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Processes
Special Issues
Modeling, Operation and Control in Renewable Energy Systems
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Modeling, Operation and Control in Renewable Energy Systems

A special issue of Processes (ISSN 2227-9717). This special issue belongs to the section "Energy Systems".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 December 2025 | Viewed by 2353

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Chenyu Wu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
College of Electrical and Power Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China
Interests: integrated energy system; frequency regulation; electricity market; optimization; game theory
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Zhongkai Yi

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Electrical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
Interests: convex optimization; machine learning; virtual power plant
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Chenhui Lin

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
Interests: power system operation; distributed optimization; economic dispatch; machine learning
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Xi Chen

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Guest Editor
College of Automation Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211100, China
Interests: powr system stability analysis; power system monitoring; FACTS modeling

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

As renewable energy technologies swiftly advance, the benefits of a renewable energy system that enhances energy efficiency and reduces carbon emissions are becoming increasingly apparent. This system encompasses various technologies, including combined heat and power generation, high-voltage technology, nuclear power engineering, fuel cells, photovoltaic, wind turbines, and diverse energy storage. Additionally, the cooperation between the power market and the carbon market stands out as an effective mechanism for promoting the application of new technologies. It assigns a monetary value to energy production and carbon emissions. These elements are all crucial for shaping the future of renewable energy systems.

This Special Issue on “Modeling, Operation and Control in Renewable Energy Systems” will curate novel advances in research that either use optimization and control theory as essential tools to design renewable energy systems or construct effective electricity markets and carbon markets for pricing energy and CO2. Topics include, but are not limited to, methods and applications in the following areas:

  1. Stability analysis and control in power system;
  2. Renewable integrated energy system;
  3. PV/wind turbine application technologies;
  4. Electricity/carbon markets;
  5. Carbon capture, utilization and storage;
  6. Fuel cell systems;
  7. High-voltage technologies.

Dr. Chenyu Wu
Dr. Zhongkai Yi
Dr. Chenhui Lin
Dr. Xi Chen
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Processes is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • stability analysis and control in power system
  • renewable integrated energy system
  • PV/wind turbine application technologies
  • electricity/carbon markets
  • carbon capture, utilization and storage
  • fuel cell systems
  • high-voltage technologies

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

18 pages, 3131 KiB  
Article
Enhancing Load Frequency Control in Power Systems Using Hybrid PIDA Controllers Optimized with TLBO-TS and TLBO-EDO Techniques
by Ahmed M. Shawqran, Mahmoud A. Attia, Said F. Mekhamer, Hossam Kotb, Moustafa Ahmed Ibrahim and Ahmed Mordi
Processes 2025, 13(5), 1532; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13051532 - 16 May 2025
Viewed by 105
Abstract
Load frequency control (LFC) is essential for maintaining the stability of power systems subjected to load variations and renewable energy disturbances. This paper presents two advanced Proportional–Integral–Derivative–Acceleration (PIDA) controllers optimized using hybrid techniques: Teaching–Learning-Based Optimization combined with transit search (PIDA-TLBO-TS) and with Exponential [...] Read more.
Load frequency control (LFC) is essential for maintaining the stability of power systems subjected to load variations and renewable energy disturbances. This paper presents two advanced Proportional–Integral–Derivative–Acceleration (PIDA) controllers optimized using hybrid techniques: Teaching–Learning-Based Optimization combined with transit search (PIDA-TLBO-TS) and with Exponential Distribution Optimization (PIDA-TLBO-EDO). The proposed hybrid optimization approaches integrate global exploration and local exploitation capabilities to achieve near-global optimal solutions with superior convergence performance. Three test scenarios are studied to assess controller performance: a load disturbance in area 1, a disturbance in area 2, and a disturbance introduced by stochastic wave energy input. In each case, the proposed hybrid controllers are benchmarked against the conventional TLBO-based PIDA controller available in the literature. Simulation results confirm that the hybrid PIDA-TLBO-EDO controller consistently outperforms the alternatives in terms of peak-to-peak oscillation, root mean square (RMS) error, settling time, and overshoot. Specifically, it achieves a 0.49% to 15% reduction in peak-to-peak oscillations and a 2.5% to 18% improvement in RMS error, along with a 10.27% improvement in tie-line power deviation and a 15.38% reduction in frequency oscillations under wave energy disturbances. Moreover, the PIDA structure, enhanced by its acceleration term, contributes to better dynamic response compared to traditional controller designs. The results highlight the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed hybrid controllers in damping oscillations and maintaining system stability, particularly in modern power systems with high levels of renewable energy integration. This study emphasizes the potential of combining complementary optimization techniques to enhance LFC system performance under diverse and challenging conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling, Operation and Control in Renewable Energy Systems)
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13 pages, 2593 KiB  
Article
The Optimal Configuration of Energy Storage Capacity Based on the NSGA-II Algorithm and Electrochemical Energy Storage Operational Modes
by Guirong Hu, Xingxiao Zhao, Shidong Cheng, Qiang Zhang, Qi Zhang, Jingjing Bai and Linjun Shi
Processes 2025, 13(5), 1432; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13051432 - 8 May 2025
Viewed by 285
Abstract
Due to the intermittency and volatility of renewable energy generation, the safe and stable operation of the power system is affected, leading to issues such as frequency deviations in the grid and voltage exceeding limits during grid connection. Therefore, energy storage is required [...] Read more.
Due to the intermittency and volatility of renewable energy generation, the safe and stable operation of the power system is affected, leading to issues such as frequency deviations in the grid and voltage exceeding limits during grid connection. Therefore, energy storage is required to smooth out the fluctuations of renewable energy and facilitate its absorption. This paper studies the capacity optimization allocation of electrochemical energy storage on the new energy side and establishes the capacity optimization allocation model on the basis of fully considering the operation mode of electrochemical energy storage. Aiming at maximum net benefit and minimum grid-connected fluctuation, the model considers the constraints of energy storage capacity and power upper and lower limits, charge and discharge power constraints and state of charge constraints, and adopts the NSGA-II method (Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II) to solve it. The example analysis shows that the energy storage configuration scheme can take into account the effect of smoothing fluctuation and economy by adopting the strategy proposed in this paper, ensuring the maximum life of energy storage based on the electrochemical energy storage operation mode. It is verified that the proposed strategy can increase the life of energy storage by 3 times. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling, Operation and Control in Renewable Energy Systems)
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29 pages, 14711 KiB  
Article
Structural Engineering of π-Linker Aromaticity in Anthanthrene-Based Dyes with D–π–A Configuration: DFT Investigation to Enhance Charge Transfer in DSSCs
by Nuha Wazzan
Processes 2025, 13(2), 418; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13020418 - 5 Feb 2025
Viewed by 672
Abstract
The development of efficient dyes for photon harvesting in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) is a critical area of research with the potential to enhance renewable energy technologies. This manuscript presents a novel approach to engineering dye structures (abbreviated as D2 dye features, an [...] Read more.
The development of efficient dyes for photon harvesting in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) is a critical area of research with the potential to enhance renewable energy technologies. This manuscript presents a novel approach to engineering dye structures (abbreviated as D2 dye features, an anthanthrene core with a resonance energy of ER = 694 kJ/mol and a reported power conversion efficiency (η) of 5.27%) by systematically replacing an anthanthrene core with various aromatic cores, aiming to understand the influence of resonance energy on molecular performance. By designing seven new dyes with resonance energies ranging from 255 to 529 kJ/mol, we conducted in-depth computational studies using Density Functional Theory (DFT) and Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory (TDDFT) to explore the effects of π-aromatic linkers on their electronic properties. Our findings reveal key insights into intermolecular charge-transfer (ICT) mechanisms and how they relate to the resonance energy of dye cores, highlighting the significance of balanced charge mobilities in optimizing optoelectronic characteristics, as shown by the D9 dye with a naphthacene core. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling, Operation and Control in Renewable Energy Systems)
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15 pages, 1994 KiB  
Article
Coordinated Dispatch of Power Generation and Spinning Reserve in Power Systems with High Renewable Penetration
by Bo Yuan, Jun Zhou, Gang Lu, Dazheng Liu, Peng Xia and Cong Wu
Processes 2024, 12(12), 2779; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12122779 - 6 Dec 2024
Viewed by 772
Abstract
The spinning reserve demand in high renewable penetration power systems is increasing significantly due to the stochastic and unpredictable nature of renewable power. This paper defines the expected load not supplied ratio (ELNSR) and models uncertainty factors such as unit forced outage rates, [...] Read more.
The spinning reserve demand in high renewable penetration power systems is increasing significantly due to the stochastic and unpredictable nature of renewable power. This paper defines the expected load not supplied ratio (ELNSR) and models uncertainty factors such as unit forced outage rates, load and wind power output prediction errors based on probability density functions. It derives a quantitative relationship between system operating reserves and the ELNSR and uses this quantitative relationship as a constraint for power generation scheduling. Based on this, a coordinated generation and reserve scheduling model for power systems with large-scale wind power is established. Case study results demonstrate that the proposed model can balance both economy and reliability, coordinate the output allocation between wind power and thermal power, and provide an optimized allocation scheme for operating reserves among thermal power units to meet corresponding reliability requirements. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling, Operation and Control in Renewable Energy Systems)
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