Nanomaterials

10 pages, 1423 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Zn-Cu Bimetallic Mixed-Component MOFs Composite for Efficient CO₂ Capture

by Haihong Zhao, Lei Li, Jiaxin Li, Feiqi Yan, Wenhao Wang and Mingxia Zhao

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(23), 1777; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15231777 - 26 Nov 2025

In this work, a novel mixed-component bimetallic metal–organic framework (MOF) composite material was synthesized via a solvothermal approach, and its structural and textural properties were systematically characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), N₂ adsorption/desorption analysis, and transmission electron microscopy [...] Read more.

In this work, a novel mixed-component bimetallic metal–organic framework (MOF) composite material was synthesized via a solvothermal approach, and its structural and textural properties were systematically characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), N₂ adsorption/desorption analysis, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Furthermore, the single-component adsorption isotherms of CO₂ and N₂ were experimentally measured and fitted to the Langmuir–Freundlich model. The CO₂/N₂ selectivity of the composite was evaluated based on the ideal adsorption solution theory (IAST). The results demonstrated that the addition of Zn²⁺ significantly enhanced the specific surface area and improved the CO₂ adsorption capacity (3.97 mmol/g at 35 °C and 1 bar), with an increase of 31.5% in comparison with the Cu-BTC/MCFs (3.02 mmol/g). Meanwhile, the Zn-Cu-BTC/MCFs had good recyclability and CO₂/N₂ selectivity up to 12.5 determined via IAST (CO₂:N₂ = 85:15). Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nanocomposite Materials)

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1 pages, 551 KB

Open AccessCorrection

Correction: Wu, S.; Dai, W. Microwave-Hydrothermal Synthesis of SnO₂-CNTs Hybrid Nanocomposites with Visible Light Photocatalytic Activity. Nanomaterials 2017, 7, 54

by Shuisheng Wu and Weili Dai

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(23), 1776; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15231776 - 26 Nov 2025

Abstract

In the original publication [...] Full article

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15 pages, 3254 KB

Open AccessArticle

Surface Polyphenol Coordination Drives Efficient Foliar Deposition of Pesticide Nanocarriers

by Manli Yu, Bo Cui, Lidong Cao, Qiliang Huang, Junwei Yao and Zhanghua Zeng

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(23), 1775; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15231775 - 26 Nov 2025

Abstract

Pesticides play key roles in modern agricultural activities. Optimizing pesticide deposition is essential for maximizing utilization efficiency and minimizing unintended environmental impacts. While electrostatic, hydrogen, and covalent interactions have been extensively studied to modulate pesticide adhesion to leaf surfaces, the potential of metal [...] Read more.

Pesticides play key roles in modern agricultural activities. Optimizing pesticide deposition is essential for maximizing utilization efficiency and minimizing unintended environmental impacts. While electrostatic, hydrogen, and covalent interactions have been extensively studied to modulate pesticide adhesion to leaf surfaces, the potential of metal coordination bonding to enhance foliar deposition remains largely unexplored. In our work, abamectin-loaded PLA nanospheres coated in tannic acid (TA) (Abam@PLA) via the metal chelating ability of polyphenols (Abam@PLA-TA) were developed to improve abamectin retention on the surfaces of leaves. The chemical properties and morphological features of Abam@PLA-TA were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and fluorescent imaging. The foliar retention of Abam@PLA-TA demonstrated that the tannic acid coating could significantly improve the adhesion ability and deposition efficiency of pesticides for crop leaves, which was mainly attributed to the hydrogen bonds between the polyphenols of TA and the polar groups of the wax layer. Moreover, Abam@PLA-TA exhibited better photostability capacity compared to the abamectin technical concentrate, which helps to protect light-sensitive pesticides from ultraviolet (UV) decomposition. This strategy opens up a simple but powerful avenue for the design of foliage adhesive systems and a new opportunity for the efficient utilization of pesticides. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications and Research of Nanocarriers and Nanopesticides in Agriculture)

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22 pages, 5977 KB

Open AccessArticle

Rational Design of α-Fe₂O₃ Nanostructures via Single/Dual Polymer-Assisted Hydrothermal Routes for High-Performance Asymmetric Supercapacitors

by Rutuja U. Amate, Aditya A. Patil, Pritam J. Morankar and Chan-Wook Jeon

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(23), 1774; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15231774 - 26 Nov 2025

Abstract

In this study, a systematic investigation was undertaken to elucidate the influence of polymeric surfactants such as polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), polyethylene glycol (PEG), and their hybrid combination (PVP/PEG) on the structural, morphological, and electrochemical evolution of Fe₂O₃ electrodes designed for high-performance [...] Read more.

In this study, a systematic investigation was undertaken to elucidate the influence of polymeric surfactants such as polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), polyethylene glycol (PEG), and their hybrid combination (PVP/PEG) on the structural, morphological, and electrochemical evolution of Fe₂O₃ electrodes designed for high-performance supercapacitor applications. Fe₂O₃ nanostructures were synthesized via a controlled hydrothermal route, wherein the surfactant composition was precisely tuned to modulate crystal growth, particle dispersion, and surface active-site density. Detailed physicochemical characterization revealed that hybrid PVP/PEG incorporation induced a hierarchically nanograined morphology with optimized porosity. The optimized PVP/PEG-Fe electrode exhibited the largest CV area, lowest equivalent series resistance (0.33 Ω), and superior areal capacitance of 9.17 F cm⁻² at 8 mA cm⁻², attributed to accelerated redox kinetics and efficient ion diffusion. Long-term cycling demonstrated remarkable structural resilience, with ~85.1% capacitance retention after 12,000 cycles. Furthermore, an asymmetric pouch-type supercapacitor (PVP/PEG-Fe//AC) was assembled to validate practical performance, achieving a wide potential window of 1.5 V, an areal capacitance of 0.260 F cm⁻², energy density of 0.081 mWh cm⁻², and coulombic efficiency of 95.73% after 7000 cycles. This work highlights the critical role of cooperative polymer–metal oxide interactions in achieving structural uniformity, optimized electrochemical kinetics, and long-term durability, offering a versatile strategy for engineering cost-effective, high-performance transition metal oxide electrodes for next-generation flexible energy storage devices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Nanoscience and Nanotechnology)

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28 pages, 1438 KB

Open AccessReview

Applications of Nanotechnology in Ruminant Animal Production: Advances, Challenges, and Future Prospects

by Ahmed E. Kholif, Anuoluwapo Anele, Mireille Chahine and Uchenna Y. Anele

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(23), 1773; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15231773 - 26 Nov 2025

Abstract

Nanotechnology offers innovative approaches to improve ruminant nutrition by enhancing feed efficiency, nutrient utilization, animal health, and environmental sustainability. This review highlights the use of nano-minerals, nano-encapsulated bioactives, enzyme nano-particles, and nano-sensors to optimize rumen function, digestion, and immunity. Nano-minerals provide high bioavailability [...] Read more.

Nanotechnology offers innovative approaches to improve ruminant nutrition by enhancing feed efficiency, nutrient utilization, animal health, and environmental sustainability. This review highlights the use of nano-minerals, nano-encapsulated bioactives, enzyme nano-particles, and nano-sensors to optimize rumen function, digestion, and immunity. Nano-minerals provide high bioavailability at lower doses and may replace antibiotics. Encapsulated compounds like essential oils, probiotics, and vitamins improve rumen fermentation and product quality. Nanotechnology allows precise nutrient delivery through encapsulation, chelation, and nano-packaging without affecting feed sensory properties. Nano-particles are classified as inorganic, organic, or complex nano-structures and are synthesized using physical, chemical, or biological methods. While promising, nanotechnology adoption must address concerns related to safety, environmental impact, and cost. Robust risk assessments and regulatory frameworks are essential. Overall, nanotechnology represents a powerful tool for advancing sustainable and profitable ruminants, and continued multidisciplinary research is needed to fully realize its benefits and ensure its responsible application in animal agriculture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biology and Medicines)

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17 pages, 3291 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Devil Lies in the Details: Small Structural and Chemical Changes in Iron Oxide Pigments Largely Alter the Biological Outcomes in Macrophages

by Marianne Vitipon, Esther Akingbagbohun, Fabienne Devime, Daphna Fenel, Stéphane Ravanel and Thierry Rabilloud

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(23), 1772; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15231772 - 26 Nov 2025

Abstract

Because of their technical qualities, such as resistance to fading and to high temperatures, mineral pigments are still widely used. Among mineral pigments, iron oxide pigments represent a widely used class, because of their diversity of shades (from yellow to red to brown [...] Read more.

Because of their technical qualities, such as resistance to fading and to high temperatures, mineral pigments are still widely used. Among mineral pigments, iron oxide pigments represent a widely used class, because of their diversity of shades (from yellow to red to brown to black) and low toxicity compared to heavy metals-based pigments. However, low toxicity does not mean the absence of adverse effects. We thus investigated the biological effects of two different subtypes of Pigment Red 101, i.e., hematite, produced by two different processes, namely a wet precipitation process and a calcination process. Macrophages were chosen as a target cell type because they represent the main scavenger cell type that is in charge of handling particulate materials in the body. During this comparison, we realized that the calcined pigment was contaminated from the start by bacterial endotoxins, which induced intense inflammatory responses and biased the comparison. After depyrogenation, the calcined pigment proved to dissolve to a higher extent in macrophages, but to show less intense adverse effects (e.g., alteration of the mitochondrial transmembrane potential, oxidative stress and inflammatory responses) than the precipitated pigment in a recovery exposure mode, allowing us to investigate delayed effects of the pigments. Thus, despite their identical pigment number, pigments differing in their structure and in their synthesis induce different responses from living cells, even if administrated in equivalent amounts. This should be taken into account for some applications, such as tattooing. Moreover, endotoxin contamination should also be checked to increase workers’ and users’ safety. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biology and Medicines)

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15 pages, 746 KB

Open AccessReview

Therapeutic Potential of Nanoscale Metal–Organic Frameworks in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

by Helda Tutunchi, Hafezeh Nabipour and Sohrab Rohani

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(23), 1771; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15231771 - 26 Nov 2025

Abstract

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) represents the predominant type of primary liver cancer and remains a major global health concern. Current therapeutic strategies—such as surgical resection, radiation, and chemotherapy—provide clinical benefits but are frequently accompanied by considerable adverse effects. Consequently, identifying alternative treatment modalities and [...] Read more.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) represents the predominant type of primary liver cancer and remains a major global health concern. Current therapeutic strategies—such as surgical resection, radiation, and chemotherapy—provide clinical benefits but are frequently accompanied by considerable adverse effects. Consequently, identifying alternative treatment modalities and developing strategies that allow the use of lower drug doses without compromising therapeutic outcomes are essential goals in HCC management. Among emerging nanoscale platforms, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted exceptional interest as promising candidates for targeted drug delivery in cancer therapy. Their inherent characteristics, including highly ordered porosity, large surface area, tunable cavities, adjustable chemical functionality, and remarkable drug-loading capacity, set them apart from conventional porous nanomaterials. Owing to their hierarchical architecture, MOFs are especially suitable for multimodal and synergistic anti-cancer treatments. MOF-based systems have demonstrated the ability to reinforce the performance of several therapeutic modalities, including photodynamic therapy (PDT), photothermal therapy (PTT), chemodynamic therapy (CDT), and sonodynamic therapy (SDT), while also serving as efficient carriers for targeted drug release. Their structural versatility further enables improved drug stability, enhanced solubility, and controlled-release behavior. This review provides an overview of recent progress in MOF-enabled therapeutic strategies and discusses their potential applications in the treatment of HCC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoscale Metal–Organic Frameworks for Cancer Therapy)

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13 pages, 5197 KB

Open AccessArticle

Large-Scale Production of Silver Nanoplates via Ultrasonic-Assisted Continuous-Flow Synthesis

by Xiangting Hu, Yixuan Yao, Fuqiang Yan, Jiahao Pan and Zhenda Lu

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(23), 1770; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15231770 - 25 Nov 2025

Abstract

Silver nanoplates hold significant promise for advanced electronic materials, especially in low-temperature conductive silver pastes crucial for next-generation solar cells. However, their widespread practical application, like many nanomaterials, is currently limited by insufficient production capacity and inconsistent quality inherent in conventional batch synthesis [...] Read more.

Silver nanoplates hold significant promise for advanced electronic materials, especially in low-temperature conductive silver pastes crucial for next-generation solar cells. However, their widespread practical application, like many nanomaterials, is currently limited by insufficient production capacity and inconsistent quality inherent in conventional batch synthesis methods. To overcome these critical challenges, we developed a novel ultrasound-assisted continuous-flow synthesis method for the scalable and high-yield production of silver nanoplates. This innovative approach effectively addresses common issues such as nanoparticle deposition and pipeline clogging by leveraging ultrasonic cavitation for enhanced mixing and stable flow. Through systematic optimization of synthetic parameters-including temperature, flow rate, and seed concentration-our continuous-flow reactor achieved mass production of pure silver nanoplates at a rate of 3.8 g/h. This scaled-up system is capable of producing hundreds of grams per day. The as-prepared nanoplates demonstrate excellent electrical performance, highlighting the method’s potential for industrial-scale manufacturing and significantly advancing the development of high-efficiency electronic devices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nanofabrication and Nanomanufacturing)

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23 pages, 6676 KB

Open AccessReview

Stimulus-Responsive Afterglow Carbon Dots from Internal Mechanism to Potential Application

by Chongye Xia, Xingyu Gu, Xingwang Zhu, Yunfei Sun, Qijun Li and Jing Tan

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(23), 1769; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15231769 - 25 Nov 2025

Abstract

Stimulus-responsive afterglow materials refer to a class of substances whose afterglow characteristics alter under external stimuli, showing considerable potential for advanced applications in anti-counterfeiting, optoelectronic displays, chemical sensing, and bioimaging. Carbon dots (CDs), as an emerging category of afterglow materials, have garnered significant [...] Read more.

Stimulus-responsive afterglow materials refer to a class of substances whose afterglow characteristics alter under external stimuli, showing considerable potential for advanced applications in anti-counterfeiting, optoelectronic displays, chemical sensing, and bioimaging. Carbon dots (CDs), as an emerging category of afterglow materials, have garnered significant attention due to their stable photophysical and chemical properties, low toxicity, and tunable luminescent energy bands. In recent years, significant progress has been made in the development of stimulus-responsive afterglow CDs, underscoring the need for a systematic summary of this rapidly advancing field. This review summarizes recent advances in CD-based afterglow, encompassing luminescence mechanisms and synthesis strategies. A particular focus is placed on the types of stimulus-responsive afterglow behaviors in CDs, their influence on afterglow performance, and the underlying response mechanisms. The potential applications of these stimulus-responsive afterglow CDs in sensing and information encryption are also discussed in detail. Finally, current challenges and future prospects are outlined, aiming to guide the rational design and development of next-generation stimulus-responsive afterglow CDs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section 2D and Carbon Nanomaterials)

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15 pages, 1808 KB

Open AccessArticle

Dosage of Sulfidized Nano Zero-Valent Iron, Soil Moisture and pH Influences on Fraction of Arsenic and Cadmium in Contaminated Paddy Soil

by Jiabing Wu, Jianxiong Xie, Hang Wei, Pengran Guo and Zhiliang Chen

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(23), 1768; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15231768 - 25 Nov 2025

Abstract

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) exhibits a heightened ability to bioaccumulate arsenic (As) and cadmium (Cd), which directly affects the quality of agricultural products and poses serious risks to both the ecological environment and human health. Due to considerable differences in the occurrence [...] Read more.

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) exhibits a heightened ability to bioaccumulate arsenic (As) and cadmium (Cd), which directly affects the quality of agricultural products and poses serious risks to both the ecological environment and human health. Due to considerable differences in the occurrence states and chemical behaviors of As and Cd, simultaneous remediation efforts for water or soil contaminated by these elements often prove challenging. Our previous study indicated that the addition of both As and Cd markedly promoted the immobilization of each other by sulfidized nano-zero-valent iron (S-nZVI). To further explore the influence of S-nZVI on the passivation of As-Cd composite contamination, we examined its effect on the residual proportions of As and Cd in the soil by varying the dosage of S-nZVI, the soil moisture content and pH levels. At 2 g·kg⁻¹ S-nZVI over a 90-day period, residual fraction reached 83% for As and 39% for Cd. When the water content was 100%, residual fractions peaked at 83% for As and 29% for Cd. Additionally, variations in initial pH levels were found to have no significant impact on the remediation efficiency of As and Cd. This suggests that S-nZVI has the ability to sustain the stabilization of As and Cd in soil across diverse environmental conditions. The evident passivation effects on As-Cd composite contaminated soil can effectively reduce the potential ecological risk associated with these contaminants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Nanoscience and Nanotechnology)

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21 pages, 1204 KB

Open AccessReview

From Nature to Nanomedicine: Green-Synthesized Metal Oxide Nanoparticles for Oral Cancer Drug Delivery

by Doaa S. R. Khafaga, Youssef Basem, Mariam Mohamed Ali, Rawan S. Elsharkawy, Ayda H. El-Gouhari and Shimaa S. Attia

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(23), 1767; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15231767 - 25 Nov 2025

Abstract

Oral cancer represents one of the most prevalent malignancies worldwide, characterized by high morbidity and mortality rates primarily due to late diagnosis, limited therapeutic efficacy, systemic toxicity, and recurrence following conventional treatments. Traditional chemotherapeutic drugs, while effective to a certain extent, often suffer [...] Read more.

Oral cancer represents one of the most prevalent malignancies worldwide, characterized by high morbidity and mortality rates primarily due to late diagnosis, limited therapeutic efficacy, systemic toxicity, and recurrence following conventional treatments. Traditional chemotherapeutic drugs, while effective to a certain extent, often suffer from poor bioavailability, nonspecific targeting, and multidrug resistance, highlighting the importance of innovative therapeutic strategies. Nanomedicine has emerged as a promising alternative, providing site-specific delivery, enhanced drug stability, and improved therapeutic outcomes. Among various nanoparticles (NPs), metal oxide nanoparticles (MONPs), such as zinc oxide, titanium dioxide, and copper oxide, have demonstrated potent anticancer activity due to their high surface area, tunable physicochemical properties, and ability to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). Recent progress in green synthesis approaches, employing plant extracts, microbes, and biopolymers as reducing and stabilizing agents, has further advanced the development of biocompatible and eco-friendly NPs. These green-synthesized NPs minimize toxic byproducts and allow their functionalization with herbal compounds and conventional drugs, offering synergistic effects against oral cancer. This review highlights the limitations of traditional treatments, examines the role of nanomedicine, and discusses the application of green-synthesized MONPs as drug delivery platforms for oral cancer management. It also addresses challenges such as standardization, scalability, safety concerns, and regulatory barriers, while outlining future perspectives that integrate green nanotechnology with precision medicine. Collectively, green nanomedicine offers a sustainable and innovative paradigm with the potential to revolutionize oral cancer therapy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Nanomedicine Biotechnologies (Second Edition))

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50 pages, 4429 KB

Open AccessReview

Nanotoxicity of Porous Silica Nanoparticles: Physicochemical Properties and Mechanistic Cellular Endpoints

by Trisha Patel, Callum Clipstone, Umakhanth Venkatraman Girija, Zeeshan Ahmad and Neenu Singh

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(23), 1766; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15231766 - 25 Nov 2025

Abstract

This review provides a comprehensive overview of the fundamental aspects of nanoparticles (NPs), emphasizing their physicochemical properties and biological interactions, with particular focus on porous silica nanoparticles (PSNs). The review provides information on the Safe-by-design (SbD) S.A.F.E. (Standardised characterization, Assessment of biocompatibility, Facilitation [...] Read more.

This review provides a comprehensive overview of the fundamental aspects of nanoparticles (NPs), emphasizing their physicochemical properties and biological interactions, with particular focus on porous silica nanoparticles (PSNs). The review provides information on the Safe-by-design (SbD) S.A.F.E. (Standardised characterization, Assessment of biocompatibility, Facilitation of toxicity and exposure routes and Evaluation of clinical translation) framework. It discusses critical factors influencing NP toxicity and cellular uptake, including particle size, shape, pore size, surface charge, surface functionalisation, and crystallinity. The review also examines exposure routes of NPs—inhalation, dermal, oral, systemic and mucosal—and their subsequent biological effects. A key section is dedicated to the formation of the protein corona, a critical determinant of NP fate in biological systems, and its influence on circulation time, immune clearance and cellular responses. Particular attention is given to assessing the biological interactions of the PSNs and the mechanisms underlying PSN-induced cytotoxicity and genotoxicity, with a focus on the assays commonly employed to evaluate these effects. The review explores the use of gene expression profiling as a powerful tool to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying nanoparticle-induced cellular changes. This review aims to provide an integrated perspective on the SbD considerations and safety implications of nanomaterials. It highlights the need for a deeper understanding of complex biological interactions to establish SbD principles and enable the translation of PSNs into clinical applications. Finally, current regulatory frameworks and guidelines for testing nanomaterials, including PSNs, that support their safe and sustainable development are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Safety and Toxicity of Carbon Nanotubes, Nanoparticles and Other Nanomaterials: 2nd Edition)

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18 pages, 4056 KB

Open AccessArticle

Miniaturized Frustum-Cone Triboelectric Hydrophone Based on a Thin Film Perforated Tube Structure

by Yufen Wu, Jing Liu, Yanling Li, Xin Na, Wei Qiu and Qiang Tan

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(23), 1765; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15231765 - 25 Nov 2025

Abstract

Underwater acoustics is the optimal method for long-distance information transmission in aquatic environments. Hydrophones, as the core component of sonar systems, have found widespread application across multiple fields. However, existing types of hydrophones exhibit limited detection capabilities under low-signal conditions. To enhance low-frequency [...] Read more.

Underwater acoustics is the optimal method for long-distance information transmission in aquatic environments. Hydrophones, as the core component of sonar systems, have found widespread application across multiple fields. However, existing types of hydrophones exhibit limited detection capabilities under low-signal conditions. To enhance low-frequency long-range detection performance, the development of new hydrophones featuring low power consumption, low frequency, high sensitivity, and miniaturization has become a research priority, with breakthroughs sought in the principle of electroacoustic conversion. Therefore, this study designed a frustum-cone triboelectric hydrophone (FCTH) based on friction layer materials, utilizing an indium-tin oxide (ITO) flexible conductive film on a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate and a Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) film. The sensor consists of a waterproof, sound-transparent polyurethane flow guide, silicone oil, and a frustum-cone triboelectric sensing unit based on a coupled membrane–cavity structure. The frustum-cone triboelectric sensing unit, based on a thin-film-perforated-tube resonance structure, enables omnidirectional detection of low-frequency hydroacoustic signals. The miniaturized design significantly reduces the volume of the FCTH. The acoustic–electric conversion relationship of the FCTH was derived using acoustic theory, thin-film vibration theory, and Maxwell’s displacement current theory. Furthermore, the low-frequency response characteristics of the frustum-cone triboelectric sensing unit were analyzed. The FCTH achieves a wide-frequency response ranging from 50 Hz to 12,000 Hz, with omnidirectional sensitivity and a maximum sensitivity of −174.6 dB. The FCTH achieves a wide-frequency response capability of 50 Hz to 12,000 Hz, with omnidirectional sensitivity and a maximum sensitivity of −174.6 dB. Additionally, through acoustic signal acquisition experiments in air, indoor, and outdoor water environments, the FCTH has been validated to possess excellent underwater acoustic detection performance and application potential across multiple scenarios. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Synthesis, Interfaces and Nanostructures)

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2 pages, 452 KB

Open AccessCorrection

Correction: Sarkar et al. Green Synthesized Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Ameliorate Defence and Antioxidant Enzymes in Lens culinaris. Nanomaterials 2020, 10, 312

by Joy Sarkar, Nilanjan Chakraborty, Arindam Chatterjee, Avisek Bhattacharjee, Disha Dasgupta and Krishnendu Acharya

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(23), 1764; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15231764 - 25 Nov 2025

Abstract

In the original publication [...] Full article

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14 pages, 4860 KB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Investigation of Enhanced High-Intensity Laser–Matter Interactions in Nanowire-Coated Conical Targets

by Laura Ionel and Cristian Viespe

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(23), 1763; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15231763 - 24 Nov 2025

Abstract

Nanostructured targets are increasingly used as key components in high-power laser–matter interaction experiments due to their ability to substantially enhance laser absorption, increase ion/electron generation, or boost the secondary radiation (THz, X-ray, etc.) in accordance with the actual scientific requirements in ultraintense regimes. [...] Read more.

Nanostructured targets are increasingly used as key components in high-power laser–matter interaction experiments due to their ability to substantially enhance laser absorption, increase ion/electron generation, or boost the secondary radiation (THz, X-ray, etc.) in accordance with the actual scientific requirements in ultraintense regimes. Their tailored surface features influence the way the energy is deposited in the material, leading to significantly enhanced interaction effects compared to the flat conventional targets. In this study, we numerically investigate the mechanisms of laser field intensification occurring in the interaction between an ultraintense laser pulse and a nanostructured conical target. In order to provide a complex spatio-temporal description of the laser intensity evolution in the interaction area, we developed a 2D finite-difference time-domain model in accordance with the relative spatial extension of the pulse. The laser field intensification is numerically investigated in the vicinity of the laser matter interaction point considering four different materials of the nanopatterned conical targets and variable laser beam parameters in order to determine the optimum conditions to streamline the laser field enrichment in the laser solid targets interaction area. The numerical results show that the designed nanostructured profile of the internal cone target walls under imposed particular conditions induces a highly controllable increase in laser field intensity. Consequently, this enhanced field localization highlights the essential role of nanostructured design in advancing ultraintense laser applications that require efficient energy coupling and extreme field concentrations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Engineering of Advanced Functional Nanomaterials by Laser, Plasma and Radiation-Assisted Techniques)

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38 pages, 1089 KB

Open AccessReview

The Ubiquitous Use of Polyethylene Glycol in Pharmaceutical Design and Development: Technological Aspects and Future Perspectives

by Iliana Christoforou, Anastasios Kalatzis, Angeliki Siamidi, Marilena Vlachou, Stergios Pispas and Natassa Pippa

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(23), 1762; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15231762 - 24 Nov 2025

Abstract

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) has been extensively utilized in drug formulations due to its multifunctional properties, i.e., hydrophilicity and biocompatibility. The roles played by PEG (as a drug delivery carrier and a solubilizer) improve the dissolution profile of several active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), leading [...] Read more.

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) has been extensively utilized in drug formulations due to its multifunctional properties, i.e., hydrophilicity and biocompatibility. The roles played by PEG (as a drug delivery carrier and a solubilizer) improve the dissolution profile of several active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), leading to an improved absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) profile. Moreover, PEG aids in upgrading the existing mechanical properties (as a binding agent, a plasticizer, etc.). Furthermore, PEG, due to its unique ability to provide “stealth” properties, is a valuable tool in pharmaceutical nanotechnology. Exploiting physicochemical variables, PEG acts as a coating/conjugation component of nanocarriers for ameliorating permeability and enhancing in vivo circulation without clearance by the body’s immune system. Additionally, PEG’s presence at the target site decreases external interactions and enhances the pharmacological attributes in terms of loading efficiency and controlled release. Nevertheless, cases of hypersensitivity or allergy, as well as anaphylactic shocks and allergic reactions, have been detected. The topic of this article is the exploitation of PEG’s physicochemical properties in the study of drug delivery, focusing on solid dosage forms and nanovesicles, along with the evaluation of its contribution to the fabrication of safe delivery and theragnostic systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanosomes in Precision Nanomedicine (Second Edition))

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3 pages, 146 KB

Open AccessEditorial

Applications of Nanomaterials in Biomedical Imaging and Cancer Therapy: 3rd Edition

by James C. L. Chow

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(23), 1761; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15231761 - 24 Nov 2025

Abstract

Following the success of our first two editions of “Applications of Nanomaterials in Biomedical Imaging and Cancer Therapy”, this third edition continues to highlight the rapid evolution of nanotechnology and its transformative impact on biomedical imaging, targeted therapy, and cancer theranostics [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Nanomaterials in Biomedical Imaging and Cancer Therapy: 3rd Edition)

26 pages, 12372 KB

Open AccessReview

Nanostructured Thin Films: Properties, Fabrication and Applications—A Short Review

by Ana-Maria Florea (Raduta), Stefan Caramizoiu, Ana-Maria Iordache, Stefan-Marian Iordache and Bogdan Bita

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(23), 1760; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15231760 - 24 Nov 2025

Abstract

Nanostructured thin films are emerging into a diversified class of materials with unique optical, chemical, and physical capabilities as a result of their nanoscale characteristics. This paper provides a complete review of the manufacturing, characterization, and applications of nanostructured thin films in a [...] Read more.

Nanostructured thin films are emerging into a diversified class of materials with unique optical, chemical, and physical capabilities as a result of their nanoscale characteristics. This paper provides a complete review of the manufacturing, characterization, and applications of nanostructured thin films in a range of industries such as photonics, electronics, energy storage, and medicine. The relationship between nanostructure morphology and material performance is discussed, as well as the most recent advances in fabrication technologies such as physical vapor deposition, chemical vapor deposition, and solution-based methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanostructured Thin Films: Properties, Fabrication and Application)

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20 pages, 4620 KB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of the Nano-Precipitation Size Distribution on the Mechanical Behavior of Nickel-Based Alloys by Experiment and Simulation

by Yuebing Wen, Yunlong Liu, Shuhua Teng, Ruixue Yuan, Yuwei Song, Shiyuan Sun, Song Cai, Zhou Li, Bowen Liu, Dan Gao and Yang Chen

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(23), 1759; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15231759 - 24 Nov 2025

Abstract

The outstanding mechanical properties of nickel-based alloys are predominantly governed by the characteristics of their nano-precipitation. Traditional optimization approaches, however, have focused almost exclusively on average precipitation size, neglecting the non-uniform size distribution induced by the temperature gradient during the actual preparation process. [...] Read more.

The outstanding mechanical properties of nickel-based alloys are predominantly governed by the characteristics of their nano-precipitation. Traditional optimization approaches, however, have focused almost exclusively on average precipitation size, neglecting the non-uniform size distribution induced by the temperature gradient during the actual preparation process. This oversight leads to inaccurate optimization parameters, hindering the reliable design and broader engineering application of these alloys. This study investigates the coupling effect of average size and deviation on the mechanical behavior of nickel-based superalloys by experiment and simulation. The characterization of prepared nickel-based alloys confirms the spatial non-uniform distribution of the precipitation size and calibrates dislocation dynamics (DD) simulation inputs. When the precipitation size exhibits no deviation, conventional strengthening models align with simulation results, confirming the accuracy of the simulations. Under high size deviation, however, significant discrepancies arise between traditional models and simulation outcomes, indicating that conventional models fail to account for the effect of size deviation. This is because size deviation leads to spatial heterogeneity in precipitate distribution, which is difficult to describe using a unified theoretical framework. Machine learning (ML)-augmented analysis of the extensive DD dataset reveals a previously unrecognized synergistic effect governed by precipitation size heterogeneity. Surprisingly, contrary to the conventional preference for a uniform size distribution, we find that an appropriate size deviation increases the number of precipitates that effectively pin dislocations in three-dimensional space, thereby enhancing strength at a constant volume fraction. Our combined experimentally calibrated DD/ML approach identifies an optimal range of size variation that maximizes strengthening potential. These results provide a new strategy and an effective pathway for performance optimization of nickel-based alloys. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heterogeneous Nanostructuring for Enhanced Mechanical Properties in Metallic Materials)

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Nanomaterials

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