Advanced Functionally Graded Materials

A special issue of Processes (ISSN 2227-9717). This special issue belongs to the section "Materials Processes".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 10 November 2025 | Viewed by 5941

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
School of Dentistry and Oral Health, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
Interests: additive manufacturing; sustainable manufacturing; biomaterials; medical devices; materials characterization
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

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Guest Editor
Department of Engineering Technology, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA
Interests: functionally graded materials; additive manufacturing; mechanical behavior; advanced composites

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

I am delighted to introduce a Special Issue dedicated to the exploration of functionally graded materials (FGMs) through additive manufacturing (AM) techniques.

FGMs represent a novel class of composites designed to address the need for materials with tailored property gradients to enhance performance in specific engineering applications. These materials exhibit gradual variations in composition and structure over their volume, leading to corresponding changes in their properties For example, thermal barrier coatings for turbine blades in jet engines use FGMs to transition from a metal, providing structural strength, to a ceramic, offering thermal insulation. In biomedical applications, FGMs can be used for implants with a biocompatible outer layer and a strong, load-bearing core, optimizing both biocompatibility and mechanical strength. Automotive brake discs benefit from FGMs by having an outer wear-resistant surface and an inner heat-dissipating core, enhancing braking performance and longevity. Aerospace structures utilize FGMs to enable their transition from lightweight composite exteriors to tough, impact-resistant interiors, optimizing both weight and safety. In nuclear reactors, FGMs are also used; here, materials need to transition from a radiation-resistant exteriors to thermally conductive interiors, improving the overall efficiency and safety of reactor components.

This gradient approach allows for the optimization of material properties such as strength, toughness, and thermal resistance in regions where they are most needed. By strategically varying these properties, FGMs can significantly improve the overall performance and durability of engineering components, effectively overcoming the limitations of homogeneous materials.

This Special Issue aims to gather cutting-edge research at the intersection of material science, additive manufacturing, and engineering applications. We welcome contributions focused on the development, characterization, and application of functionally graded materials across various domains.

Topics of interest include, but are not limited to, the following:

  • Functionally graded materials and metamaterials;
  • Performance analysis and simulation techniques;
  • Integration of machine learning approaches; 
  • Exploration of porous materials and structures;
  • Advancements in carbon nanotube-reinforced composite materials;
  • Comprehensive modeling and analysis of materials and structures.

I extend an invitation to participate in this endeavor and contribute to our collective knowledge in this dynamic and evolving field.

Sincerely,

Dr. Frank Alifui-Segbaya
Dr. Suhas Alkunte
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • functionally graded materials
  • additive manufacturing
  • mechanical behavior
  • sustainability
  • material science

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

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31 pages, 33310 KiB  
Article
Influence of Foaming Agents and Stabilizers on Porosity in 3D Printed Foamed Concrete
by Magdalena Rudziewicz, Marcin Maroszek, Adam Hutyra, Michał Góra, Karina Rusin-Żurek and Marek Hebda
Processes 2025, 13(2), 403; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13020403 - 3 Feb 2025
Viewed by 872
Abstract
This study examines the pore structure and distribution in 3D printed and cast foamed concrete using protein-based and synthetic foaming agents alongside various stabilizing additives. In 3D printed samples, pores are irregular and flattened due to mechanical forces during printing, whereas cast samples [...] Read more.
This study examines the pore structure and distribution in 3D printed and cast foamed concrete using protein-based and synthetic foaming agents alongside various stabilizing additives. In 3D printed samples, pores are irregular and flattened due to mechanical forces during printing, whereas cast samples display uniform, spherical pores from homogeneous foam distribution. Samples containing the CA stabilizer show higher apparent densities (up to 2.05 g/cm3 for printed samples), correlating with lower water absorption. Protein-based foaming agents (PS) produce smaller, more evenly distributed pores, while synthetic agents (AS) result in larger, less uniform pores. Stabilizers significantly influence pore characteristics: commercial stabilizers yield smaller, more uniform pores, while recycled industrial oil (UO) leads to larger, more variable pores. Protein-based agents improve structural stability and reduce water absorption through uniform pore distributions, while synthetic agents lower density and increase water absorption. The highest sorption values were observed in samples with AS without stabilizer (1.7 kg/m2h1/2) and AS and UO (1.6 kg/m2h1/2) in a vertical orientation, with the horizontal orientation of sample AS and UO achieving a peak value of 2.0 kg/m2h1/2. Moreover, stabilization using UO resulted in higher sorption coefficients than stabilization with CA. High porosity in M1 resulted in low strength (0.2 MPa bending, 0.1 MPa perpendicular compression), while M5 showed superior performance (11.5 MPa perpendicular compression). PS-foamed samples (M4, M6) with uniform pores had the highest strengths, with M6 achieving 3.8 MPa bending and 10.3 MPa perpendicular compression. Perpendicular compression (M5: 11.5 MPa) was up to three times stronger than parallel compression due to weak interlayer bonds in 3D printing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Functionally Graded Materials)
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Review

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47 pages, 10647 KiB  
Review
Functionally Graded Metamaterials: Fabrication Techniques, Modeling, and Applications—A Review
by Suhas Alkunte, Madhur Gupta, Mithila Rajeshirke, Nitin More, Muralimohan Cheepu, Ankit Gupta, Narendra Lakal, Kishor Shingare, Frank Alifui-Segbaya and Ismail Fidan
Processes 2024, 12(10), 2252; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12102252 - 15 Oct 2024
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 4575
Abstract
Functionally Graded Metamaterials (FGMMs) constitute an innovative class of materials within the realm of additive manufacturing (AM), attracting substantial attention from material science and research communities. These materials, characterized by unique designs and gradient properties, are not commonly found in nature but are [...] Read more.
Functionally Graded Metamaterials (FGMMs) constitute an innovative class of materials within the realm of additive manufacturing (AM), attracting substantial attention from material science and research communities. These materials, characterized by unique designs and gradient properties, are not commonly found in nature but are deliberately engineered through the arrangement of subwavelength structures. The distinct attributes of such materials have propelled them into significant prominence across various industries, including automotive, aerospace, medical, electronics, and agriculture. This review paper aims to present a comprehensive overview of a range of techniques applied in the fabrication, design, theoretical models, and simulation methods related to these materials. It delves into the assessment of such material’s performance, specifically focusing on mechanical, thermal, and electromagnetic properties. Moreover, this review addresses advancements, challenges, and potential solutions in the field. Ultimately, it delivers valuable insights to researchers, practitioners, and stakeholders, enhancing their understanding of FGMMs and their significance in the broader context. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Functionally Graded Materials)
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