV) and Nipah virus (NiV), which have been classified at the highest biosafety level (BSL4) due to their high pathogenicity for humans. Meanwhile, CedV is apathogenic for humans and animals. As such, it is often used as a model virus for the highly pathogenic henipaviruses HeV and NiV. In this study, we challenged eight Rousettus aegyptiacus fruit bats of different age groups with CedV in order to assess their age-dependent susceptibility to a CedV infection. Upon intranasal inoculation, none of the animals developed clinical signs, and only trace amounts of viral RNA were detectable at 2 days post-inoculation in the upper respiratory tract and the kidney as well as in oral and anal swab samples. Continuous monitoring of the body temperature and locomotion activity of four animals, however, indicated minor alterations in the challenged animals, which would have remained unnoticed otherwise. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Zoonotic Paramyxoviruses)
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Review

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19 pages, 620 KiB  
Review
Zoonotic Paramyxoviruses: Evolution, Ecology, and Public Health Strategies in a Changing World
by Francesco Branda, Grazia Pavia, Alessandra Ciccozzi, Angela Quirino, Nadia Marascio, Giovanni Matera, Chiara Romano, Chiara Locci, Ilenia Azzena, Noemi Pascale, Daria Sanna, Marco Casu, Giancarlo Ceccarelli, Massimo Ciccozzi and Fabio Scarpa
Viruses 2024, 16(11), 1688; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16111688 - 29 Oct 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2415
Abstract
The family Paramyxoviridae includes a number of negative RNA viruses known for their wide host range and significant zoonotic potential. In recent years, there has been a surge in the identification of emerging zoonotic paramyxoviruses, particularly those hosted by bat species, which serve [...] Read more.
The family Paramyxoviridae includes a number of negative RNA viruses known for their wide host range and significant zoonotic potential. In recent years, there has been a surge in the identification of emerging zoonotic paramyxoviruses, particularly those hosted by bat species, which serve as key reservoirs. Among these, the genera Henipavirus and Pararubulavirus are of particular concern. Henipaviruses, including the highly pathogenic Hendra and Nipah viruses, have caused severe outbreaks with high mortality rates in both humans and animals. In contrast, zoonotic pararubulaviruses such as the Menangle virus typically induce mild symptoms or remain asymptomatic in human hosts. This review summarizes current knowledge on the evolution, ecology, and epidemiology of emerging zoonotic paramyxoviruses, focusing on recently discovered viruses and their potential to cause future epidemics. We explore the molecular mechanisms underlying host-switching events, viral replication strategies, and immune evasion tactics that facilitate interspecies transmission. In addition, we discuss ecological factors influencing virus emergence, including changes in bat populations and habitats and the role of wildlife–human interfaces. We also examine the public health impact of these emerging viruses, underlining the importance of enhanced surveillance, developing improved diagnostic tools, and implementing proactive strategies to prevent potential outbreaks. By providing a comprehensive overview of recent advances and gaps in knowledge, this review aims to inform future research directions and public health policies related to zoonotic paramyxoviruses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Zoonotic Paramyxoviruses)
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16 pages, 2126 KiB  
Review
Recently Emerged Novel Henipa-like Viruses: Shining a Spotlight on the Shrew
by Sarah Caruso and Sarah J. Edwards
Viruses 2023, 15(12), 2407; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15122407 - 11 Dec 2023
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2779
Abstract
Henipaviruses are zoonotic viruses, including some highly pathogenic and capable of serious disease and high fatality rates in both animals and humans. Hendra virus and Nipah virus are the most notable henipaviruses, resulting in significant outbreaks across South Asia, South-East Asia, and Australia. [...] Read more.
Henipaviruses are zoonotic viruses, including some highly pathogenic and capable of serious disease and high fatality rates in both animals and humans. Hendra virus and Nipah virus are the most notable henipaviruses, resulting in significant outbreaks across South Asia, South-East Asia, and Australia. Pteropid fruit bats have been identified as key zoonotic reservoirs; however, the increased discovery of henipaviruses outside the geographic distribution of Pteropid fruit bats and the detection of novel henipa-like viruses in other species such as the shrew, rat, and opossum suggest that Pteropid bats are not the sole reservoir for henipaviruses. In this review, we provide an update on henipavirus spillover events and describe the recent detection of novel unclassified henipaviruses, with a strong focus on the shrew and its emerging role as a key host of henipaviruses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Zoonotic Paramyxoviruses)
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Other

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29 pages, 5804 KiB  
Systematic Review
Risk of Nipah Virus Seroprevalence in Healthcare Workers: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis
by Matteo Riccò, Antonio Cascio, Claudio Costantino, Silvia Corrado, Ilaria Zanella, Pasquale Gianluca Giuri and Susanna Esposito
Viruses 2025, 17(1), 81; https://doi.org/10.3390/v17010081 - 9 Jan 2025
Viewed by 1445
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) is a zoonotic pathogen with the potential to cause human outbreaks with a high case fatality ratio. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, available evidence on NiV infections occurring in healthcare workers (HCWs) was collected and critically appraised. According to [...] Read more.
Nipah virus (NiV) is a zoonotic pathogen with the potential to cause human outbreaks with a high case fatality ratio. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, available evidence on NiV infections occurring in healthcare workers (HCWs) was collected and critically appraised. According to the PRISMA statement, four medical databases (PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, and Scopus) and the preprint repository medRixv were inquired through a specifically designed searching strategy. A total of 2593 entries were identified; of them, 16 studies were included in qualitative and quantitative analysis detailing the outcome of NiV infection on HCWs and estimates of seroprevalence among healthcare professions. All studies reported data from Asian countries: Malaysia, Singapore, Bangladesh, India (States of Kerala and Bengal), and Philippines. Seroprevalence was estimated from seven studies in 0.00% (95%CI 0.00 to 0.10) for IgM-class antibodies and 0.08% (95%CI 0.00 to 0.72) for IgG class-antibodies, but four of the sampled studies did not report any seropositive cases. A case fatality ratio of 73.52% (95%CI 34.01 to 99.74) was calculated from 10 studies. In conclusion, the present study shows that NiV may result in a possible occupational infection among HCWs involved in managing incident cases. As most NiV outbreaks occur in limited resources settings, it is reasonable that even basic preventive measures (i.e., mandatory use of PPE and appropriate isolation of incident cases with physical distancing) may be quite effective in avoiding the occurrence of new infections among HCWs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Zoonotic Paramyxoviruses)
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