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Processes
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Advancements in Low-Dimensional Materials: Focus on Detailed Methodologies
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Advancements in Low-Dimensional Materials: Focus on Detailed Methodologies

A special issue of Processes (ISSN 2227-9717). This special issue belongs to the section "Materials Processes".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 25 September 2025 | Viewed by 4620

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Sake Wang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
College of Science, Jinling Institute of Technology, Nanjing 211169, China
Interests: 2D materials; environment; valleytronics; spintronics; topological insulators; electron transport; optoelectronics; photocatalyst
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Nguyen Tuan Hung

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, Miyagi 980-0845, Japan
Interests: thermoelectricity; artificial muscles; nanomechanics; first-principles calculations
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Minglei Sun

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
NANOlab Center of Excellence, Department of Physics, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
Interests: computational investigation of materials for energy applications
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The study of low-dimensional materials began to gain prominence with the discovery of graphene in 2004, a single layer of carbon atoms with exceptional electrical, thermal, optical, and mechanical properties. Before this, carbon nanotubes, discovered in 1991, had already showcased remarkable strength and conductivity as one-dimensional materials. Quantum dots, zero-dimensional nanoparticles, emerged in the 1980s, offering size-tunable electronic and optical properties due to quantum confinement.

It is worth mentioning that the exploration of two-dimensional materials expanded with the discovery of monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides like monolayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) around 2011, which displayed versatile electronic and optical properties. The study of topological insulators introduced materials with insulating bulk states but conductive surface states, enriching our understanding. Further, the integration of various 2D materials into heterostructures, including twisted heterostructures in the 2010s, led to new phenomena and potential applications, marking significant progress in nanotechnology.

As will be seen in this Special Issue, low-dimensional materials exhibit a wide range of new properties that can be employed to fabricate improved and novel devices. The ongoing research on these materials is advancing electronics, materials science, and related fields. We would like you to consider submitting a manuscript in this field that provides detailed and rigorous methodologies or processes, as these are crucial for advancing the field and ensuring replicability and robustness in research findings.

Dr. Sake Wang
Dr. Nguyen Tuan Hung
Dr. Minglei Sun
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Processes is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • low-dimensional materials
  • quantum dot
  • carbon nanotube
  • graphene
  • transition-metal dichalcogenides
  • spintronics
  • valleytronics
  • twistronics
  • topological insulators
  • photonics

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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21 pages, 4638 KiB  
Article
Properties and Optimization Process Using Machine Learning for Recycling of Fly and Bottom Ashes in Fire-Resistant Materials
by Elena Guirado, Jaime Delfino Ruiz Martinez, Manuel Campoy and Carlos Leiva
Processes 2025, 13(4), 933; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13040933 - 21 Mar 2025
Viewed by 365
Abstract
Significant amounts of coal fly and bottom ash are generated globally each year, with especially large quantities of bottom ash accumulating in landfills. In this study, fly ash and bottom ash were used to create fire-resistant materials. A mix of 30 wt% gypsum, [...] Read more.
Significant amounts of coal fly and bottom ash are generated globally each year, with especially large quantities of bottom ash accumulating in landfills. In this study, fly ash and bottom ash were used to create fire-resistant materials. A mix of 30 wt% gypsum, 9.5 wt% vermiculite, and 0.5 wt% polypropylene fibers was used, maintaining a constant water-to-solid ratio, with varying fly ash/bottom ash ratios (40/20, 30/30, and 20/40). The density, as well as various mechanical properties (compressive strength, flexural strength, and surface hardness), fire insulation capacity, and leaching behavior of both ashes were evaluated. When comparing the 40/20 and 20/40 compositions, a slight decrease in density was observed; however, compressive strength dropped drastically by 80%, while flexural strength decreased slightly due to the action of the polypropylene fibers, and fire resistance dropped by 8%. Neither of the ashes presented any environmental concerns from a leaching standpoint. Additionally, historical data from various materials with different wastes in previous works were used to train different machine learning models (random forest, gradient boosting, artificial neural networks, etc.). Compressive strength and fire resistance were predicted. Simple parameters (density, water/solid ratio and composition for compressive strength and thickness and the composition for fire resistance) were used as input in the models. Both regression and classification algorithms were applied to evaluate the models’ ability to predict compressive strength. Regression models for fire resistance reached r2 up to about 0.85. The classification results for the fire resistance rating (FRR) showed high accuracy (96%). The prediction of compressive strength is not as good as the fire resistance prediction, but compressive strength classification reached up to 99% accuracy for some models. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Low-Dimensional Materials: Focus on Detailed Methodologies)
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12 pages, 3362 KiB  
Article
Scalable and Contamination-Free Selenium-Assisted Exfoliation of Transition Metal Dichalcogenides WSe2 and MoSe2
by Rehan Younas, Guanyu Zhou and Christopher L. Hinkle
Processes 2025, 13(3), 791; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13030791 - 8 Mar 2025
Viewed by 1346
Abstract
In two-dimensional (2D) materials research, exfoliating 2D transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) from their growth substrates for device fabrication remains a significant challenge. Current methods, such as those involving polymers, metals, or chemical etchants, suffer from limitations like contamination, defect introduction, and a lack [...] Read more.
In two-dimensional (2D) materials research, exfoliating 2D transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) from their growth substrates for device fabrication remains a significant challenge. Current methods, such as those involving polymers, metals, or chemical etchants, suffer from limitations like contamination, defect introduction, and a lack of scalability. Here, we demonstrate a selenium capping-based exfoliation technique. Its advantage lies in its ability to enable the clean, contamination-free exfoliation and transfer of TMD films. We successfully exfoliated and transferred monolayer and multilayer TMD films, including WSe2 and MoSe2. The selenium capping layer not only enables seamless exfoliation but also protects the film from oxidation, as confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. This approach is versatile and applicable to a range of TMDs and thicknesses, paving the way for the high-quality, scalable integration of 2D materials into nanoelectronic devices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Low-Dimensional Materials: Focus on Detailed Methodologies)
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16 pages, 8842 KiB  
Article
Structure and Selected Properties of Si(C,N) Coatings on Ni-Cr Prosthetic Alloys
by Zofia Kula, Katarzyna Dąbrowska and Leszek Klimek
Processes 2025, 13(3), 624; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13030624 - 22 Feb 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 378
Abstract
Metal alloys continue to be, and are expected to remain, essential materials for fabricating prosthetic elements due to their unique properties, particularly their high strength, durability, and appropriate modulus of elasticity, which make them well-suited for such applications. However, commonly used non-precious metal [...] Read more.
Metal alloys continue to be, and are expected to remain, essential materials for fabricating prosthetic elements due to their unique properties, particularly their high strength, durability, and appropriate modulus of elasticity, which make them well-suited for such applications. However, commonly used non-precious metal alloys exhibit lower corrosion resistance compared to precious metal alloys. This reduced resistance leads to the release of metal ions from the alloy into the oral environment. Adverse biological responses to metal alloys can be mitigated through various surface modifications, most commonly by applying coatings. These coatings are typically ceramic, including oxides, nitrides, and carbides. In this study, the mechanical properties (hardness, modulus of elasticity, adhesion, and thickness) of complex Si(C,N) coatings applied to a prosthetic Ni-Cr alloy were investigated. Depending on the proportions of N, C, and Si in the coating, the hardness ranged from 12 to 15 GPa, while the modulus of elasticity varied between 130 and 170 GPa. Adhesion strength, measured via the scratch test method, was within an acceptable range. Microscopic analysis revealed that the coatings had a thickness of 2 to 2.5 μm, exhibiting a homogeneous, columnar structure. In conclusion, the properties of the fabricated Si(C,N) coatings are deemed satisfactory for their intended use as protective layers for prosthetic and orthodontic components. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Low-Dimensional Materials: Focus on Detailed Methodologies)
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12 pages, 804 KiB  
Article
Development of Vitamin C-Enriched Oral Disintegration Films Using Chia Mucilage
by Simone Canabarro Palezi, Juliana Machado Latorres, Sibele Santos Fernandes and Vilásia Guimarães Martins
Processes 2025, 13(1), 250; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13010250 - 16 Jan 2025
Viewed by 977
Abstract
Oral disintegration films (ODFs) offer a convenient alternative for administering active compounds with quick absorption, no need for water, customizable formulation, and promising pharmaceutical applications. This study aimed to develop chia mucilage films as a new polymer to carry vitamin C. Chia mucilage [...] Read more.
Oral disintegration films (ODFs) offer a convenient alternative for administering active compounds with quick absorption, no need for water, customizable formulation, and promising pharmaceutical applications. This study aimed to develop chia mucilage films as a new polymer to carry vitamin C. Chia mucilage was extracted using the method of immersing the seeds in water, separated by vacuum filtration and using a sieve to remove the mucilaginous gel, then centrifuged and finally freeze-dried, with the mucilage obtained being used to produce films using the casting technique. The formulations included a control and a 1% vitamin C variant, with glycerol as a plasticizer. The produced films showed high solubility, pH close to the oral and a disintegration time of 53.17 s for the formulation with 1% vitamin C. The presence of vitamin C in the polymer matrix, as well as the interactions between them, were confirmed by DSC and FTIR spectra. On the first day of storage, after 1 min of reaction at 30 °C, the vitamin C concentration obtained was 477.50 mg/g, while at 40 °C was 411.28 mg/g. After 35 days of storage, the films showed a reduction in vitamin C concentration. Chia mucilage proved to be a promising polymer in the production of ODFs carrying vitamin C. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Low-Dimensional Materials: Focus on Detailed Methodologies)
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14 pages, 1571 KiB  
Article
Exploring Principal Component Analysis for Enhanced Insights into Physical and Operational Characteristics of Palladium-Based Membrane Composites: Advancing Hydrogen (H2) Energy Potential to Revolutionize the Energy Sector
by Khaled Younes, Walid Al-Shaar, Majdi Hochlaf, Maroua Fattouche, Salah Belaidi and Christina El Sawda
Processes 2025, 13(1), 192; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13010192 - 11 Jan 2025
Viewed by 846
Abstract
In this study, we used Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to evaluate the physical and operational properties of palladium (Pd)-based membrane composites, focusing on variables like temperature, differential pressure (ΔP), thickness, hydrogen (H2) permeability, and H2 flux. The analysis revealed that [...] Read more.
In this study, we used Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to evaluate the physical and operational properties of palladium (Pd)-based membrane composites, focusing on variables like temperature, differential pressure (ΔP), thickness, hydrogen (H2) permeability, and H2 flux. The analysis revealed that the first two principal components explained 53.16% of the total variance, indicating moderate explanatory power. Interdependencies were observed among temperature, thickness, H2 flux, and H2 permeability, while ΔP functioned independently. This study found similarities among membranes, such as eco-friendly chitosan-based membranes, which performed comparably to conventional options like Pd–PSS and Pd–Cu/αAl2O3. Overall, PCA proved to be an invaluable tool for uncovering hidden patterns, optimizing experimental processes, and deepening the understanding of Pd-based membranes. The findings underscore PCA’s potential to enhance material performance and promote sustainable alternatives, with practical benefits for advancing hydrogen separation technologies. This study illustrates how data-driven approaches can refine material analysis and drive innovation in membrane design. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Low-Dimensional Materials: Focus on Detailed Methodologies)
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