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A special issue of Processes (ISSN 2227-9717). This special issue belongs to the section "Energy Systems".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 May 2023) | Viewed by 17600

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Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Radomir Gono

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Guest Editor

Department of Electrical Power Engineering, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 708 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
Interests: reliability of electric power systems; optimization of maintenance; renewable energy sources
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Tomáš Novák

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Guest Editor

Department of Electrical Power Engineering, VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, 708 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
Interests: public lighting; lighting pollutions; interior light controlling and smart city technologies

Dr. Petr Kacor

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Guest Editor

Department of Electrical Power Engineering, VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, 708 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
Interests: numerical methods and FEM; electrical machines and apparatuses

Dr. Petr Moldřík

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Guest Editor

Department of Electrical Power Engineering, VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, 708 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
Interests: alternative energy sources; hydrogen technology

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The 22nd International Scientific Conference on Electric Power Engineering (EPE 2022) is aimed particularly at problems concerning power engineering science, research and work experience. Thus, the conference provides a platform for the interchange of valuable information, room for discussion and networking with industrial, academic and research workers.

This year´s conference is organized by VSB—Technical University of Ostrava, Department of Electrical Power Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science.

The conference will be held from June 8 to 10, 2022 at hotel Dlouhe Strane in Kouty nad Desnou, Czech Republic.

The goals are to serve as a forum for the interchange of experience and the presentation of research findings and practical applications; and to provide a place of meeting for university scientists and industry workers who engage in research and technical activities. The conference focuses on key problems of today´s power engineering that stem from both technical and economic needs of the power industry. It also deals with research activities of development institutions and universities.

The selected peer-reviewed articles will be recommended for publication in a Special Issue of the journal Processes (ISBN: ISSN 2227-9717), which is indexed in well-established databases/archives (SCI, Scopus, etc.).

In this Special Issue, we seek advancements in electrical power technologies.

Prof. Dr. Radomir Gono
Dr. Tomáš Novák
Dr. Petr Kacor
Dr. Petr Moldřík
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Processes is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

operation of electrical power systems
power stations
renewable energy
energy storage
control of electrical power systems
heating systems and intelligent buildings
electrical technology
electrical power transmission and distribution
smart grids/cities/technologies
electric lighting
reliability, maintenance and diagnostics
electrical machines and devices
power electronics
power system protection
information systems

Published Papers (10 papers)

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Research

22 pages, 6154 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Voltage Drop Estimation during Shore Connection with the Use of Motor Drives Modified as Static Frequency Converters

by Matouš Vrzala, Radomír Goňo, Břetislav Stacho and Semen Lukianov

Processes 2023, 11(7), 1894; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11071894 - 23 Jun 2023

Viewed by 1513

Abstract

Ship-to-shore connection is an important technological element that reduces air pollution in ports. Therefore, ports install facilities that allow mooring ships to connect to the port distribution network. By 2025, this will be mandatory for all ports in Europe. This can be a challenging task in most ports due to the different frequency of the network and ship frequency. This problem can be solved by the use of grid-forming static frequency converters. This solution also brings some other advantages: The ship is not threatened by high shore short-circuit currents, and the port distribution network is not affected by the character of the ship load. However, frequency converter software must include a droop control algorithm to ensure that voltage deviations do not exceed the allowed limits during transients. Typical frequency converters used for shore connection are those developed as static frequency converters (SFCs). However, those converters were not developed for large power outputs, which are needed to power large vessels, such as ferries or cruise ships. This paper proposes motor drives that were modified to operate as SFCs. This approach has quite a lot of advantages which are described in this article. This paper describes both a standard shore connection system without a frequency converter and a solution that includes static frequency converters. The paper then focusses on voltage deviation estimations during connection/disconnection of large load (ferry or cruise ship) to static frequency converters. In this work, a high-voltage shore connection (HVSC) simulation model is developed, including a frequency converter, a shoreside transformer, medium-voltage (MV) connection cables, and a power system of the ship, to analyze in detail the behavior of the system in the case of connection or disconnection of the ship load. The model was made in DIgSILENT PowerFactory for the case of a commercial port in southern France. The model gives credible estimations of voltage drops/surges during transient and steady states. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Electrical Power Engineering)

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16 pages, 2318 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Computational Study of Security Risk Evaluation in Energy Management and Control Systems Based on a Fuzzy MCDM Method

by Wajdi Alhakami

Processes 2023, 11(5), 1366; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11051366 - 29 Apr 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1444

Abstract

Numerous cyberattacks on connected control systems are being reported every day. Such control systems are subject to hostile external attacks due to their communication system. Network security is vital because it protects sensitive information from cyber threats and preserves network operations and trustworthiness. Multiple safety solutions are implemented in strong and reliable network security plans to safeguard users and companies from spyware and cyber attacks, such as distributed denial of service attacks. A crucial component that must be conducted prior to any security implementation is a security analysis. Because cyberattack encounters in power control networks are currently limited, a comprehensive security evaluation approach for power control technology in communication networks is required. According to previous studies, the challenges of security evaluation include a power control process security assessment as well as the security level of every control phase. To address such issues, the fuzzy technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) based on multiple criteria decision-making (MCDM) is presented for a security risk assessment of the communication networks of energy management and control systems (EMCS). The methodology focuses on quantifying the security extent in each control step; in order to value the security vulnerability variables derived by the protection analysis model, an MCDM strategy incorporated as a TOPSIS is presented. Ultimately, the example of six communication networks of a power management system is modelled to conduct the security evaluation. The outcome validates the utility of the security evaluation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Electrical Power Engineering)

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13 pages, 2255 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Simulation Study of the Resiliency of Mobile Energy Storage Networks

by Waseem Al-Aqqad, Hassan Hayajneh and Xuewei Zhang

Processes 2023, 11(3), 762; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11030762 - 4 Mar 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 832

Abstract

Resilience is regarded as an essential design objective of a wide range of systems in modern society. This work is based on a vision that networks of mobile energy storage systems could provide an alternative off-grid power system design for rural and underdeveloped regions. To evaluate the resiliency of networked energy storage systems under overload failure, a model of concurrent cascading failure and healing processes is developed and demonstrated. Two resilience metrics are used to evaluate the resilience of a real-world network, namely the recovery level at a specified time and the recovery time. The simulations generate system trajectories at each time step. We explore the dependence of the system behavior on different model parameters that capture key recovery strategies. The success probability of the recovery of a failed node needs to be high enough for the network to restore its original functionality. Similarly, the increase in recovery budget parameter also leads to faster and higher recovery levels. However, in most cases, there appears to be upper limits for both parameters, beyond which any further increase could not improve the recovery performance. There is an optimum portion of the loads of the active neighboring nodes that will be carried by the newly recovered node that results in the shortest recovery times or highest recovery levels. Our work sheds light on how to enhance networked systems resiliency by considering the optimization of various model parameters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Electrical Power Engineering)

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14 pages, 15965 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Technique for Transformer Remnant Cellulose Life Cycle Prediction Using Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System

by Bonginkosi A. Thango and Pitshou N. Bokoro

Processes 2023, 11(2), 440; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11020440 - 1 Feb 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 958

Abstract

This article presents an ultramodern modelling algorithm for predicting the remnant cellulose life cycle for oil-submerged power transformers based on the adaptive neuro-fuzzy interference system (ANFIS). The polymer characteristics, degree of polymerization (DP), and 2-furaldehyde (2FAL) of 100 power transformers were measured and collated, which were apportioned into 70 training databanks and 30 as testing datasets. The remnant cellulose life cycle of the transformer was predicted using the proposed ANFIS model characterized by polymer characteristics, DP and 2FAL as inputs. The proposed approach returns 98.23% training and 99.86% testing reliability. The proposed model was applied to 10 transformer case studies in predicting their remnant cellulose life cycle. To corroborate the proposed ANFIS, a comparative study was carried out by employing existing approaches in predicting the remnant life cycle of the case studies, and significant error margins were observed. At large, the results presented in this article certify the dominance of the proposed ANFIS algorithm over compared models. The proposed ANFIS furnishes a pathway to obliterate the constraints of classical techniques in evaluating the transformer DP and remnant cellulose life cycle. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Electrical Power Engineering)

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15 pages, 11250 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Thin-Film Carbon Nitride (C₂N)-Based Solar Cell Optimization Considering Zn_1−xMg_xO as a Buffer Layer

by Waqas Ahmad, Waqas Farooq, Adnan Daud Khan, Shayan Tariq Jan, Michał Jasiński, Zbigniew Leonowicz, Radomir Gono and Jan Petrov

Processes 2023, 11(1), 91; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11010091 - 29 Dec 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2831

Abstract

Carbon nitride (C₂N), a two-dimensional material, is rapidly gaining popularity in the photovoltaic (PV) research community owing to its excellent properties, such as high thermal and chemical stability, non-toxic composition, and low fabrication cost over other thin-film solar cells. This study uses a detailed numerical investigation to explore the influence of C₂N-based solar cells with zinc magnesium oxide (Zn_1−xMg_xO) as a buffer layer. The SCAPS-1D simulator is utilized to examine the performance of four Mg-doped buffer layers (x = 0.0625, 0.125, 0.1875, and 0.25) coupled with the C₂N-based absorber layer. The influence of the absorber and buffer layers’ band alignment, quantum efficiency, thickness, doping density, defect density, and operating temperature are analyzed to improve the cell performance. Based on the simulations, increasing the buffer layer Mg concentration above x = 0.1875 reduces the device performance. Furthermore, it is found that increasing the absorber layer thickness is desirable for good device efficiency, whereas a doping density above 10¹⁵ cm⁻³ can degrade the cell performance. After optimization of the buffer layer thickness and doping density at 40 nm and 10¹⁸ cm⁻³, the cell displayed its maximum performance. Among the four structures, C₂N/Zn_0.8125Mg_0.1875O demonstrated the highest PCE of 19.01% with a significant improvement in open circuit voltage (V_oc), short circuit density (J_sc), and fill factor (FF). The recorded results are in good agreement with the standard theoretical studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Electrical Power Engineering)

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21 pages, 5092 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Stochastic Approach for Increasing the PV Hosting Capacity of a Low-Voltage Distribution Network

by Jozef Bendík, Matej Cenký, Boris Cintula, Anton Beláń, Žaneta Eleschová and Peter Janiga

Processes 2023, 11(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11010009 - 21 Dec 2022

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 1704

Abstract

In recent years, the emerging fear of an energy crisis in central Europe has caused an increased demand for distributed energy resources (DER), especially small photovoltaic rooftop installations up to 10 kWp. From a technical point of view, distributed PV in low-voltage networks is associated with the risk of power quality violation, overvoltage, voltage unbalance, harmonics, and violation of the thermal limit of phase conductors, neutral conductors, and transformers. Distribution system operators (DSO) are currently in a position to determine the amount of installed PV power for which reliable and safe network operation is ensured, also known as the photovoltaic hosting capacity (PVHC). The presented study describes a stochastic methodology for PVHC estimation and uses it to analyze a typical LV rural network in the Slovak Republic. Detailed and precise calculations are performed on the 4-wire LV model with accurate results. In this study, we, thus, profoundly analyze the problems with voltage violation, unbalanced voltage energy losses, and the thermal loading effect of increasing PV penetration. The results show that overvoltage events are the main factor limiting the PVHC in LV systems. This conclusion is in accordance with the experience of the DSO in the Slovak and Czech Republic. Subsequently, the study focuses on the possibilities of increasing PVHC using those tools typically available for DSO, such as changes in PV inverter power factors and no-load tap changer transformers. The results are compared with those derived from similar analyses, but we ultimately find that the proposed solution is problematic due to the high variability of approaches and boundary conditions. In conclusion, the paper discusses the issue of the acceptable risk of overvoltage violation in the context of PVHC and lowering losses in LV networks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Electrical Power Engineering)

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21 pages, 4224 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Voltage Stability of the Slovak Republic’s Power System

by Žaneta Eleschová, Boris Cintula, Matej Cenký, Anton Beláň, Jozef Bendík and Peter Janiga

Processes 2022, 10(12), 2613; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10122613 - 6 Dec 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1314

Abstract

This paper studies the voltage stability of the Slovak Republic’s power system (PS) based on an assessment of the PV curves. The PV curve is a tool for assessing voltage stability, and based on its shape, it is possible to determine weak and strong voltage nodes with the possibility of voltage stability reserve quantification. We present an analysis of the influence of transformers with an automatic voltage regulator (AVR) on the shape of the PV curves and on the magnitude of voltage in the PS. In general, the 400 kV/110 kV transformers equipped with AVRs are critical assets for the PS as they address voltage control in the DS. However, in the case of voltage problems in the TS, the AVR function may worsen the voltage situation across the entire PS. Therefore, we closely analyze the negative effects of the AVR on the PS operation. This impact is clearly proved, and recommendations are given for the transmission system operator (TSO) in order to maintain voltage stability. In addition, the PV curves of the pilot nodes are analyzed very accurately, thereby confirming their importance in the TS in terms of a sufficient reserve of reactive power. The study was conducted in cooperation with the TSO, Slovenská elektrizačná prenosová sústava, a.s. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Electrical Power Engineering)

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20 pages, 2051 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Investigating the Possibilities for Simulation of the Interconnected Electric Power and Communication Infrastructures

by Matej Vrtal, Jan Benedikt, Radek Fujdiak, David Topolanek, Petr Toman and Jiri Misurec

Processes 2022, 10(12), 2504; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10122504 - 25 Nov 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1822

Abstract

In recent years, we have seen an increasing dependency between different urban critical infrastructures, which raises the demands on their analysis and cybersecurity. Current open-source solutions do not provide simulations of interconnected data networks and power grids, which are essential for analysing of both infrastructures weak parts and reducing the risk of emerging threats. The main purpose of this paper is to describe the design of a simulation platform that provides this type of simulation to customers using the virtual user interface. The paper describes the development of a complex model of interconnected power and data infrastructures. Created virtualization platform that consists of several open-source tools is described in detail. Outputs of this paper can be used for analysis of critical infrastructures at the level of urban networks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Electrical Power Engineering)

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14 pages, 4204 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Battery Hybrid Energy Storage Systems for Full-Electric Marine Applications

by Mohsen Akbarzadeh, Jasper De Smet and Jeroen Stuyts

Processes 2022, 10(11), 2418; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10112418 - 16 Nov 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2215

Abstract

The high cost of Lithium-ion battery systems is one of the biggest challenges hindering the wide adoption of electric vessels. For some marine applications, battery systems based on the current monotype topologies are significantly oversized due to variable operational profiles and long lifespan requirements. This paper deals with the battery hybrid energy storage system (HESS) for an electric harbor tug to optimize the size of the battery system. The impact of battery hybridization was investigated on three key performance indicators inclusive of cost, system efficiency, and battery weight. The design life of the battery system is considered to be 10 years, and NMC and LTO cell technologies are used as high-energy (HE) and high-power (HP) battery cells. The HESS design is based on a parallel full-active architecture with a rule-based energy management strategy. The results of this research indicate that battery hybridization can reduce the system cost by around 28% and 14% in comparison with a monotype battery with LTO and NMC cells, respectively. Although no noticeable difference in system efficiency is observed between the monotype system and HESS, battery hybridization reduces the total weight of the battery cells by more than 30% compared to monotype topology. This study implies that the hybridization of battery systems could be a promising solution to reduce the cost and weight of large battery packs in electric vessels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Electrical Power Engineering)

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20 pages, 9646 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Frequency-Dependent Dielectric Spectroscopy of Insulating Nanofluids Based on GTL Oil during Accelerated Thermal Aging

by Peter Havran, Roman Cimbala, Jozef Király, Michal Rajňák, Samuel Bucko, Juraj Kurimský and Bystrík Dolník

Processes 2022, 10(11), 2405; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10112405 - 15 Nov 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1401

Abstract

Improving the dielectric properties of liquid-insulating materials is a current problem in research into the insulation system of a power transformer. Modern optimization of insulating liquids involves the potential use of unique synthetic esters enriched with nanoparticles. This study presents the results of the dielectric response of liquefied gas-based (GTL) insulating liquids during accelerated thermal aging. The dielectric relaxation spectroscopy method was used in the frequency domain to point out power losses as an imaginary part of a complex electric modulus. The relaxation spectra express the validity of applying this complex dielectric parameter. The polarization processes of the base oil alternately change position in the low-frequency band during thermal aging. Fullerene nanofluid undergoes three phases of dielectric loss changes during thermal aging. In the case of magnetic nanofluid, the effect of electric double-layer polarization disappeared after 500 h of thermal aging. It was found that with the gradual increase in the thermal aging time, there is no gradual increase in the dielectric losses investigated in the measured frequency spectrum. This study shows that the concentration of the two types of nanoparticles independently causes a different dielectric response to an applied AC electric field in the GTL base fluid. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Electrical Power Engineering)

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