Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology in Wastewater Treatment

A special issue of Nanomaterials (ISSN 2079-4991). This special issue belongs to the section "Environmental Nanoscience and Nanotechnology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (21 December 2020) | Viewed by 90530

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Department of Chemistry, International Hellenic University, 65404 Kavala, Greece
Interests: wastewater treatment; membranes; colloids; polymers; decontamination; materials; nanobubbles; transportation phenomena

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The rapidly increasing population, depleting water resources, and climate change resulting in prolonged droughts and floods have rendered drinking water as a competitive resource in many parts of the world. Therefore, any form of water reuse or recycle will help to mitigate this challenge. The careful management of water and wastewater is a big challenge and “hot” trend of recent research. During the past century, a huge amount of wastewater was discharged into rivers, lakes, and coastal areas. This resulted in serious pollution problems in the aqueous environment. Municipal, industrial, and natural activities produce large quantities of liquid wastes and effluents which pose severe threats to the environment and human health. So, it is mandatory to find the appropriate technique in order to efficiently treat and manage water and wastewaters. Some indicative/conventional methods are: biological treatments, adsorption, flocculation, oxidation, membranes, filtration, etc. These conventional technologies focus only on the primary wastewater treatment, especially on the physical separation of solid particles and the release of high concentrations of toxic phosphorus, nitrogen, and other ionic compounds into the environment. Thus, the latest technology involving Nanotechnology is highly potent in advancing wastewater treatment via Nanomaterials (nanoadsorbents, nanocomposites, (photo)catalysts, nanofiltration, nanomembranes, nanoparticles, etc.). These nanomaterials have been established in the development of separation membranes, catalysts, and adsorbent materials to enhance the removal of specific components of wastewater and improve productivity. Zero-valent metal nanoparticles (Ag, Fe, and Zn), metal oxide nanoparticles (TiO2, ZnO, and iron oxides), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), nanocomposites, and many other types of nanomaterials are already used in wastewater treatment. All of the above can be achieved by using Nanotechnology. This Special Issue on “Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology in Wastewater Treatment” seeks high-quality works and topics (not only those) focusing on the latest approaches based on Nanotechnology to efficiently treat wastewater.

Assoc. Prof. Dr. George Kyzas
Prof. Dr. Athanasios C. Mitropoulos
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • materials
  • polymers
  • water
  • wastewater
  • management

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Published Papers (22 papers)

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Editorial

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3 pages, 185 KiB  
Editorial
Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology in Wastewater Treatment
by George Z. Kyzas and Athanasios C. Mitropoulos
Nanomaterials 2021, 11(6), 1539; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11061539 - 10 Jun 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2821
Abstract
The rapidly increasing population, depleting water resources, and climate change resulting in prolonged droughts and floods have rendered drinking water as a competitive resource in many parts of the world [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology in Wastewater Treatment)

Research

Jump to: Editorial, Review

15 pages, 4017 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Fe-Mg Binary Oxide for As (III) Adsorption—Synthesis, Characterization and Kinetic Modelling
by Saif Ullah Khan, Rumman Zaidi, Feroz Shaik, Izharul Haq Farooqi, Ameer Azam, Hatem Abuhimd and Faheem Ahmed
Nanomaterials 2021, 11(3), 805; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11030805 - 21 Mar 2021
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2568
Abstract
Nanotechnology has received much attention in treating contaminated waters. In the present study, a facile co-precipitation method was employed to synthesize a novel iron and magnesium based binary metal oxide using a stoichiometrically fixed amount of FeNO3·9H2O and MgNO [...] Read more.
Nanotechnology has received much attention in treating contaminated waters. In the present study, a facile co-precipitation method was employed to synthesize a novel iron and magnesium based binary metal oxide using a stoichiometrically fixed amount of FeNO3·9H2O and MgNO3·6H2O in a proportion of molar concentration 1:1 and was later evaluated in removing As (III) from contaminated waters. Characterization of the prepared nanomaterial was done using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDAX) and ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometry (UV-VIS). Experimental studies on batch scale were carried out, examining the effect of varying initial concentrations of metal, adsorbent dosage, application time and initial pH on removal efficiency. Arsenic removal increased on increasing adsorbent dosage (0.1–1 g/L) but trend reversed on increasing initial arsenic concentration attaining qmax of 263.20 mg/g. Adsorption was quite efficient in pH range 4–8. Freundlich fitted better for adsorption isotherm along with following Pseudo-2nd order kinetics. The reusability and effect of co-existing ions on arsenic adsorption, namely SO42−, CO32− and PO43− were also explored with reusability in 1st and 2nd cycles attained adsorptive removal up to 77% and 64% respectively. The prepared nano-adsorbent showed promising results in terms of high arsenic uptake (qmax of 263.20 mg/g) along with facile and cost-effective synthesis. Thus, the co-precipitation technique used in this work is a simple one step procedure without any use of any precursor as compared to most of the other procedures used for synthesis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology in Wastewater Treatment)
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25 pages, 5295 KiB  
Article
Methionine-Functionalized Graphene Oxide/Sodium Alginate Bio-Polymer Nanocomposite Hydrogel Beads: Synthesis, Isotherm and Kinetic Studies for an Adsorptive Removal of Fluoroquinolone Antibiotics
by Sushma Yadav, Anupama Asthana, Ajaya Kumar Singh, Rupa Chakraborty, S. Sree Vidya, Ambrish Singh and Sónia A. C. Carabineiro
Nanomaterials 2021, 11(3), 568; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11030568 - 25 Feb 2021
Cited by 44 | Viewed by 3769
Abstract
In spite of the growing demand for new antibiotics, in the recent years, the occurrence of fluoroquinolone antibiotics (as a curative agent for urinary tract disorders and respiratory problems) in wastewater have drawn immense attention. Traces of antibiotic left-overs are present in the [...] Read more.
In spite of the growing demand for new antibiotics, in the recent years, the occurrence of fluoroquinolone antibiotics (as a curative agent for urinary tract disorders and respiratory problems) in wastewater have drawn immense attention. Traces of antibiotic left-overs are present in the water system, causing noxious impact on human health and ecological environments, being a global concern. Our present work aims at tackling the major challenge of toxicity caused by antibiotics. This study deals with the efficient adsorption of two commonly used fluoroquinolone (FQ) antibiotics, i.e., Ofloxacin (OFX) and Moxifloxacin (MOX) on spherical hydrogel beads generated from methionine‒functionalized graphene oxide/ sodium alginate polymer (abbreviated Met-GO/SA) from aqueous solutions. The composition, morphology and crystal phase of prepared adsorbents were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) and thermogravimetric analysis/differential thermogravimetry (TGA/DTG). Batch adsorption tests are followed to optimize the conditions required for adsorption process. Both functionalized and non-functionalized adsorbents were compared to understand the influence of several experimental parameters, such as, the solution pH, contact time, adsorbent dosage, temperature and initial concentration of OFX and MOX on adsorption. The obtained results indicated that the functionalized adsorbent (Met-GO/SA) showed a better adsorption efficiency when compared to non-functionalized (GO/SA) adsorbent. Further, the Langmuir isotherm was validated as the best fitting model to describe adsorption equilibrium and pseudo second-order-kinetic model fitted well for both types of adsorbate. The maximum adsorption capacities of Met-GO/SA were 4.11 mg/g for MOX and 3.43 mg/g for OFX. Thermodynamic parameters, i.e., ∆G°, ∆H° and ∆S° were also calculated. It was shown that the overall adsorption process was thermodynamically favorable, spontaneous and exothermic in nature. The adsorbents were successfully regenerated up to four cycles with 0.005 M NaCl solutions. Overall, our work showed that the novel Met-GO/SA nanocomposite could better contribute to the removal of MOX and OFX from the liquid media. The gel beads prepared have adequate features, such as simple handling, eco-friendliness and easy recovery. Hence, polymer gel beads are promising candidates as adsorbents for large-scale water remediation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology in Wastewater Treatment)
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21 pages, 7350 KiB  
Article
CO2/CH4 and He/N2 Separation Properties and Water Permeability Valuation of Mixed Matrix MWCNTs-Based Cellulose Acetate Flat Sheet Membranes: A Study of the Optimization of the Filler Material Dispersion Method
by Tobias Esser, Tobias Wolf, Tim Schubert, Jan Benra, Stefan Forero, George Maistros, Stéphan Barbe, George V. Theodorakopoulos, Dionysios S. Karousos, Andreas A. Sapalidis and Evangelos P. Favvas
Nanomaterials 2021, 11(2), 280; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11020280 - 22 Jan 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2761
Abstract
The main scope of this work is to develop nano-carbon-based mixed matrix cellulose acetate membranes (MMMs) for the potential use in both gas and liquid separation processes. For this purpose, a variety of mixed matrix membranes, consisting of cellulose acetate (CA) polymer and [...] Read more.
The main scope of this work is to develop nano-carbon-based mixed matrix cellulose acetate membranes (MMMs) for the potential use in both gas and liquid separation processes. For this purpose, a variety of mixed matrix membranes, consisting of cellulose acetate (CA) polymer and carbon nanotubes as additive material were prepared, characterized, and tested. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were used as filler material and diacetone alcohol (DAA) as solvent. The first main objective towards highly efficient composite membranes was the proper preparation of agglomerate-free MWCNTs dispersions. Rotor-stator system (RS) and ultrasonic sonotrode (USS) were used to achieve the nanofillers’ dispersion. In addition, the first results of the application of the three-roll mill (TRM) technology in the filler dispersion achieved were promising. The filler material, MWCNTs, was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and liquid nitrogen (LN2) adsorption-desorption isotherms at 77 K. The derivatives CA-based mixed matrix membranes were characterized by tensile strength and water contact angle measurements, impedance spectroscopy, gas permeability/selectivity measurements, and water permeability tests. The studied membranes provide remarkable water permeation properties, 12–109 L/m2/h/bar, and also good separation factors of carbon dioxide and helium separations. Specifically, a separation factor of 87 for 10% He/N2 feed concentration and a selectivity value of 55.4 for 10% CO2/CH4 feed concentration were achieved. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology in Wastewater Treatment)
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12 pages, 4386 KiB  
Article
Adsorption Kinetics of Arsenic (V) on Nanoscale Zero-Valent Iron Supported by Activated Carbon
by Huijie Zhu, Mingyan Shi, Xiuji Zhang, Bo Liu and Dahu Yao
Nanomaterials 2020, 10(9), 1791; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10091791 - 9 Sep 2020
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 2605
Abstract
The presence of arsenic (As) in drinking water is of serious concern due to its negative impact on human health. This work reports on the kinetics of nanoscale zero-valent iron (Fe0) supported by activated carbon (NZVI/AC) for the removal of As [...] Read more.
The presence of arsenic (As) in drinking water is of serious concern due to its negative impact on human health. This work reports on the kinetics of nanoscale zero-valent iron (Fe0) supported by activated carbon (NZVI/AC) for the removal of As (V) species from aqueous solutions. To better understand the factors affecting this process, we investigated the effects of various experimental parameters including initial As (V) concentration, adsorbent dosage, pH, temperature, and coexisting ions on the adsorption kinetics using a batch-adsorption method. The optimum conditions for As (V) removal by NZVI/AC were found to be: 318 K, pH 3.5, an adsorbent dosage of 1.5 g/L, and an equilibrium time of 72 h. A greater mass of NZVI/AC, lower concentration of As (V) and lower pH positively promoted adsorption kinetics. The presence of phosphate (PO43) and silicate (SiO42) markedly inhibited As (V) removal kinetics. However, in the presence of 4.5 g/L NZVI/AC, ≥99.9% of As (V) was removed from raw groundwater. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology in Wastewater Treatment)
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19 pages, 7223 KiB  
Article
Improved Removal Capacity and Equilibrium Time of Maghemite Nanoparticles Growth in Zeolite Type 5A for Pb(II) Adsorption
by Juan A. Ramos-Guivar, Katterine Taipe, Miguel Angelo Schettino, Jr., Eloi Silva, Marco Antonio Morales Torres, Edson Caetano Passamani and Fred Jochen Litterst
Nanomaterials 2020, 10(9), 1668; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10091668 - 26 Aug 2020
Cited by 31 | Viewed by 3162
Abstract
Novel magnetic zeolite type 5A nanocomposites were synthesized by the co-precipitation method and applied to lead removal from aqueous ambient. Maghemite nanoparticles were mixed with zeolite and, by controlling its content, transmission electron microscopy results gave sizes of 5 to 15 nm and [...] Read more.
Novel magnetic zeolite type 5A nanocomposites were synthesized by the co-precipitation method and applied to lead removal from aqueous ambient. Maghemite nanoparticles were mixed with zeolite and, by controlling its content, transmission electron microscopy results gave sizes of 5 to 15 nm and selected area electron diffraction patterns confirmed the presence of zeolite. The nanocomposites have high specific surface area with values up to 194 m2/g. Magnetization measurements proved superparamagnetic behavior with saturation values of ~35 emu/gFe. Kinetic adsorption experiments showed removal efficiencies of 99.9% and an enhanced equilibrium time of 5 min. The lead concentrations after adsorption experiments lay under the permissible levels of 10 μg L−1, according to the World Health Organization. The maximum adsorption capacity, estimated by Sips model, was 265 mg L−1 at 300 K. The removal efficiency was significantly improved in the range of pH > 6, as well as in the presence of cation interferents such as Ca(II), Cu(II), and Cd(II). The adsorption mechanism was explained with cation exchange between Pb(II), the zeolite framework, and the protonated maghemite surface. Besides, our system revealed recyclability even after seven regeneration cycles. Thus, our synthesized materials have remarkable adsorption properties for lead water remediation processes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology in Wastewater Treatment)
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19 pages, 2889 KiB  
Article
Green Synthesis, Characterization and Application of Natural Product Coated Magnetite Nanoparticles for Wastewater Treatment
by Chanchal Das, Subhadeep Sen, Tejinder Singh, Tanmoy Ghosh, Subha Sankar Paul, Tae Wan Kim, Seob Jeon, Dilip K. Maiti, Jungkyun Im and Goutam Biswas
Nanomaterials 2020, 10(8), 1615; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10081615 - 18 Aug 2020
Cited by 78 | Viewed by 6823
Abstract
Adsorption of organic pollutants, toxic metal ions, and removal of harmful bacteria can give us clean and pure drinkable water from wastewater resources. Respective magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) were synthesized using a cheaper and greener way in an open-air environment with the use of [...] Read more.
Adsorption of organic pollutants, toxic metal ions, and removal of harmful bacteria can give us clean and pure drinkable water from wastewater resources. Respective magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) were synthesized using a cheaper and greener way in an open-air environment with the use of crude latex of Jatropha curcas (JC) and leaf extract of Cinnamomum tamala (CT). Characterization of MNPs had been performed by dynamic light scattering (DLS), Ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, powdered X-ray diffraction (XRD), and field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM). The size ranges of the synthesized MNPs were observed in between 20–42 nm for JC-Fe3O4 and within 26–35 nm for CT-Fe3O4 by FE-SEM images. The effect of synthesized magnetic nanoparticles in wastewater treatment (bacterial portion), dye adsorption, toxic metal removal as well as antibacterial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic activities were studied. This purification will lead to an increase in the resources of pure drinking water in the future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology in Wastewater Treatment)
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12 pages, 4058 KiB  
Article
Upcycling of Wastewater via Effective Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production Using MnO2 Nanoparticles—Decorated Activated Carbon Nanoflakes
by Sankar Sekar, Sejoon Lee, Preethi Vijayarengan, Kaliyappan Mohan Kalirajan, Thirumavalavan Santhakumar, Saravanan Sekar and Sutha Sadhasivam
Nanomaterials 2020, 10(8), 1610; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10081610 - 17 Aug 2020
Cited by 32 | Viewed by 4262
Abstract
In the present work, we demonstrated the upcycling technique of effective wastewater treatment via photocatalytic hydrogen production by using the nanocomposites of manganese oxide-decorated activated carbon (MnO2-AC). The nanocomposites were sonochemically synthesized in pure water by utilizing MnO2 nanoparticles and [...] Read more.
In the present work, we demonstrated the upcycling technique of effective wastewater treatment via photocatalytic hydrogen production by using the nanocomposites of manganese oxide-decorated activated carbon (MnO2-AC). The nanocomposites were sonochemically synthesized in pure water by utilizing MnO2 nanoparticles and AC nanoflakes that had been prepared through green routes using the extracts of Brassica oleracea and Azadirachta indica, respectively. MnO2-AC nanocomposites were confirmed to exist in the form of nanopebbles with a high specific surface area of ~109 m2/g. When using the MnO2-AC nanocomposites as a photocatalyst for the wastewater treatment, they exhibited highly efficient hydrogen production activity. Namely, the high hydrogen production rate (395 mL/h) was achieved when splitting the synthetic sulphide effluent (S2− = 0.2 M) via the photocatalytic reaction by using MnO2-AC. The results stand for the excellent energy-conversion capability of the MnO2-AC nanocomposites, particularly, for photocatalytic splitting of hydrogen from sulphide wastewater. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology in Wastewater Treatment)
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21 pages, 5909 KiB  
Article
Cu/CuO Composite Track-Etched Membranes for Catalytic Decomposition of Nitrophenols and Removal of As(III)
by Anastassiya A. Mashentseva, Murat Barsbay, Maxim V. Zdorovets, Dmitriy A. Zheltov and Olgun Güven
Nanomaterials 2020, 10(8), 1552; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10081552 - 7 Aug 2020
Cited by 26 | Viewed by 2811
Abstract
One of the promising applications of nanomaterials is to use them as catalysts and sorbents to remove toxic pollutants such as nitroaromatic compounds and heavy metal ions for environmental protection. This work reports the synthesis of Cu/CuO-deposited composite track-etched membranes through low-temperature annealing [...] Read more.
One of the promising applications of nanomaterials is to use them as catalysts and sorbents to remove toxic pollutants such as nitroaromatic compounds and heavy metal ions for environmental protection. This work reports the synthesis of Cu/CuO-deposited composite track-etched membranes through low-temperature annealing and their application in catalysis and sorption. The synthesized Cu/CuO/poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) composites presented efficient catalytic activity with high conversion yield in the reduction of nitro aryl compounds to their corresponding amino derivatives. It has been found that increasing the time of annealing raises the ratio of the copper(II) oxide (CuO) tenorite phase in the structure, which leads to a significant increase in the catalytic activity of the composites. The samples presented maximum catalytic activity after 5 h of annealing, where the ratio of CuO phase and the degree of crystallinity were 64.3% and 62.7%, respectively. The catalytic activity of pristine and annealed composites was tested in the reduction of 4-nitroaniline and was shown to remain practically unchanged for five consecutive test cycles. Composites annealed at 140 °C were also tested for their capacity to absorb arsenic(III) ions in cross-flow mode. It was observed that the sorption capacity of composite membranes increased by 48.7% compared to the pristine sample and reached its maximum after 10 h of annealing, then gradually decreased by 24% with further annealing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology in Wastewater Treatment)
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17 pages, 5462 KiB  
Article
Synthesis and Characterization of Amorphous Iron Oxide Nanoparticles by the Sonochemical Method and Their Application for the Remediation of Heavy Metals from Wastewater
by Virendra Kumar Yadav, Daoud Ali, Samreen Heena Khan, Govindhan Gnanamoorthy, Nisha Choudhary, Krishna Kumar Yadav, Van Nam Thai, Seik Altaf Hussain and Salim Manhrdas
Nanomaterials 2020, 10(8), 1551; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10081551 - 7 Aug 2020
Cited by 103 | Viewed by 7710
Abstract
Nanoparticles have gained huge attention in the last decade due to their applications in electronics, medicine, and environmental clean-up. Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) are widely used for the wastewater treatment due to their recyclable nature and easy manipulation by an external magnetic field. [...] Read more.
Nanoparticles have gained huge attention in the last decade due to their applications in electronics, medicine, and environmental clean-up. Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) are widely used for the wastewater treatment due to their recyclable nature and easy manipulation by an external magnetic field. Here, in the present research work, iron oxide nanoparticles were synthesized by the sonochemical method by using precursors of ferrous sulfate and ferric chloride at 70 °C for one hour in an ultrasonicator. The synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles were characterized by diffraction light scattering (DLS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), electron diffraction spectroscopy (EDS), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The FTIR analysis exhibits characteristic absorption bands of IONPs at 400–800 cm−1, while the Raman spectra showed three characteristic bands at 273, 675, and 1379 cm−1 for the synthesized IONPs. The XRD data revealed three major intensity peaks at two theta, 33°, 35°, and 64° which indicated the presence of maghemite and magnetite phase. The size of the spherical shaped IONPs was varying from 9–70 nm with an average size of 38.9 nm while the size of cuboidal shaped particle size was in microns. The purity of the synthesized IONPs was confirmed by the EDS attached to the FESEM, which clearly show sharp peaks for Fe and O, while the magnetic behavior of the IONPs was confirmed by the VSM measurement and the magnetization was 2.43 emu/g. The batch adsorption study of lead (Pb) and chromium (Cr) from 20% fly ash aqueous solutions was carried out by using 0.6 mg/100 mL IONPs, which exhibited maximum removal efficiency i.e., 97.96% and 82.8% for Pb2+ and Cr ions, respectively. The fly ash are being used in making cements, tiles, bricks, bio fertilizers etc., where the presence of fly ash is undesired property which has to be either removed or will be brought up to the value of acceptable level in the fly ash. Therefore, the synthesized IONPs, can be applied in the elimination of heavy metals and other undesired elements from fly ash with a short period of time. Moreover, the IONPs that have been used as a nanoadsorbent can be recovered from the reaction mixture by applying an external magnetic field that can be recycled and reused. Therefore, this study can be effective in all the fly ash-based industries for elimination of the undesired elements, while recyclability and reusable nature of IONPs will make the whole adsorption or elimination process much economical. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology in Wastewater Treatment)
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17 pages, 5441 KiB  
Article
Aerobic Oil-Phase Cyclic Magnetic Adsorption to Synthesize 1D Fe2O3@TiO2 Nanotube Composites for Enhanced Visible-Light Photocatalytic Degradation
by Qingqing Tao, Xin Huang, Jingtao Bi, Rongli Wei, Chuang Xie, Yongzhu Zhou, Lu Yu, Hongxun Hao and Jingkang Wang
Nanomaterials 2020, 10(7), 1345; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10071345 - 9 Jul 2020
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 2589
Abstract
In this work, Fe2O3@TiO2 nanostructures with staggered band alignment were newly designed by an aerobic oil-phase cyclic magnetic adsorption method. XRD and TEM analyses were performed to verify the uniform deposition of Fe2O3 nanoparticles on [...] Read more.
In this work, Fe2O3@TiO2 nanostructures with staggered band alignment were newly designed by an aerobic oil-phase cyclic magnetic adsorption method. XRD and TEM analyses were performed to verify the uniform deposition of Fe2O3 nanoparticles on the nanotube inner walls of TiO2. The steady-state degradation experiments exhibited that 1FeTi possessed the most superior performance, which might be ascribable to the satisfying dark adsorption capacity, efficient photocatalytic activity, ease of magnetic separation, and economic efficiency. These results indicated that the deposition of Fe2O3 into TiO2 nanotubes significantly enhanced the activity of Fe2O3, which was mainly ascribed to the Fe2O3-induced formation of staggered iron oxides@TiO2 band alignment and thus efficient separation of h+ and e. Furthermore, the PL intensity and lifetime of the decay curve were considered as key criterions for the activity’s evaluation. Finally, the leaching tests and regeneration experiments were also performed, which illustrated the inhibited photodissolution compared with TiO2/Fe3O4 and stable cycling ability, enabling 1FeTi to be a promising magnetic material for photocatalytic water remediation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology in Wastewater Treatment)
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26 pages, 6526 KiB  
Article
Acid Dye Removal from Aqueous Solution by Using Neodymium(III) Oxide Nanoadsorbents
by Shahin Ahmadi, Leili Mohammadi, Abbas Rahdar, Somayeh Rahdar, Ramin Dehghani, Chinenye Adaobi Igwegbe and George Z. Kyzas
Nanomaterials 2020, 10(3), 556; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10030556 - 19 Mar 2020
Cited by 80 | Viewed by 4246
Abstract
In the current work, neodymium oxide (Nd2O3) nanoparticles were synthesized and characterized by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The major aim/investigation of this research was to fit/model and optimize the [...] Read more.
In the current work, neodymium oxide (Nd2O3) nanoparticles were synthesized and characterized by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The major aim/investigation of this research was to fit/model and optimize the removal of Acid Blue 92 (AB92) dye from synthetic effluents (aqueous solutions) using the adsorption process based on neodymium oxide (Nd2O3) nanoparticles. To optimize the adsorption conditions, central composite design (CCD) based on response surface methodology (RSM) was applied. The effects of pH (3–9), adsorbent dosage (0.1–1 g/L), initial concentration of AB92 (100–300 mg/L), and contact time (10–100 min) on the adsorption process were investigated. Apart from equilibrium and kinetic experiments, thermodynamic evaluation of the adsorption process was also undertaken. The adsorption process was found to have the best fitting to Langmuir isotherm model and pseudo-second-order kinetic equation. Also, the process was found to be spontaneous and favorable with increased temperature. The optimal conditions found were: pH = 3.15, AB92 concentration equal to 138.5 mg/L, dosage of nanoadsorbent equal to 0.83 g/L, and 50 min as contact time, which resulted in 90.70% AB92 removal. High values for the coefficient of determination, R2 (0.9596) and adjusted R2 (0.9220) indicated that the removal of AB92 dye using adsorption can be explained and modeled by RSM. The Fisher’s F-value (25.4683) denotes that the developed model was significant for AB92 adsorption at a 95% confidence level. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology in Wastewater Treatment)
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14 pages, 3511 KiB  
Article
Almond Shell-Derived, Biochar-Supported, Nano-Zero-Valent Iron Composite for Aqueous Hexavalent Chromium Removal: Performance and Mechanisms
by Yaorong Shu, Bin Ji, Baihui Cui, Yuting Shi, Jian Wang, Mian Hu, Siyi Luo and Dabin Guo
Nanomaterials 2020, 10(2), 198; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10020198 - 23 Jan 2020
Cited by 52 | Viewed by 3476
Abstract
Nano-zero-valent iron biochar derived from almond shell (nZVI-ASBC) was used for hexavalent chromium (CR) removal. Experiments showed that pH was the main factor (p < 0.01) that affected the experimental results. At a dosage of 10 mg·L−1 and pH of 2–6, [...] Read more.
Nano-zero-valent iron biochar derived from almond shell (nZVI-ASBC) was used for hexavalent chromium (CR) removal. Experiments showed that pH was the main factor (p < 0.01) that affected the experimental results. At a dosage of 10 mg·L−1 and pH of 2–6, in the first 60 min, nZVI-ASBC exhibited a removal efficiency of 99.8%, which was approximately 20% higher than the removal yield at pH 7–11. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results indicated N-H was the main functional group that influenced the chemisorption process. The pseudo second-order dynamics and Langmuir isotherm models proved to be the most suitable. Thermodynamic studies showed that the reaction was exothermic and spontaneous at low temperatures (T < 317 K). Various interaction mechanisms, including adsorption and reduction, were adopted for the removal of Cr(VI) using the nZVI-ASBC composite. The findings showed that the BC-modified nZVI prepared with almond shell exerts a good effect and could be used for the removal of Cr(VI). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology in Wastewater Treatment)
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25 pages, 4084 KiB  
Article
In Situ Copolymerized Polyacrylamide Cellulose Supported Fe3O4 Magnetic Nanocomposites for Adsorptive Removal of Pb(II): Artificial Neural Network Modeling and Experimental Studies
by Imran Hasan, Rais Ahmad Khan, Walaa Alharbi, Khadijah H. Alharbi and Ali Alsalme
Nanomaterials 2019, 9(12), 1687; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9121687 - 25 Nov 2019
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3853
Abstract
The inimical effects associated with heavy metals are serious concerns, particularly with respect to global health-related issues, because of their non-ecological characteristics and high toxicity. Current research in this area is focused on the synthesis of poly(acrylamide) grafted Cell@Fe3O4 nanocomposites [...] Read more.
The inimical effects associated with heavy metals are serious concerns, particularly with respect to global health-related issues, because of their non-ecological characteristics and high toxicity. Current research in this area is focused on the synthesis of poly(acrylamide) grafted Cell@Fe3O4 nanocomposites via oxidative free radical copolymerization of the acrylamide monomer and its application for the removal of Pb(II). The hybrid material was analyzed using different analytical techniques, including thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis. The efficacious impact of variable parameters, including contact time, pH, material dose, initial Pb(II) concentration, and the temperature, was investigated and optimized using both batch and artificial neural networks (ANN). Surface digestion of metal ions is exceedingly pH-dependent, and higher adsorption efficiencies and adsorption capacities of Pb(II) were acquired at a pH value of 5. The acquired equilibrium data were analyzed using different isotherm models, including Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Redlich–Peterson models. In this investigation, the best performance was obtained using the Langmuir model. The maximum adsorption capacity of the material investigated via monolayer formation was determined to be 314.47 mg g−1 at 323 K, 239.74 mg g−1 at 313 K, and 100.79 mg g−1 at 303 K. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology in Wastewater Treatment)
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12 pages, 6425 KiB  
Article
Silver Quantum Dot Decorated 2D-SnO2 Nanoflakes for Photocatalytic Degradation of the Water Pollutant Rhodamine B
by Nadavala Siva Kumar, Mohammad Asif, T. Ranjeth Kumar Reddy, Gnanendra Shanmugam and Abdelhamid Ajbar
Nanomaterials 2019, 9(11), 1536; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9111536 - 30 Oct 2019
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4240
Abstract
Decoration of 2D semiconductor structures with heterogeneous metal quantum dots has attracted considerable attention due to advanced optical, electrical, and catalytic properties that result from the large surface-to-volume ratio associated with these structures. Herein, we report on silver quantum dot decorated 2D SnO [...] Read more.
Decoration of 2D semiconductor structures with heterogeneous metal quantum dots has attracted considerable attention due to advanced optical, electrical, and catalytic properties that result from the large surface-to-volume ratio associated with these structures. Herein, we report on silver quantum dot decorated 2D SnO2 nanoflakes for the photocatalytic abatement of water effluents, the synthesis of which was achieved through a straightforward and mild hydrothermal procedure. The photocatalysts were systematically investigated using UV–Vis, XRD, electron microscopy (SEM, HR-TEM), EDX, XPS and FTIR. The photocatalytic activity of the nanostructures was evaluated for the abatement of water pollutant rhodamine B (RhB), under light irradiation. The mild hydrothermal synthesis (100 °C) proved highly efficient for the production of large scale Ag quantum dot (QD)/SnO2 nanoflakes for a novel photocatalytic application. The decoration of SnO2 with Ag QDs significantly enhances the synergetic charge transfer, which diminishes the photo-induced electron-hole reunion. Moreover, the plasmonic effect from Ag QDs and 2D-SnO2 structures acts as an electron tank to collect the photo-induced electrons, generating a Schottky barrier between the SnO2 structures and quantum dots. Overall, this resulted in a facile and efficient degradation of RhB, with a rate double that of pristine SnO2. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology in Wastewater Treatment)
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23 pages, 9667 KiB  
Article
Removal of Mercury (II) by EDTA-Functionalized Magnetic CoFe2O4@SiO2 Nanomaterial with Core-Shell Structure
by Kai Xia, Yongfu Guo, Qijun Shao, Qu Zan and Renbi Bai
Nanomaterials 2019, 9(11), 1532; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9111532 - 29 Oct 2019
Cited by 54 | Viewed by 4861
Abstract
In order to reduce the difficulty and risk of operation, decrease the preparation time and improve the adsorption performance of magnetic nano-silicon adsorbent with core-shell structure, a carboxylated CoFe2O4@SiO2 was prepared by EDTA-functionalized method using a safe, mild [...] Read more.
In order to reduce the difficulty and risk of operation, decrease the preparation time and improve the adsorption performance of magnetic nano-silicon adsorbent with core-shell structure, a carboxylated CoFe2O4@SiO2 was prepared by EDTA-functionalized method using a safe, mild and simple hydrothermal method. The results show that the prepared material of CoFe2O4@SiO2-EDTA has a maximum adsorption capacity of 103.3 mg/g for mercury ions (Hg(II)) at pH = 7. The adsorption process of Hg(II) is a chemical reaction involving chelation and single-layer adsorption, and follows the pseudo-second-order kinetic and Langmuir adsorption isotherm models. Moreover, the removal of Hg(II) is a spontaneous and exothermic reaction. The material characterization, before and after adsorption, shows that CoFe2O4@SiO2-EDTA has excellent recyclability, hydrothermal stability and fully biodegradable properties. To summarize, it is a potential adsorption material for removing heavy metals from aqueous solutions in practical applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology in Wastewater Treatment)
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17 pages, 5420 KiB  
Article
Enhanced Kinetic Removal of Ciprofloxacin onto Metal-Organic Frameworks by Sonication, Process Optimization and Metal Leaching Study
by Aliakbar Dehghan, Ali Akbar Mohammadi, Mahmood Yousefi, Ali Asghar Najafpoor, Mahmoud Shams and Shahabaldin Rezania
Nanomaterials 2019, 9(10), 1422; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9101422 - 8 Oct 2019
Cited by 59 | Viewed by 3631
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are currently recognized as unique platforms for environmental studies. This study evaluated the potential of nine MOFs from ZIF-8, ZIF-67, and UIO-66 families for the removal of ciprofloxacin (CIP), a toxic, bio-accumulative, and persistent fluoroquinolone antibiotic. ZIF-67-SO4, with [...] Read more.
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are currently recognized as unique platforms for environmental studies. This study evaluated the potential of nine MOFs from ZIF-8, ZIF-67, and UIO-66 families for the removal of ciprofloxacin (CIP), a toxic, bio-accumulative, and persistent fluoroquinolone antibiotic. ZIF-67-SO4, with a rhombic crystalline morphology and 1375 m2/g BET surface area, has the highest CIP adsorption efficiency among the studied MOFs. The mathematical sorption model predicted that the highest CIP removal (99.2%) occurs when adsorbent dose, pH, and agitation time are adjusted to 6.82, 832.4 mg/L, and 39.95 min, respectively. Further studies revealed that the CIP adsorbed onto ZIF-67-SO4 in monolayer (qmax: 2537.5 mg/g) and chemisorption controlled the rate of the process. Mass transfer kinetic coefficients improved significantly by sonication at 35 KHz in comparison with mechanical agitation. Thermodynamic parameters (minus signs of ∆G° [7.8 to 14.2], positive signs of ∆H° (58.9 KJ/mol), and ∆S° (0.23 KJ/mol·K)) demonstrated the spontaneous, endothermic, and chemical sorption of CIP. The level of cobalt leached from ZIF-67-SO4 structure varied 1.2–4.5 mg/L, depending on pH, mixing time, and agitation type. In conclusion, the excellent adsorption properties of ZIF-67-SO4 for CIP, made it an outstanding candidate for environmental protection purposes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology in Wastewater Treatment)
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11 pages, 4159 KiB  
Communication
Continuous Flow Removal of Anionic Dyes in Water by Chitosan-Functionalized Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Incorporated in a Dextran Gel Column
by Sang Yeob Lee, Ha Eun Shim, Jung Eun Yang, Yong Jun Choi and Jongho Jeon
Nanomaterials 2019, 9(8), 1164; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9081164 - 14 Aug 2019
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 5110
Abstract
This paper describes a novel chromatographic method for efficient removal of anionic dyes from aqueous solutions. Chitosan-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles can easily be immobilized on a dextran gel column. Single elution of Evans Blue (EB) solution to the nanoadsorbent-incorporated columns provides [...] Read more.
This paper describes a novel chromatographic method for efficient removal of anionic dyes from aqueous solutions. Chitosan-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles can easily be immobilized on a dextran gel column. Single elution of Evans Blue (EB) solution to the nanoadsorbent-incorporated columns provides high removal efficiency with a maximum adsorption capacity of 243.9 mg/g. We also investigated the influence of initial concentration and solution pH on the removal efficiency of EB. The electrostatic interaction between the adsorbent surface and negatively charged sulfate groups on EB molecules promotes the efficient adsorption of dyes. The equilibrium data matched well with the Langmuir isotherm model, which indicated monolayer dye adsorption onto the adsorbent surface. To extend the application of the current method, we performed further adsorption experiments using other anionic dyes of different colors (Cy5.5, Acid Yellow 25, Acid Green 25, and Acid Red 1). All of these molecules can efficiently be captured under continuous flow conditions, with higher removal efficiency obtained with more negatively charged dyes. These findings clearly demonstrate that the present approach is a useful method for the removal of anionic dye contaminants in aqueous media by adsorption. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology in Wastewater Treatment)
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12 pages, 7440 KiB  
Article
Synthesis of Hierarchical Porous Carbon in Molten Salt and Its Application for Dye Adsorption
by Saisai Li, Haijun Zhang, Shiya Hu, Jie Liu, Qing Zhu and Shaowei Zhang
Nanomaterials 2019, 9(8), 1098; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9081098 - 31 Jul 2019
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3611
Abstract
Hierarchical porous carbon was successfully synthesized from glucose in a molten salt at 800 °C for 2 h. It was amorphous and contained numerous oxygen containing functional groups on its surface. The porous carbon with 1.0 wt% Fe(NO3)3·9H2 [...] Read more.
Hierarchical porous carbon was successfully synthesized from glucose in a molten salt at 800 °C for 2 h. It was amorphous and contained numerous oxygen containing functional groups on its surface. The porous carbon with 1.0 wt% Fe(NO3)3·9H2O oxidizing agent showed the highest specific surface area of 1078 m2/g, and the largest pore volume of 0.636 cm3/g, among all of the samples. Raman and TEM results revealed that it had more defects and pores than other as-prepared carbon materials. The adsorption capacities of as-prepared porous carbon for methylene blue (MB) and methyl orange (MO) were 506.8 mg/g and 683.8 mg/g, respectively. The adsorption isotherms fit the Langmuir model and the adsorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology in Wastewater Treatment)
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11 pages, 2628 KiB  
Article
Tailoring the Performance of Graphene Aerogels for Oil/Organic Solvent Separation by 1-Step Solvothermal Approach
by Alina Pruna, Alfonso C. Cárcel, Arturo Barjola, Adolfo Benedito and Enrique Giménez
Nanomaterials 2019, 9(8), 1077; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9081077 - 26 Jul 2019
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2799
Abstract
Ultra-light eco-friendly graphene oxide (GO)-based aerogels are reported by simple one-step solvothermal self-assembly. The effect of varying parameters such as C/O ratio of GO; reducing agent amount; temperature; and duration on the properties of the aerogels was studied. The structural and vibrational features [...] Read more.
Ultra-light eco-friendly graphene oxide (GO)-based aerogels are reported by simple one-step solvothermal self-assembly. The effect of varying parameters such as C/O ratio of GO; reducing agent amount; temperature; and duration on the properties of the aerogels was studied. The structural and vibrational features and hydrophobic surface properties of the obtained aerogels were obtained by XRD; FTIR; XPS; Raman; SEM; and contact angle measurements. The effect of synthesis conditions on the engine oil and organic solvent absorption properties was assessed. The results indicated that the lower the C/O ratio of GO, the better the absorption properties, with the best performance for oil uptake reaching 86 g g−1. The obtained results indicate the approach based on ice-templating and the tailoring of oxygen content in GO make the resulting aerogels potential candidates for use in oil spill and organic solvent treatments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology in Wastewater Treatment)
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13 pages, 3866 KiB  
Article
CoMn2O4 Catalyst Prepared Using the Sol-Gel Method for the Activation of Peroxymonosulfate and Degradation of UV Filter 2-Phenylbenzimidazole-5-sulfonic Acid (PBSA)
by Chihao Lin, Dejian Shi, Zhentao Wu, Lingfeng Zhang, Zhicai Zhai, Yingsen Fang, Ping Sun, Ruirui Han, Jiaqiang Wu and Hui Liu
Nanomaterials 2019, 9(5), 774; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9050774 - 20 May 2019
Cited by 24 | Viewed by 4307
Abstract
In this study, a bimetallic oxide catalyst of cobalt-manganese (CoMn2O4) was synthesized using the sol-gel method, and it was then characterized using a variety of techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) [...] Read more.
In this study, a bimetallic oxide catalyst of cobalt-manganese (CoMn2O4) was synthesized using the sol-gel method, and it was then characterized using a variety of techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms. The obtained novel catalyst, i.e., CoMn2O4, was then used as an activator of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) for the catalytic degradation of a commonly-used UV filter, 2-phenylbenzimidazole-5-sulfonic acid (PBSA) in water. The effects of various factors (e.g., catalyst dosage, PMS concentration, reaction temperature, and pH) in the process were also evaluated. Chemical scavengers and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) tests showed that the OH and SO4•− were the main reactive oxygen species. Furthermore, this study showed that CoMn2O4 is a promising catalyst for activating PMS to degrade the UV filters. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology in Wastewater Treatment)
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Review

Jump to: Editorial, Research

23 pages, 3153 KiB  
Review
Recent Progress in Heavy Metal Ion Decontamination Based on Metal–Organic Frameworks
by Yajie Chen, Xue Bai and Zhengfang Ye
Nanomaterials 2020, 10(8), 1481; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10081481 - 29 Jul 2020
Cited by 51 | Viewed by 4704
Abstract
Heavy metals are inorganic pollutants which pose a serious threat to human and environmental safety, and their effective removal is becoming an increasingly urgent issue. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are a novel group of crystalline porous materials, which have proven to be promising adsorbents [...] Read more.
Heavy metals are inorganic pollutants which pose a serious threat to human and environmental safety, and their effective removal is becoming an increasingly urgent issue. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are a novel group of crystalline porous materials, which have proven to be promising adsorbents because of their extremely high surface areas, optimizable pore volumes and pore size distributions. This study is a systematic review of the recent research on the removal of several major heavy metal ions by MOFs. Based on the different structures of MOFs, varying adsorption capacity can be achieved, ranging from tens to thousands of milligrams per gram. Many MOFs have shown a high selectivity for their target metal ions. The corresponding mechanisms involved in capturing metal ions are outlined and finally, the challenges and prospects for their practical application are discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology in Wastewater Treatment)
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