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Processes
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Function, Diffusion and Transport Processes of Extracellular Vesicles
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Function, Diffusion and Transport Processes of Extracellular Vesicles

A special issue of Processes (ISSN 2227-9717). This special issue belongs to the section "Biological Processes and Systems".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 September 2021) | Viewed by 13088

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Heedoo Lee

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Biology and Chemistry, Changwon National University, Changwon 51140, Korea
Interests: extracellular vesicles; pulmonary disease; immune regulation

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are now considered as essential biological macromolecules that are surrounded by lipid bilayers and released from most cell types in our body. Their emerging role suggests that EVs regulate various physiological processes, including immune response, vascular functions, tumorigenesis, neuronal functions, as well as metabolism via intercellular communications.

However, it has not been clearly suggested or demonstrated how EVs are released from cells, diffused into our body, and transported to specific cell types to have biological/physiological functions. This question is fundamental to develop novel biomarkers and potential clinical applications using EVs. Therefore, validated experimental models or well-organized review article on this topic will reveal an advancement of our knowledge on the physiological trafficking of EVs in our body.

This Special Issue on “Function, Diffusion and Transport Processes of Extracellular Vesicles” aims to provide novel concepts and clear evidence of EV trafficking in various disease states. Topics include but are not limited to:

  • Release mechanism of EVs;
  • Trafficking process and mechanism of EVs;
  • Transportation mechanism of EVs;
  • Regulation of EV trafficking process in disease states.

Dr. Heedoo Lee
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Processes is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • extracellular vesicles
  • exosomes
  • microvesicles
  • EV release
  • EV trafficking
  • EV transportation
  • EV function

Published Papers (2 papers)

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Review

17 pages, 1584 KiB  
Review
Overview and Update on Methods for Cargo Loading into Extracellular Vesicles
by Yohan Han, Timothy W. Jones, Saugata Dutta, Yin Zhu, Xiaoyun Wang, S. Priya Narayanan, Susan C. Fagan and Duo Zhang
Processes 2021, 9(2), 356; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9020356 - 15 Feb 2021
Cited by 61 | Viewed by 7745
Abstract
The enormous library of pharmaceutical compounds presents endless research avenues. However, several factors limit the therapeutic potential of these drugs, such as drug resistance, stability, off-target toxicity, and inadequate delivery to the site of action. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bilayer-delimited particles and [...] Read more.
The enormous library of pharmaceutical compounds presents endless research avenues. However, several factors limit the therapeutic potential of these drugs, such as drug resistance, stability, off-target toxicity, and inadequate delivery to the site of action. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bilayer-delimited particles and are naturally released from cells. Growing evidence shows that EVs have great potential to serve as effective drug carriers. Since EVs can not only transfer biological information, but also effectively deliver hydrophobic drugs into cells, the application of EVs as a novel drug delivery system has attracted considerable scientific interest. Recently, EVs loaded with siRNA, miRNA, mRNA, CRISPR/Cas9, proteins, or therapeutic drugs show improved delivery efficiency and drug effect. In this review, we summarize the methods used for the cargo loading into EVs, including siRNA, miRNA, mRNA, CRISPR/Cas9, proteins, and therapeutic drugs. Furthermore, we also include the recent advance in engineered EVs for drug delivery. Finally, both advantages and challenges of EVs as a new drug delivery system are discussed. Here, we encourage researchers to further develop convenient and reliable loading methods for the potential clinical applications of EVs as drug carriers in the future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Function, Diffusion and Transport Processes of Extracellular Vesicles)
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16 pages, 2089 KiB  
Review
Extracellular Vesicle Transportation and Uptake by Recipient Cells: A Critical Process to Regulate Human Diseases
by Zhi Hao Kwok, Chenghao Wang and Yang Jin
Processes 2021, 9(2), 273; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9020273 - 31 Jan 2021
Cited by 57 | Viewed by 4807
Abstract
Emerging evidence highlights the relevance of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in modulating human diseases including but not limited to cancer, inflammation, and neurological disorders. EVs can be found in almost all types of human body fluids, suggesting that their trafficking may allow for their [...] Read more.
Emerging evidence highlights the relevance of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in modulating human diseases including but not limited to cancer, inflammation, and neurological disorders. EVs can be found in almost all types of human body fluids, suggesting that their trafficking may allow for their targeting to remote recipient cells. While molecular processes underlying EV biogenesis and secretion are increasingly elucidated, mechanisms governing EV transportation, target finding and binding, as well as uptake into recipient cells remain to be characterized. Understanding the specificity of EV transport and uptake is critical to facilitating the development of EVs as valuable diagnostics and therapeutics. In this mini review, we focus on EV uptake mechanisms and specificities, as well as their implications in human diseases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Function, Diffusion and Transport Processes of Extracellular Vesicles)
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