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Nanomaterials
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Toxicity and Ecotoxicity Assessment of Nanomaterials by In Vitro Models
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Toxicity and Ecotoxicity Assessment of Nanomaterials by In Vitro Models

A special issue of Nanomaterials (ISSN 2079-4991).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 January 2020) | Viewed by 43043

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Marie Carriere

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Guest Editor
Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG, SyMMES, F-38000 Grenoble, France
Interests: nanoparticle; advanced materials; toxicology; intestine; adverse outcome pathways; advanced models; organoids
Dr. Camille Larue

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Laboratoire d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France
Interests: environmental toxicology; soil; plants; trophic chain; engineered nanomaterials; heavy metals; plastics; imaging; spectroscopy
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In the past few decades, significant effort has been devoted to the evaluation of toxicity and ecotoxicity of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly using in vitro models and methods. These models and methods are particularly well suited to explore the mode of action and molecular mechanisms of NM toxicity, but extrapolation to an in vivo situation is sometimes difficult to achieve. Moreover, in vitro systems often suffer from dramatic interference of NMs with assay processes and components.

This Special Issue will cover recent advances in the in vitro development (and use) of cheap and robust assays for NM toxicology assessment, as well as the development of new models that better mimic the in vivo situation, including 3D cell and/or organoid models and long-term/low-dose exposure scenarios. Models that better mimic the environment, such as mesocosms, or systems encompassing soil and plants or soil, bacteria, and plants, and the flow and fate of NMs in these systems are also included. Finally, any in vitro study describing mechanistic insight into the toxicological and ecotoxicological mode of action of NMs, which may be either potential environmental pollutants, nanodrug systems, or nanobiomaterials, is also in the scope of this Special Issue.

Dr. Marie Carriere
Dr. Camille Larue
Guest Editors

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Nanomaterials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • nanotoxicology
  • nanoecotoxicology
  • in vitro models and methods
  • 3D cell culture
  • mesocosms
  • mechanistic studies

Published Papers (11 papers)

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Research

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21 pages, 7915 KiB  
Article
Unravelling the Potential Cytotoxic Effects of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles and Metal(Loid) Mixtures on A549 Human Cell Line
by Fernanda Rosário, Maria João Bessa, Fátima Brandão, Carla Costa, Cláudia B. Lopes, Ana C. Estrada, Daniela S. Tavares, João Paulo Teixeira and Ana Teresa Reis
Nanomaterials 2020, 10(3), 447; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10030447 - 2 Mar 2020
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3026
Abstract
Humans are typically exposed to environmental contaminants’ mixtures that result in different toxicity than exposure to the individual counterparts. Yet, the toxicology of chemical mixtures has been overlooked. This work aims at assessing and comparing viability and cell cycle of A549 cells after [...] Read more.
Humans are typically exposed to environmental contaminants’ mixtures that result in different toxicity than exposure to the individual counterparts. Yet, the toxicology of chemical mixtures has been overlooked. This work aims at assessing and comparing viability and cell cycle of A549 cells after exposure to single and binary mixtures of: titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NP) 0.75–75 mg/L; cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2NP) 0.75–10 μg/L; arsenic (As) 0.75–2.5 mg/L; and mercury (Hg) 5–100 mg/L. Viability was assessed through water-soluble tetrazolium (WST-1) and thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT) (24 h exposure) and clonogenic (seven-day exposure) assays. Cell cycle alterations were explored by flow cytometry. Viability was affected in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Prolonged exposure caused inhibition of cell proliferation even at low concentrations. Cell-cycle progression was affected by TiO2NP 75 mg/L, and As 0.75 and 2.5 μg/L, increasing the cell proportion at G0/G1 phase. Combined exposure of TiO2NP or CeO2NP mitigated As adverse effects, increasing the cell surviving factor, but cell cycle alterations were still observed. Only CeO2NP co-exposure reduced Hg toxicity, translated in a decrease of cells in Sub-G1. Toxicity was diminished for both NPs co-exposure compared to its toxicity alone, but a marked toxicity for the highest concentrations was observed for longer exposures. These findings prove that joint toxicity of contaminants must not be disregarded. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Toxicity and Ecotoxicity Assessment of Nanomaterials by In Vitro Models)
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13 pages, 2691 KiB  
Article
How to Address the Adjuvant Effects of Nanoparticles on the Immune System
by Alexia Feray, Natacha Szely, Eléonore Guillet, Marie Hullo, François-Xavier Legrand, Emilie Brun, Marc Pallardy and Armelle Biola-Vidamment
Nanomaterials 2020, 10(3), 425; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10030425 - 28 Feb 2020
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3052
Abstract
As the nanotechnology market expands and the prevalence of allergic diseases keeps increasing, the knowledge gap on the capacity of nanomaterials to cause or exacerbate allergic outcomes needs more than ever to be filled. Engineered nanoparticles (NP) could have an adjuvant effect on [...] Read more.
As the nanotechnology market expands and the prevalence of allergic diseases keeps increasing, the knowledge gap on the capacity of nanomaterials to cause or exacerbate allergic outcomes needs more than ever to be filled. Engineered nanoparticles (NP) could have an adjuvant effect on the immune system as previously demonstrated for particulate air pollution. This effect would be the consequence of the recognition of NP as immune danger signals by dendritic cells (DCs). The aim of this work was to set up an in vitro method to functionally assess this effect using amorphous silica NP as a prototype. Most studies in this field are restricted to the evaluation of DCs maturation, generally of murine origin, through a limited phenotypic analysis. As it is essential to also consider the functional consequences of NP-induced DC altered phenotype on T-cells biology, we developed an allogeneic co-culture model of human monocyte-derived DCs (MoDCs) and CD4+ T-cells. We demonstrated that DC: T-cell ratios were a critical parameter to correctly measure the influence of NP danger signals through allogeneic co-culture. Moreover, to better visualize the effect of NP while minimizing the basal proliferation inherent to the model, we recommend testing three different ratios, preferably after five days of co-culture. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Toxicity and Ecotoxicity Assessment of Nanomaterials by In Vitro Models)
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14 pages, 1177 KiB  
Article
Genotoxicity of TiO2 Nanoparticles in Four Different Human Cell Lines (A549, HEPG2, A172 and SH-SY5Y)
by Fátima Brandão, Natalia Fernández-Bertólez, Fernanda Rosário, Maria João Bessa, Sónia Fraga, Eduardo Pásaro, João Paulo Teixeira, Blanca Laffon, Vanessa Valdiglesias and Carla Costa
Nanomaterials 2020, 10(3), 412; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10030412 - 27 Feb 2020
Cited by 35 | Viewed by 4276
Abstract
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) have a wide variety of applications in many consumer products, including as food additives, increasing the concern about the possible hazards that TiO2 NPs may pose to human health. Although most previous studies have focused on [...] Read more.
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) have a wide variety of applications in many consumer products, including as food additives, increasing the concern about the possible hazards that TiO2 NPs may pose to human health. Although most previous studies have focused on the respiratory system, ingestion must also be considered as an important exposure route. Furthermore, after inhalation or ingestion, TiO2 NPs can reach several organs, such as the liver, brain or lungs. Taking this into consideration, the present study focuses on the uptake and potential genotoxicity (micronuclei induction) of TiO2 NPs on four human cell lines of diverse origin: lung cells (A549), liver cells (HepG2), glial cells (A172) and neurons (SH-SY5Y), using flow cytometry methods. Results showed a concentration-, time- and cell-type- dependent increase in TiO2 NPs uptake but no significant induction of micronuclei in any of the tested conditions. Data obtained reinforce the importance of cell model and testing protocols choice for toxicity assessment. However, some questions remain to be answered, namely on the role of cell culture media components on the agglomeration state and mitigation of TiO2 NPs toxic effects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Toxicity and Ecotoxicity Assessment of Nanomaterials by In Vitro Models)
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19 pages, 3865 KiB  
Article
Quantitative Flow Cytometric Evaluation of Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Impairment in RAW 264.7 Macrophages after Exposure to Pristine, Acid Functionalized, or Annealed Carbon Nanotubes
by Odile Sabido, Agathe Figarol, Jean-Philippe Klein, Valérie Bin, Valérie Forest, Jérémie Pourchez, Bice Fubini, Michèle Cottier, Maura Tomatis and Delphine Boudard
Nanomaterials 2020, 10(2), 319; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10020319 - 13 Feb 2020
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2936
Abstract
Conventional nanotoxicological assays are subjected to various interferences with nanoparticles and especially carbon nanotubes. A multiparametric flow cytometry (FCM) methodology was developed here as an alternative to quantify oxidative stress, mitochondrial impairment, and later cytotoxic and genotoxic events. The experiments were conducted on [...] Read more.
Conventional nanotoxicological assays are subjected to various interferences with nanoparticles and especially carbon nanotubes. A multiparametric flow cytometry (FCM) methodology was developed here as an alternative to quantify oxidative stress, mitochondrial impairment, and later cytotoxic and genotoxic events. The experiments were conducted on RAW264.7 macrophages, exposed for 90 min or 24 h-exposure with three types of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs): pristine (Nanocyl™ CNT), acid functionalized (CNTf), or annealed treatment (CNTa). An original combination of reactive oxygen species (ROS) probes allowed the simultaneous quantifications of broad-spectrum ROS, superoxide anion (O2•−), and hydroxyl radical (•OH). All MWCNTs types induced a slight increase of broad ROS levels regardless of earlier antioxidant catalase activity. CNTf strongly stimulated the O2•− production. The •OH production was downregulated for all MWCNTs due to their scavenging capacity. The latter was quantified in a cell-free system by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR). Further FCM-based assessment revealed early biological damages with a mitochondrial membrane potential collapse, followed by late cytotoxicity with chromatin decondensation. The combined evaluation by FCM analysis and cell-free techniques led to a better understanding of the impacts of MWCNTs surface treatments on the oxidative stress and related biological response. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Toxicity and Ecotoxicity Assessment of Nanomaterials by In Vitro Models)
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18 pages, 4335 KiB  
Article
Influences of Nanoparticles Characteristics on the Cellular Responses: The Example of Iron Oxide and Macrophages
by Bastien Dalzon, Anaëlle Torres, Solveig Reymond, Benoit Gallet, François Saint-Antonin, Véronique Collin-Faure, Christine Moriscot, Daphna Fenel, Guy Schoehn, Catherine Aude-Garcia and Thierry Rabilloud
Nanomaterials 2020, 10(2), 266; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10020266 - 5 Feb 2020
Cited by 24 | Viewed by 3577
Abstract
Iron oxide nanoparticles/microparticles are widely present in a variety of environments, e.g., as a byproduct of steel and iron degradation, as, for example, in railway brakes (e.g., metro station) or in welding fumes. As all particulate material, these metallic nanoparticles are taken up [...] Read more.
Iron oxide nanoparticles/microparticles are widely present in a variety of environments, e.g., as a byproduct of steel and iron degradation, as, for example, in railway brakes (e.g., metro station) or in welding fumes. As all particulate material, these metallic nanoparticles are taken up by macrophages, a cell type playing a key role in the innate immune response, including pathogen removal phagocytosis, secretion of free radical species such as nitric oxide or by controlling inflammation via cytokine release. In this paper, we evaluated how macrophages functions were altered by two iron based particles of different size (100 nm and 20 nm). We showed that at high, but subtoxic concentrations (1 mg/mL, large nanoparticles induced stronger perturbations in macrophages functions such as phagocytic capacity (tested with fluorescent latex microspheres) and the ability to respond to bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide stimulus (LPS) in secreting nitric oxide and pro-cytokines (e.g., Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)). These stronger effects may correlate with an observed stronger uptake of iron for the larger nanoparticles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Toxicity and Ecotoxicity Assessment of Nanomaterials by In Vitro Models)
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15 pages, 2150 KiB  
Article
Protein Corona Composition of Silica Nanoparticles in Complex Media: Nanoparticle Size does not Matter
by Laurent Marichal, Géraldine Klein, Jean Armengaud, Yves Boulard, Stéphane Chédin, Jean Labarre, Serge Pin, Jean-Philippe Renault and Jean-Christophe Aude
Nanomaterials 2020, 10(2), 240; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10020240 - 29 Jan 2020
Cited by 32 | Viewed by 4677
Abstract
Biomolecules, and particularly proteins, bind on nanoparticle (NP) surfaces to form the so-called protein corona. It is accepted that the corona drives the biological distribution and toxicity of NPs. Here, the corona composition and structure were studied using silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) of different [...] Read more.
Biomolecules, and particularly proteins, bind on nanoparticle (NP) surfaces to form the so-called protein corona. It is accepted that the corona drives the biological distribution and toxicity of NPs. Here, the corona composition and structure were studied using silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) of different sizes interacting with soluble yeast protein extracts. Adsorption isotherms showed that the amount of adsorbed proteins varied greatly upon NP size with large NPs having more adsorbed proteins per surface unit. The protein corona composition was studied using a large-scale label-free proteomic approach, combined with statistical and regression analyses. Most of the proteins adsorbed on the NPs were the same, regardless of the size of the NPs. To go beyond, the protein physicochemical parameters relevant for the adsorption were studied: electrostatic interactions and disordered regions are the main driving forces for the adsorption on SiNPs but polypeptide sequence length seems to be an important factor as well. This article demonstrates that curvature effects exhibited using model proteins are not determining factors for the corona composition on SiNPs, when dealing with complex biological media. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Toxicity and Ecotoxicity Assessment of Nanomaterials by In Vitro Models)
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17 pages, 6138 KiB  
Article
Repeated vs. Acute Exposure of RAW264.7 Mouse Macrophages to Silica Nanoparticles: A Bioaccumulation and Functional Change Study
by Anaëlle Torres, Bastien Dalzon, Véronique Collin-Faure and Thierry Rabilloud
Nanomaterials 2020, 10(2), 215; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10020215 - 27 Jan 2020
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3162
Abstract
Synthetic amorphous silica is used in various applications such as cosmetics, food, or rubber reinforcement. These broad uses increase human exposure, and thus the potential risk related to their short- and long-term toxicity for both consumers and workers. These potential risks have to [...] Read more.
Synthetic amorphous silica is used in various applications such as cosmetics, food, or rubber reinforcement. These broad uses increase human exposure, and thus the potential risk related to their short- and long-term toxicity for both consumers and workers. These potential risks have to be investigated, in a global context of multi-exposure, as encountered in human populations. However, most of the in vitro research on the effects of amorphous silica has been carried out in an acute exposure mode, which is not the most relevant when trying to assess the effects of occupational exposure. As a first step, the effects of repeated exposure of macrophages to silica nanomaterials have been investigated. The experiments have been conducted on in vitro macrophage cell line RAW264.7 (cell line from an Abelson murine leukemia virus-induced tumor), as this cell type is an important target cell in toxicology of particulate materials. The bioaccumulation of nanomaterials and the persistence of their effects have been studied. The experiments carried out include the viability assay and functional tests (phagocytosis, NO and reactive oxygen species dosages, and production of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines) using flow cytometry, microscopy and spectrophotometry. Accumulation of silica nanoparticles (SiO2 NP) was observed in both exposure scenarii. However, differences in the biological effects between the exposure scenarii have also been observed. For phagocytosis, NO production and Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) release, repeated exposure tended to induce fewer effects than acute exposure. Nevertheless, repeated exposure still induces alterations in the macrophage responses and thus represents a scenario to be tested in detail. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Toxicity and Ecotoxicity Assessment of Nanomaterials by In Vitro Models)
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21 pages, 3287 KiB  
Article
Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Alter the Cellular Phosphoproteome in A549 Cells
by Mathilde Biola-Clier, Jean-Charles Gaillard, Thierry Rabilloud, Jean Armengaud and Marie Carriere
Nanomaterials 2020, 10(2), 185; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10020185 - 21 Jan 2020
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3579
Abstract
TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) are one of the most produced NPs worldwide and are used in many consumer products. Their impact on human health, especially through inhalation, has been studied for more than two decades. TiO2 is known for its strong affinity [...] Read more.
TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) are one of the most produced NPs worldwide and are used in many consumer products. Their impact on human health, especially through inhalation, has been studied for more than two decades. TiO2 is known for its strong affinity towards phosphates, and consequently interaction with cellular phosphates may be one of the mechanisms driving its toxicity. In the present study, we used a phosphoproteomics approach to document the interaction of TiO2-NP with phosphoproteins from A549 human pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells. Cells were exposed to 21 nm anatase/rutile TiO2-NPs, then their phosphopeptides were extracted and analyzed using shotgun proteomics. By comparing the phosphoprotein content, phosphorylation status and phosphorylation sites of exposed cells with that of control cells, our results show that by affecting the phosphoproteome, TiO2-NPs affect cellular processes such as apoptosis, linked with cell cycle and the DNA damage response, TP53 being central to these pathways. Other pathways including inflammation and molecular transport are also affected. These molecular mechanisms of TiO2-NP toxicity have been reported previously, our study shows for the first time that they may derive from phosphoproteome modulation, which could be one of their upstream regulators. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Toxicity and Ecotoxicity Assessment of Nanomaterials by In Vitro Models)
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17 pages, 2777 KiB  
Article
Toxicological Assessment of ITER-Like Tungsten Nanoparticles Using an In Vitro 3D Human Airway Epithelium Model
by Isabelle George, Chiara Uboldi, Elodie Bernard, Marcos Sanles Sobrido, Sarah Dine, Agnès Hagège, Dominique Vrel, Nathalie Herlin, Jerome Rose, Thierry Orsière, Christian Grisolia, Bernard Rousseau and Véronique Malard
Nanomaterials 2019, 9(10), 1374; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9101374 - 25 Sep 2019
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 2981
Abstract
The International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) is an international project aimed at the production of carbon-free energy through the use of thermonuclear fusion. During ITER operation, in case of a loss-of-vacuum-accident, tungsten nanoparticles (W-NPs) could potentially be released into the environment and induce [...] Read more.
The International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) is an international project aimed at the production of carbon-free energy through the use of thermonuclear fusion. During ITER operation, in case of a loss-of-vacuum-accident, tungsten nanoparticles (W-NPs) could potentially be released into the environment and induce occupational exposure via inhalation. W-NPs toxicity was evaluated on MucilAir™, a 3D in vitro cell model of the human airway epithelium. MucilAir™ was exposed for 24 h to metallic ITER-like milled W-NPs, tungstate (WO42−) and tungsten carbide cobalt particles alloy (WC-Co). Cytotoxicity and its reversibility were assessed using a kinetic mode up to 28 days after exposure. Epithelial tightness, metabolic activity and interleukin-8 release were also evaluated. Electron microscopy was performed to determine any morphological modification, while mass spectrometry allowed the quantification of W-NPs internalization and of W transfer through the MucilAir™. Our results underlined a decrease in barrier integrity, no effect on metabolic activity or cell viability and a transient increase in IL-8 secretion after exposure to ITER-like milled W-NPs. These effects were associated with W-transfer through the epithelium, but not with intracellular accumulation. We have shown that, under our experimental conditions, ITER-like milled W-NPs have a minor impact on the MucilAir™ in vitro model. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Toxicity and Ecotoxicity Assessment of Nanomaterials by In Vitro Models)
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19 pages, 4459 KiB  
Article
Molecular Responses in THP-1 Macrophage-Like Cells Exposed to Diverse Nanoparticles
by Tana Brzicova, Eliska Javorkova, Kristyna Vrbova, Alena Zajicova, Vladimir Holan, Dominik Pinkas, Vlada Philimonenko, Jitka Sikorova, Jiri Klema, Jan Topinka and Pavel Rossner, Jr.
Nanomaterials 2019, 9(5), 687; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9050687 - 2 May 2019
Cited by 32 | Viewed by 5776
Abstract
In the body, engineered nanoparticles (NPs) may be recognized and processed by immune cells, among which macrophages play a crucial role. We evaluated the effects of selected NPs [NM-100 (TiO2), NM-110 (ZnO), NM-200 (SiO2), and NM-300 K (Ag)] on [...] Read more.
In the body, engineered nanoparticles (NPs) may be recognized and processed by immune cells, among which macrophages play a crucial role. We evaluated the effects of selected NPs [NM-100 (TiO2), NM-110 (ZnO), NM-200 (SiO2), and NM-300 K (Ag)] on THP-1 macrophage-like cells. The cells were exposed to subcytotoxic concentrations of NPs (1–25 µg/mL) and the expression of immunologically relevant genes (VCAM1, TNFA, CXCL8, ICAM1, CD86, CD192, and IL1B) was analyzed by RT-qPCR. The expression of selected cytokines, growth factors and surface molecules was assessed by flow cytometry or ELISA. Generation of reactive oxygen species and induction of DNA breaks were also analyzed. Exposure to diverse NPs caused substantially different molecular responses. No significant effects were detected for NM-100 treatment. NM-200 induced production of IL-8, a potent attractor and activator of neutrophils, growth factors (VEGF and IGF-1) and superoxide. NM-110 triggered a proinflammatory response, characterized by the activation of transcription factor NF-κB, an enhanced production of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α) and chemokines (IL-8). Furthermore, the expression of cell adhesion molecules VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), as well as superoxide production and DNA breaks, were affected. NM-300 K enhanced IL-8 production and induced DNA breaks, however, it decreased the expression of chemokine receptor (CCR2) and CD86 molecule, indicating potential immunosuppressive activity. The toxicity of ZnO and Ag NPs was probably caused by their intracellular dissolution, as indicated by transmission electron microscopy imaging. The observed effects in macrophages might further influence both innate and adaptive immune responses by promoting neutrophil recruitment via IL-8 release and enhancing the adhesion and stimulation of T cells by VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 expression. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Toxicity and Ecotoxicity Assessment of Nanomaterials by In Vitro Models)
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Review

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27 pages, 783 KiB  
Review
Genotoxicity of Silver Nanoparticles
by Adriana Rodriguez-Garraus, Amaya Azqueta, Ariane Vettorazzi and Adela López de Cerain
Nanomaterials 2020, 10(2), 251; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10020251 - 31 Jan 2020
Cited by 64 | Viewed by 5261
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are widely used in diverse sectors such as medicine, food, cosmetics, household items, textiles and electronics. Given the extent of human exposure to AgNPs, information about the toxicological effects of such products is required to ensure their safety. For this [...] Read more.
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are widely used in diverse sectors such as medicine, food, cosmetics, household items, textiles and electronics. Given the extent of human exposure to AgNPs, information about the toxicological effects of such products is required to ensure their safety. For this reason, we performed a bibliographic review of the genotoxicity studies carried out with AgNPs over the last six years. A total of 43 articles that used well-established standard assays (i.e., in vitro mouse lymphoma assays, in vitro micronucleus tests, in vitro comet assays, in vivo micronucleus tests, in vivo chromosome aberration tests and in vivo comet assays), were selected. The results showed that AgNPs produce genotoxic effects at all DNA damage levels evaluated, in both in vitro and in vivo assays. However, a higher proportion of positive results was obtained in the in vitro studies. Some authors observed that coating and size had an effect on both in vitro and in vivo results. None of the studies included a complete battery of assays, as recommended by ICH and EFSA guidelines, and few of the authors followed OECD guidelines when performing assays. A complete genotoxicological characterization of AgNPs is required for decision-making. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Toxicity and Ecotoxicity Assessment of Nanomaterials by In Vitro Models)
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