Nanomaterials and Textiles

A special issue of Nanomaterials (ISSN 2079-4991). This special issue belongs to the section "Nanocomposite Materials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 May 2024) | Viewed by 16674

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Faculty of Textile and Clothing Technology, Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences, 41065 Mönchengladbach, Germany
Interests: sol–gel technology; antimicrobial materials; textile coating; effect pigments; UV protection; functionalization
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Guest Editor
Faculty of Engineering and Mathematics, Bielefeld University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Interaktion 1, 33619 Bielefeld, Germany
Interests: biopolymers; electrospinning; magnetism; spintronics; optics; dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs); smart textiles
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

When nanomaterials meet textiles, innovative new materials meet successful conventional fiber-based materials. This Special Issue will give an overview on all kinds of nanomaterials and their advantageous applications on textile-based materials for the realization of new materials with advanced or completely new properties. Prominent examples in this field are related to nanoparticular (sol-gel based) finishing agents for antimicrobial or flame-retardant functionalization; embedding particles in fibers during spinning processes to reach radiation protective properties; phosphorescence inorganic particles or fluorescent carbon quantum dots for the realization of luminescent effects. A broad field for nanomaterials and textiles is as well electrospinning, opening up e.g., the chance for the creation of new functional filter materials.

In summary, this Special Issue will present comprehensive research outlining progress in the field of nanomaterials and textiles - the application of nanomaterials to improve the performance of textiles or initiate even new functional properties. This includes the utilization of nanoparticular finishing agents, new printing technology, fiber modification by spin-doping or electrospinning techniques, and similar techniques. We invite authors to contribute original research articles and review articles covering the current progress on nanomaterials and textiles. Potential topics include, but are not limited to:

  • Nanoparticular finishing agents
  • Sol-gel technology
  • Surface structuring of textiles (nanostructuring)
  • Photoactive materials
  • Printing processes and nanoparticular additives
  • Functional textiles – in the area of antimicrobial, flame-retardant, UV-protective textiles, etc.
  • Application of graphene, graphene-oxide, or carbon quantum dot materials
  • Fiber modification by spin-doping
  • Electrospinning
  • Nanomaterials in composites and fiber-reinforced materials 

Prof. Dr. Boris Mahltig
Prof. Dr. Andrea Ehrmann
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • nanomaterials
  • textiles
  • fibers
  • non-woven
  • sol-gel technology
  • electrospinning
  • nanostructuring, functional textiles

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Published Papers (12 papers)

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Research

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18 pages, 12472 KiB  
Article
Persistent Luminescent Nanoparticle-Loaded Filaments for Identification of Fabrics in the Visible and Infrared
by Brian G. Yust, Abdur Rahaman Sk, Antonios Kontsos and Brian George
Nanomaterials 2024, 14(17), 1414; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14171414 - 29 Aug 2024
Viewed by 430
Abstract
Persistent luminescent materials are those which can store an amount of energy locally and release it slowly in the form of light. In this work, persistent luminescent nanoparticles (PLNPs) were synthesized and incorporated into polypropylene (PP) filaments at various loading percentages. We investigated [...] Read more.
Persistent luminescent materials are those which can store an amount of energy locally and release it slowly in the form of light. In this work, persistent luminescent nanoparticles (PLNPs) were synthesized and incorporated into polypropylene (PP) filaments at various loading percentages. We investigated the optical properties of both the as-prepared PLNPs and the PLNP-loaded filaments, focusing on any changes resulting from the integration into the filaments. Specifically, visible and near-infrared spectroscopy were used to analyze the emission, excitation, and persistent luminescence of the PLNPs and PLNP-loaded filaments. The tensile properties of the extruded filaments were also investigated through breaking tenacity, elongation at break, Young’s modulus, and secant modulus. All PLNP-loaded filaments were shown to exhibit persistent luminescence when exposed to ultraviolet light. While there were no significant changes in the elongation at break or Young’s modulus for the loading percentages tested, there was a slight increase in breaking tenacity and a decrease in the secant modulus. Finally, the filaments were shown to maintain their optical properties and persistent luminescence even after abrasion testing used to simulate the normal wear and tear that fabric experiences during use. These results show that PLNPs can be successfully incorporated into filaments which can be used in fabrics and will maintain the persistent luminescent properties. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials and Textiles)
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17 pages, 8241 KiB  
Article
Research on Electric Field Homogenization in Radial Multi-Nozzle Electrospinning
by Jian Liu, Shoujun Dong, Chenghao Wang, Yanbo Liu, Shanshan Pan and Zhaosong Yin
Nanomaterials 2024, 14(14), 1199; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14141199 - 14 Jul 2024
Viewed by 763
Abstract
Electrospinning is an effective method to prepare nanofibers at present. Aiming at problems such as low spinnable viscosity and the low productivity of the traditional multi-needle, a radial nozzle was proposed in this paper. In order to solve the problem of end effects [...] Read more.
Electrospinning is an effective method to prepare nanofibers at present. Aiming at problems such as low spinnable viscosity and the low productivity of the traditional multi-needle, a radial nozzle was proposed in this paper. In order to solve the problem of end effects in multi-nozzle electrospinning, COMSOL Multiphysics 6.0 software was used to simulate the electric field in electrospinning with seven radial nozzles. And the influence on the electric field intensity and distribution of the structural parameters of the radial nozzle, including the number, length, tip-shape, and tip-pointing direction of the vanes, were studied. Then, the electric field intensity of any point on the central axis of a radial nozzle was obtained based on the principle of electric field superposition, and then the rotation angle of the vanes corresponding to the minimum Coulomb repulsion force on the target point was deduced. At last, the method of electric field homogenization of a rotating vane arrangement was obtained. In the simulation, the strength and homogenization of the electric field were taken as the research objective, and the optimum structure parameters of the radial nozzle were obtained; the uniform theory of the electric field based on the orientation of the vanes was verified. Then, electrospinning with seven radial nozzles was performed, and it was found that each radial nozzle can produce multiple jets during electrospinning, and the prepared electrospun membranes have even thickness and high porosity. What is more, the fibers are relatively finer and more uniform. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials and Textiles)
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12 pages, 2667 KiB  
Article
Development of Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) Nanofibers Containing Cationic Lipid/siRNA Complexes via Electrospinning: The Impact of PVA Characterization
by Miyu Kanamori, Kouji Hara, Eriko Yamazoe, Takaaki Ito and Kohei Tahara
Nanomaterials 2024, 14(13), 1083; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14131083 - 24 Jun 2024
Viewed by 920
Abstract
This study aimed to develop polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) nanofibers encapsulating 1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane (DOTAP)/siRNA complexes via electrospinning for the delivery of nucleic acid-based drugs. It also focused on the influence of the intrinsic properties of PVA on the efficacy of the system. PVA nanofibers, with [...] Read more.
This study aimed to develop polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) nanofibers encapsulating 1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane (DOTAP)/siRNA complexes via electrospinning for the delivery of nucleic acid-based drugs. It also focused on the influence of the intrinsic properties of PVA on the efficacy of the system. PVA nanofibers, with diameters of 300–400 nm, were obtained, within which the siRNA remained intact and the DOTAP/siRNA complexes were uniformly dispersed. By incorporating DOTAP/siRNA complexes into the PVA nanofibers and assessing the impact of their RNA interference (RNAi) activity in A549-Luc cells, a stable inhibition of luciferase expression was observed. An examination of the nanofiber preparation process revealed that even when DOTAP or siRNA were added separately to the PVA solution without forming complexes, the RNAi effect was retained. The DOTAP/siRNA complexes released from the PVA nanofibers were internalized by the cells, with some PVA residues remaining on their surfaces. The significance of the degree of hydrolysis and polymerization of PVA on the performance of nanofibers was highlighted. Notably, PVA with a low degree of hydrolysis substantially enhanced RNAi effects, with luciferase expression inhibition reaching 91.5 ± 0.7%. Nanofibers made of PVA grades with anionic or cationic modifications were also evaluated, suggesting that they affect the efficacy of siRNA delivery. The insights obtained suggest avenues for future research to optimize drug delivery systems further. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials and Textiles)
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20 pages, 6313 KiB  
Article
The Incorporated Drug Affects the Properties of Hydrophilic Nanofibers
by Črt Dragar, Robert Roškar and Petra Kocbek
Nanomaterials 2024, 14(11), 949; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14110949 - 28 May 2024
Viewed by 990
Abstract
Hydrophilic nanofibers offer promising potential for the delivery of drugs with diverse characteristics. Yet, the effects of different drugs incorporated into these nanofibers on their properties remain poorly understood. In this study, we systematically explored how model drugs, namely ibuprofen, carvedilol, paracetamol, and [...] Read more.
Hydrophilic nanofibers offer promising potential for the delivery of drugs with diverse characteristics. Yet, the effects of different drugs incorporated into these nanofibers on their properties remain poorly understood. In this study, we systematically explored how model drugs, namely ibuprofen, carvedilol, paracetamol, and metformin (hydrochloride), affect hydrophilic nanofibers composed of polyethylene oxide and poloxamer 188 in a 1:1 weight ratio. Our findings reveal that the drug affects the conductivity and viscosity of the polymer solution for electrospinning, leading to distinct changes in the morphology of electrospun products. Specifically, drugs with low solubility in ethanol, the chosen solvent for polymer solution preparation, led to the formation of continuous nanofibers with uniform diameters. Additionally, the lower solubility of metformin in ethanol resulted in particle appearance on the nanofiber surface. Furthermore, the incorporation of more hydrophilic drugs increased the surface hydrophilicity of nanofiber mats. However, variations in the physicochemical properties of the drugs did not affect the drug loading and drug entrapment efficiency. Our research also shows that drug properties do not notably affect the immediate release of drugs from nanofibers, highlighting the dominant role of the hydrophilic polymers used. This study emphasizes the importance of considering specific drug properties, such as solubility, hydrophilicity, and compatibility with the solvent used for electrospinning, when designing hydrophilic nanofibers for drug delivery. Such considerations are crucial for optimizing the properties of the drug delivery system, which is essential for achieving therapeutic efficacy and safety. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials and Textiles)
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17 pages, 4201 KiB  
Article
Optimization of the Centrifugal Spinning Parameters to Prepare Poly(butylene succinate) Nanofibers Mats for Aerosol Filter Applications
by Ayben Pakolpakçıl, Ali Kılıç and Zbigniew Draczynski
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(24), 3150; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13243150 - 15 Dec 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1276
Abstract
Air pollution is becoming a serious issue because it negatively impacts the quality of life. One of the first most useful self-defense approaches against air pollution are face masks. Typically made of non-renewable petroleum-based polymers, these masks are harmful to the environment, and [...] Read more.
Air pollution is becoming a serious issue because it negatively impacts the quality of life. One of the first most useful self-defense approaches against air pollution are face masks. Typically made of non-renewable petroleum-based polymers, these masks are harmful to the environment, and they are mostly disposable. Poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) is regarded as one of the most promising materials because of its exceptional processability and regulated biodegradability in a range of applications. In this regard, nanofiber-based face masks are becoming more and more popular because of their small pores, light weight, and excellent filtration capabilities. Centrifugal spinning (CS) provides an alternative method for producing nanofibers from various materials at high speeds and low costs. This current study aimed to investigate the effect of processing parameters on the resultant PBS fiber morphology. Following that, the usability of PBS nonwoven as a filter media was investigated. The effects of solution concentration, rotating speed, and needle size have been examined using a three-factorial Box–Behnken experimental design. The results revealed that PBS concentration had a substantial influence on fiber diameter, with a minimum fiber diameter of 172 nm attained under optimum production conditions compared to the anticipated values of 166 nm. It has been demonstrated that the desired function and the Box–Behnken design are useful instruments for predicting the process parameters involved in the production of PBS nanofibers. PBS filters can achieve an excellent efficiency of more than 98% with a pressure drop of 238 Pa at a flow rate of 85 L/min. The disposable PBS filter media was able to return to nature after use via hydrolysis processes. The speed and cost-effectiveness of the CS process, as well as the environmentally benign characteristics of the PBS polymer, may all contribute considerably to the development of new-age filters. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials and Textiles)
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11 pages, 2922 KiB  
Article
Homogeneity of Needleless Electrospun Nanofiber Mats
by Edona Morina, Marius Dotter, Christoph Döpke, Ilda Kola, Tatjana Spahiu and Andrea Ehrmann
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(18), 2507; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13182507 - 6 Sep 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1030
Abstract
Nanofiber mats can be electrospun by different techniques, usually subdivided into needle-based and needleless. The latter allow for producing large-area nanofiber mats, e.g., with a width of 50 cm and lengths of several meters, if electrospinning proceeds for several hours, depending on the [...] Read more.
Nanofiber mats can be electrospun by different techniques, usually subdivided into needle-based and needleless. The latter allow for producing large-area nanofiber mats, e.g., with a width of 50 cm and lengths of several meters, if electrospinning proceeds for several hours, depending on the required thickness. Even spinning smaller samples, however, raises the question of homogeneity, especially if defined mechanical properties or a defined thickness is required, e.g., for filtration purposes. Very often, only the inner parts of such electrospun nanofiber mats are used to avoid too high variation of the nanofiber mat thickness. For this study, we used wire-based electrospinning to prepare nanofiber mats with slightly varying spinning parameters. We report investigations of the thickness and mass per unit area, measured on different positions of needleless electrospun nanofiber mats. Martindale abrasion tests on different positions are added as a measure of the mechanical properties. All nanofiber mats show unexpectedly strong variations of thickness, mass per unit area, and porosity, as calculated from the apparent density of the membranes. The thickness especially varied by nearly one order of magnitude within one sample, while the apparent density, as the most uniform parameter, still showed variations by more than a factor of two within one sample. This shows that even for apparently highly homogeneous areas of such nanofiber mats, variations cannot be neglected for all potential applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials and Textiles)
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15 pages, 6510 KiB  
Article
Preparation and Characterization of Non-Crimping Laminated Textile Composites Reinforced with Electrospun Nanofibers
by Jaymin Vrajlal Sanchaniya, Inga Lasenko, Sai Pavan Kanukuntla, Anunand Mannodi, Arta Viluma-Gudmona and Valters Gobins
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(13), 1949; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13131949 - 27 Jun 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1640
Abstract
This research investigated the use of electrospun nanofibers as reinforcing laminates in textiles to enhance their mechanical properties for use as smart and technical textile applications. Crimping plays a crucial role in textiles. Because of crimp, fabrics have extensibility, compressibility, and improved quality. [...] Read more.
This research investigated the use of electrospun nanofibers as reinforcing laminates in textiles to enhance their mechanical properties for use as smart and technical textile applications. Crimping plays a crucial role in textiles. Because of crimp, fabrics have extensibility, compressibility, and improved quality. Although crimping is inevitable for fabrics used in smart textiles, it is also a disadvantage as it could weaken the fibers and reduce their strength and efficiency. The study focused on preparing laminated textile composites by electrospinning a polyacrylonitrile (PAN) polymer onto textile fabric. The research examined the effect of electrospun nanofibers on the fabric by using a tensile testing machine and scanning electron microscopy. The results revealed that the prepared laminated textile was crimp-free because of the orientation of the nanofibers directly electrospun on the fabric, which exhibited perfect bonding between the laminates. Additionally, the nanofiber-reinforced composite fabrics demonstrated a 75.5% increase in the elastic moduli and a 20% increase in elongation at breaking. The study concluded that the use of electrospun nanofibers as laminates in textile composites could enhance the elastic properties, and prepared laminated composites will have the advantages of nanofibers, such as crimp-free elastic regions. Furthermore, the mechanical properties of the laminated textile composite were compared with those of the micromechanical models, providing a deeper understanding of the behavior of these laminated composites. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials and Textiles)
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22 pages, 11859 KiB  
Article
Removal of Methylene Blue and Congo Red Using a Chitosan–Graphene Oxide-Electrosprayed Functionalized Polymeric Nanofiber Membrane
by Nethmi S. L. Dissanayake, Maadri A. Pathirana, Nandula D. Wanasekara, Boris Mahltig and Gayani K. Nandasiri
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(8), 1350; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13081350 - 12 Apr 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2177
Abstract
Untreated textile effluent may contain toxic organic pollutants that can have negative impacts on the ecosystem. Among the harmful chemicals present in dyeing wastewater, there are two frequently used organic dyes: methylene blue (cationic) and congo red (anionic). The current study presents investigations [...] Read more.
Untreated textile effluent may contain toxic organic pollutants that can have negative impacts on the ecosystem. Among the harmful chemicals present in dyeing wastewater, there are two frequently used organic dyes: methylene blue (cationic) and congo red (anionic). The current study presents investigations on a novel two-tier nanocomposite membrane, i.e., a top layer formed of electrosprayed chitosan–graphene oxide and a bottom layer consisting of an ethylene diamine functionalized polyacrylonitrile electrospun nanofiber for the simultaneous removal of the congo red and methylene blue dyes. The fabricated nanocomposite was characterized using FT-IR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, UV-visible spectroscopy, and Drop Shape Analyzer. Isotherm modeling was used to determine the efficiency of dye adsorption for the electrosprayed nanocomposite membrane and the confirmed maximum adsorptive capacities of 182.5 mg/g for congo red and 219.3 mg/g for methylene blue, which fits with the Langmuir isotherm model, suggesting uniform single-layer adsorption. It was also discovered that the adsorbent preferred an acidic pH level for the removal of congo red and a basic pH level for the removal of methylene blue. The gained results can be a first step for the development of new wastewater cleaning techniques. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials and Textiles)
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13 pages, 3741 KiB  
Article
Development of Carbon-Nanodot-Loaded PLA Nanofibers and Study of Their Barrier Performance for Medical Applications
by Muhammad Usman Munir, Thomas Mayer-Gall, Jochen S. Gutmann, Wael Ali, Omid Etemad-Parishanzadeh, Haleema Khanzada and Daiva Mikučioniene
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(7), 1195; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13071195 - 27 Mar 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1742
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has increased the usage of personal protective equipment (PPE) all round the world and, in turn, it has also increased the waste caused by disposable PPE. This has exerted a severe environmental impact, so in our work, we propose the [...] Read more.
The COVID-19 pandemic has increased the usage of personal protective equipment (PPE) all round the world and, in turn, it has also increased the waste caused by disposable PPE. This has exerted a severe environmental impact, so in our work, we propose the utilization of a sustainable electrospun nanofiber based on poly lactic acid (PLA), as it is biobased and conditionally degradable. We optimized the weight percentage of the PLA-precursor solution and found that 19% PLA produces fine nanofibers with good morphology. We also introduced carbon nanodots (CNDs) in the nanofibers and evaluated their antibacterial efficiency. We used 1, 2, 3, and 4% CNDs with 19% PLA and found increased antibacterial activity with increased concentrations of CNDs. Additionally, we also applied a spunbond-nanofiber layered assembly for the medical face masks and found that with the addition of only 0.45 mg/cm2 on the nonwoven sheet, excellent particle filtration efficiency of 96.5% and a differential pressure of 39 Pa/cm2 were achieved, meeting the basic requirements for Type I medical face masks (ASTM-F2100). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials and Textiles)
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17 pages, 3745 KiB  
Article
Investigation on the Mass Distribution and Chemical Compositions of Various Ionic Liquids-Extracted Coal Fragments and Their Effects on the Electrochemical Performance of Coal-Derived Carbon Nanofibers (CCNFs)
by Shuai Tan, Theodore John Kraus, Mitchell Ross Helling, Rudolph Kurtzer Mignon, Franco Basile and Katie Dongmei Li-Oakey
Nanomaterials 2021, 11(3), 664; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11030664 - 8 Mar 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2048
Abstract
Coal-derived carbon nanofibers (CCNFs) have been recently found to be a promising and low-cost electrode material for high-performance supercapacitors. However, the knowledge gap still exists between holistic understanding of coal precursors derived from different solvents and resulting CCNFs’ properties, prohibiting further optimization of [...] Read more.
Coal-derived carbon nanofibers (CCNFs) have been recently found to be a promising and low-cost electrode material for high-performance supercapacitors. However, the knowledge gap still exists between holistic understanding of coal precursors derived from different solvents and resulting CCNFs’ properties, prohibiting further optimization of their electrochemical performance. In this paper, assisted by laser desorption/ionization (LDI) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) technologies, a systematic study was performed to holistically characterize mass distribution and chemical composition of coal precursors derived from various ionic liquids (ILs) as extractants. Sequentially, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) revealed that the differences in chemical properties of various coal products significantly affected the surface oxygen concentrations and certain species distributions on the CCNFs, which, in turn, determined the electrochemical performances of CCNFs as electrode materials. We report that the CCNF that was produced by an oxygen-rich coal fragment from C6mimCl ionic liquid extraction showed the highest concentrations of quinone and ester groups on the surface. Consequentially, C6mimCl-CCNF achieved the highest specific capacitance and lowest ion diffusion resistance. Finally, a symmetric carbon/carbon supercapacitor fabricated with such CCNF as electrode delivered an energy density of 21.1 Wh/kg at the power density of 0.6 kW/kg, which is comparable to commercial active carbon supercapacitors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials and Textiles)
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Review

Jump to: Research

19 pages, 3031 KiB  
Review
How Far Is the Nanocellulose Chip and Its Production in Reach? A Literature Survey
by Elena Bencurova, André Chinazzo, Bipasa Kar, Matthias Jung and Thomas Dandekar
Nanomaterials 2024, 14(18), 1536; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14181536 - 22 Sep 2024
Viewed by 611
Abstract
The slowdown of Moore’s Law necessitates an exploration of novel computing methodologies, new materials, and advantages in chip design. Thus, carbon-based materials have promise for more energy-efficient computing systems in the future. Moreover, sustainability emerges as a new concern for the semiconductor industry. [...] Read more.
The slowdown of Moore’s Law necessitates an exploration of novel computing methodologies, new materials, and advantages in chip design. Thus, carbon-based materials have promise for more energy-efficient computing systems in the future. Moreover, sustainability emerges as a new concern for the semiconductor industry. The production and recycling processes associated with current chips present huge environmental challenges. Electronic waste is a major problem, and sustainable solutions in computing must be found. In this review, we examine an alternative chip design based on nanocellulose, which also features semiconductor properties and transistors. Our review highlights that nanocellulose (NC) is a versatile material and a high-potential composite, as it can be fabricated to gain suitable electronic and semiconducting properties. NC provides ideal support for ink-printed transistors and electronics, including green paper electronics. Here, we summarise various processing procedures for nanocellulose and describe the structure of exclusively nanocellulose-based transistors. Furthermore, we survey the recent scientific efforts in organic chip design and show how fully automated production of such a full NC chip could be achieved, including a Process Design Kit (PDK), expected variation models, and a standard cell library at the logic-gate level, where multiple transistors are connected to perform basic logic operations—for instance, the NOT-AND (NAND) gate. Taking all these attractive nanocellulose features into account, we envision how chips based on nanocellulose can be fabricated using Electronic Design Automation (EDA) tool chains. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials and Textiles)
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20 pages, 18539 KiB  
Review
Nanostructured Flame-Retardant Layer-by-Layer Architectures for Cotton Fabrics: The Current State of the Art and Perspectives
by Giulio Malucelli
Nanomaterials 2024, 14(10), 858; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14100858 - 15 May 2024
Viewed by 1194
Abstract
Nowadays, nanotechnology represents a well-established approach, suitable for designing, producing, and applying materials to a broad range of advanced sectors. In this context, the use of well-suited “nano” approaches accounted for a big step forward in conferring optimized flame-retardant features to such a [...] Read more.
Nowadays, nanotechnology represents a well-established approach, suitable for designing, producing, and applying materials to a broad range of advanced sectors. In this context, the use of well-suited “nano” approaches accounted for a big step forward in conferring optimized flame-retardant features to such a cellulosic textile material as cotton, considering its high ease of flammability, yearly production, and extended use. Being a surface-localized phenomenon, the flammability of cotton can be quite simply and effectively controlled by tailoring its surface through the deposition of nano-objects, capable of slowing down the heat and mass transfer from and to the textile surroundings, which accounts for flame fueling and possibly interacting with the propagating radicals in the gas phase. In this context, the layer-by-layer (LbL) approach has definitively demonstrated its reliability and effectiveness in providing cotton with enhanced flame-retardant features, through the formation of fully inorganic or hybrid organic/inorganic nanostructured assemblies on the fabric surface. Therefore, the present work aims to summarize the current state of the art related to the use of nanostructured LbL architectures for cotton flame retardancy, offering an overview of the latest research outcomes that often highlight the multifunctional character of the deposited assemblies and discussing the current limitations and some perspectives. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials and Textiles)
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