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Toxins
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Microalga and Toxins
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Microalga and Toxins

A special issue of Toxins (ISSN 2072-6651). This special issue belongs to the section "Marine and Freshwater Toxins".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 August 2022) | Viewed by 5584

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Jana Asselman

E-Mail Website1 Website2
Guest Editor
Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, University of Gent, Ghent, Belgium
Interests: zooplankton; daphnia; gene expression; magna; temora longicornis; transcriptomics; climate-change; crustaceans; dna methylation; human health; microcystis-aeruginosa; minion; risk-assessment; toxicity; annotation; chemicals; copepods; environmental chemistry; evolution; exposure
Dr. Ilias Semmouri

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, University of Gent, Ghent, Belgium
Interests: zooplankton; temora longicornis; cyperaceae; ecology; evolution; gene expression; minion; transcriptomics; angiosperms353; copepods; crustaceans; global change; marine; nanopore sequencing; rna; sedges cyperaceae; temperature; behavior and systematics; classification; plant science

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Currently, microalgae blooms are expected to increase without scenarios to mitigate increasing pressure of anthropogenic pollution and global change.  As a consequence, microalgal toxins represent a growing threat to the global blue economy with significant impacts on a variety of sectors, including tourism and aquaculture. At the same time, microalgal toxins are a source of biodiscovery and may have interesting properties for a variety of applications, including pharmaceuticals and biocontrol substances. The current Special Issue aims to improve our understanding of microalgae under increasing global change or anthropogenic pressure and the potential consequence for the production of secondary metabolites, including toxins.  It calls for manuscripts that deal with the ecology and ecotoxicology, as well as molecular mechanisms of microalgae and their associated bioactive molecules under scenarios of increasing anthropogenic pressure and/or global change pressure. Studies describing the potential effects and/or impacts for human and environmental health under these scenarios are also within the scope.

Dr. Jana Asselman
Dr. Ilias Semmouri
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a double-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Toxins is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • microalgae
  • bioactive
  • global change
  • anthropogenic pressure
  • environmental health
  • human health

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

14 pages, 1519 KiB  
Article
The Influence of Micronutrient Trace Metals on Microcystis aeruginosa Growth and Toxin Production
by Jordan A. Facey, Jake P. Violi, Josh J. King, Chowdhury Sarowar, Simon C. Apte and Simon M. Mitrovic
Toxins 2022, 14(11), 812; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14110812 - 21 Nov 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1690
Abstract
Microcystis aeruginosa is a widespread cyanobacteria capable of producing hepatotoxic microcystins. Understanding the environmental factors that influence its growth and toxin production is essential to managing the negative effects on freshwater systems. Some micronutrients are important cofactors in cyanobacterial proteins and can influence [...] Read more.
Microcystis aeruginosa is a widespread cyanobacteria capable of producing hepatotoxic microcystins. Understanding the environmental factors that influence its growth and toxin production is essential to managing the negative effects on freshwater systems. Some micronutrients are important cofactors in cyanobacterial proteins and can influence cyanobacterial growth when availability is limited. However, micronutrient requirements are often species specific, and can be influenced by substitution between metals or by luxury uptake. In this study, M. aeruginosa was grown in modified growth media that individually excluded some micronutrients (cobalt, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum) to assess the effect on growth, toxin production, cell morphology and iron accumulation. M. aeruginosa growth was limited when iron, cobalt and manganese were excluded from the growth media, whereas the exclusion of copper and molybdenum had no effect on growth. Intracellular microcystin-LR concentrations were variable and were at times elevated in treatments undergoing growth limitation by cobalt. Intracellular iron was notably higher in treatments grown in cobalt-deplete media compared to other treatments possibly due to inhibition or competition for transporters, or due to irons role in detoxifying reactive oxygen species (ROS). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microalga and Toxins)
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18 pages, 3046 KiB  
Article
Changes in Toxin Production, Morphology and Viability of Gymnodinium catenatum Associated with Allelopathy of Chattonella marina var. marina and Gymnodinium impudicum
by Leyberth José Fernández-Herrera, Christine Johanna Band-Schmidt, Tania Zenteno-Savín, Ignacio Leyva-Valencia, Claudia Judith Hernández-Guerrero, Francisco Eduardo Hernández-Sandoval and José Jesús Bustillos-Guzmán
Toxins 2022, 14(9), 616; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14090616 - 3 Sep 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1931
Abstract
Allelopathy between phytoplankton organisms is promoted by substances released into the marine environment that limit the presence of the dominating species. We evaluated the allelopathic effects and response of cell-free media of Chattonella marina var. marina and Gymnodinium impudicum in the toxic [...] Read more.
Allelopathy between phytoplankton organisms is promoted by substances released into the marine environment that limit the presence of the dominating species. We evaluated the allelopathic effects and response of cell-free media of Chattonella marina var. marina and Gymnodinium impudicum in the toxic dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum. Additionally, single- and four-cell chains of G. catenatum isolated from media with allelochemicals were cultured to evaluate the effects of post exposure on growth and cell viability. Cell diagnosis showed growth limitation and an increase in cell volume, which reduced mobility and led to cell lysis. When G. catenatum was exposed to cell-free media of C. marina and G. impudicum, temporary cysts and an increased concentration of paralytic shellfish toxins were observed. After exposure to allelochemicals, the toxin profile of G. catenatum cells in the allelopathy experiments was composed of gonyautoxins 2/3 (GTX2/3), decarcarbamoyl (dcSTX, dcGTX2/3), and the sulfocarbamoyl toxins (B1 and C1/2). A difference in toxicity (pg STXeq cell−1) was observed between G. catenatum cells in the control and those exposed to the filtrates of C. marina var. marina and G. impudicum. Single cells of G. catenatum had a lower growth rate, whereas chain-forming cells had a higher growth rate. We suggest that a low number of G. catenatum cells can survive the allelopathic effect. We hypothesize that the survival strategy of G. catenatum is migration through the chemical cloud, encystment, and increased toxicity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microalga and Toxins)
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9 pages, 955 KiB  
Article
Purification and Mechanism of Microcystinase MlrC for Catalyzing Linearized Cyanobacterial Hepatotoxins Using Sphingopyxis sp. USTB-05
by Qianwen Zou, Junhui Teng, Kunyan Wang, Yiming Huang, Qingbei Hu, Sisi Chen, Qianqian Xu, Haiyang Zhang, Duyuan Fang and Hai Yan
Toxins 2022, 14(9), 602; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14090602 - 31 Aug 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1551
Abstract
Cyanobacterial hepatotoxins, including microcystins (MCs) and nodularins (NODs), are widely produced, distributed and extremely hazardous to human beings and the environment. However, the catalytic mechanism of microcystinase for biodegrading cyanobacterial hepatotoxins is not completely understood yet. The first microcystinase (MlrA) catalyzes the ring [...] Read more.
Cyanobacterial hepatotoxins, including microcystins (MCs) and nodularins (NODs), are widely produced, distributed and extremely hazardous to human beings and the environment. However, the catalytic mechanism of microcystinase for biodegrading cyanobacterial hepatotoxins is not completely understood yet. The first microcystinase (MlrA) catalyzes the ring opening of cyclic hepatotoxins, while being further hydrolyzed by the third microcystinase (MlrC). Based on the homology modeling, we postulated that MlrC of Sphingopyxis sp. USTB-05 was a Zn2+-dependent metalloprotease including five active sites: Glu56, His150, Asp184, His186 and His208. Here, the active recombinant MlrC and five site-directed mutants were successfully obtained with heterologous expression and then purified for investigating the activity. The results indicated that the purified recombinant MlrC had high activity to catalyze linearized hepatotoxins. Combined with the biodegradation of linearized NOD by MlrC and its mutants, a complete enzymatic mechanism for linearized hepatotoxin biodegradation by MlrC was revealed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microalga and Toxins)
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