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18 pages, 1075 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identification and Quantification of Phenolic Compounds from Mexican Oregano (Lippia graveolens HBK) Hydroethanolic Extracts and Evaluation of Its Antioxidant Capacity

by María del Carmen Cortés-Chitala, Héctor Flores-Martínez, Ignacio Orozco-Ávila, Carolina León-Campos, Ángela Suárez-Jacobo, Mirna Estarrón-Espinosa and Irma López-Muraira

Molecules 2021, 26(3), 702; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26030702 - 29 Jan 2021

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 4233

Abstract

Plants have been used for thousands of years for various purposes because they have a wide variety of activities with biological significance. Mexican oregano is an aromatic plant of great importance to Mexico and north of Jalisco state as a spice with important [...] Read more.

Plants have been used for thousands of years for various purposes because they have a wide variety of activities with biological significance. Mexican oregano is an aromatic plant of great importance to Mexico and north of Jalisco state as a spice with important economic value. Chromatographic identification and quantification of phenolic compounds and evaluation of their antioxidant activity were important tools to obtain a better characterization of this spice. Phytochemical analysis indicated the presence of flavonoids, triterpenes, saponins, quinones and tannins, the latter at high concentrations. Through chromatographic assays of Mexican oregano extracts, 62 compounds were identified, the major ones being quantified as: taxifolin, apigenin 7-O-glucoside, phlorizin, eriodictyol, quercetin, naringenin, hispidulin, pinocembrin, galangin and genkwanin (compound for the first time reported for this species). The results can be useful as a precedent to establish the bases of new quality characterization parameters and they have also suggested that Mexican oregano contains a wide variety of compounds with untapped importance for the development of new high value-added products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Natural Products: Isolation, Identification and Biological Activity)

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17 pages, 4253 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improved Antioxidant Capacity of Black Tea Waste Utilizing PlantCrystals

by Abraham M. Abraham, Reem M. Alnemari, Jana Brüßler and Cornelia M. Keck

Molecules 2021, 26(3), 592; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26030592 - 23 Jan 2021

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 4184

Abstract

Antioxidants are recommended to prevent and treat oxidative stress diseases. Plants are a balanced source of natural antioxidants, but the poor solubility of plant active molecules in aqueous media can be a problem for the formulation of pharmaceutical products. The potential of PlantCrystal [...] Read more.

Antioxidants are recommended to prevent and treat oxidative stress diseases. Plants are a balanced source of natural antioxidants, but the poor solubility of plant active molecules in aqueous media can be a problem for the formulation of pharmaceutical products. The potential of PlantCrystal technology is known to improve the extraction efficacy and antioxidant capacity (AOC) of different plants. However, it is not yet proved for plant waste. Black tea (BT) infusion is consumed worldwide and thus a huge amount of waste occurs as a result. Therefore, BT waste was recycled into PlantCrystals using small-scale bead milling. Their characteristics were compared with the bulk-materials and tea infusion, including particle size and antioxidant capacity (AOC) in-vitro. Waste PlantCrystals possessed a size of about 280 nm. Their AOC increased with decreasing size according to the DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) and ORAC (oxygen radical absorbance capacity) assays. The AOC of the waste increased about nine-fold upon nanonization, leading to a significantly higher AOC than the bulk-waste and showed no significant difference to the infusion and the used standard according to DPPH assay. Based on the results, it is confirmed that the PlantCrystal technology represents a natural, cost-effective plant-waste recycling method and presents an alternative source of antioxidant phenolic compounds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Natural Products: Isolation, Identification and Biological Activity)

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22 pages, 4496 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Oleocanthal Quantification Using ¹H NMR Spectroscopy and Polyphenols HPLC Analysis of Olive Oil from the Bianchera/Belica Cultivar

by Martina Starec, Antonella Calabretti, Federico Berti and Cristina Forzato

Molecules 2021, 26(1), 242; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26010242 - 5 Jan 2021

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 4963

Abstract

The cultivar Bianchera is an autochthonous variety from the eastern part of northern Italy, but it is also cultivated in the Slovenian and Croatian peninsula of Istria where it is named Belica (Slovenia) and Bjelica (Croatia). The properties of oleocanthal, a natural anti-inflammatory [...] Read more.

The cultivar Bianchera is an autochthonous variety from the eastern part of northern Italy, but it is also cultivated in the Slovenian and Croatian peninsula of Istria where it is named Belica (Slovenia) and Bjelica (Croatia). The properties of oleocanthal, a natural anti-inflammatory ibuprofen-like compound found in commercial monocultivar extra virgin olive oils, were determined by means of both quantitative ¹H NMR (qNMR) and HPLC analyses, where qNMR was identified as a rapid and reliable method for determining the oleocanthal content. The total phenolic content (TPC) was determined by means of the Folin–Ciocalteau method and the major phenols present in the olive oils were also quantified by means of HPLC analyses. All these analyses confirmed that the cultivar Bianchera was very rich in polyphenols and satisfied the health claim provided by the EU Commission Regulation on the polyphenols content of olive oils and their beneficial effects on human health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Natural Products: Isolation, Identification and Biological Activity)

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17 pages, 4103 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Olive Fruit Fly Bactrocera oleae (Rossi) Infestation on Certain Chemical Parameters of Produced Olive Oils

by Vasilij Valenčič, Bojan Butinar, Maja Podgornik and Milena Bučar-Miklavčič

Molecules 2021, 26(1), 95; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26010095 - 28 Dec 2020

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3483

Abstract

Olives affected by active and damaging infestation (olive fruit fly Bactrocera oleae (Rossi)) were assayed for their chemical composition. Biophenols were determined by HPLC, sterols, triterpenic dialcohols, and fatty acids by gas chromatography analysis. The acquired data were statistically analyzed. Oils produced from [...] Read more.

Olives affected by active and damaging infestation (olive fruit fly Bactrocera oleae (Rossi)) were assayed for their chemical composition. Biophenols were determined by HPLC, sterols, triterpenic dialcohols, and fatty acids by gas chromatography analysis. The acquired data were statistically analyzed. Oils produced from “Istrska belica” fruit affected by active infestation compared to the oils made from fruit affected by damaging infestation showed higher amounts of total oleuropein biofenols (377.3 versus (vs.) 106.6 mg/kg), total biophenols (755 vs. 377 mg/kg), lignans (85.3 vs. 32.9 mg/kg), the dialdehydic form of decarboxymethyl oleuropein aglycone (DMO-Agl-dA) (148.3 vs. 49.0 mg/kg), its oxidized form (DMO-Agl-dA)ox (35.2 vs. 8.5 mg/kg), the dialdehydic form of oleuropein aglycone (O-Agl-dA) (61.1 vs. 8.0 mg/kg), the dialdehydic form of ligstroside aglycone (L-Agl-dA) (63.5 vs. 28.0 mg/kg), the aldehydic form of oleuropein aglycone (O-Agl-A) (40.6 vs. 8.4 mg/kg), and lower amounts of tyrosol (Tyr) (6.0 vs. 13. 9 mg/kg) and the aldehydic form of ligstroside aglycone (L-Agl-A) (13.8 vs. 40.3 mg/kg). Higher values of stigmasterol (2.99%) and lower values of campesterol (2.25%) were determined in oils affected by damaging infestation; an increase in triterpenic dialcohols was also observed (3.04% for damaging and 1.62% for active infestation). Oils affected by damaging infestation, compared to active infestation, showed lower amounts of oleic acid (73.89 vs. 75.15%) and higher amounts of myristic (0.013 vs. 0.011%), linoleic (7.27 vs. 6.48%), and linolenic (0.74 vs. 0.61%) acids. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Natural Products: Isolation, Identification and Biological Activity)

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14 pages, 1312 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Developing an Olive Biorefinery in Slovenia: Analysis of Phenolic Compounds Found in Olive Mill Pomace and Wastewater

by Ana Miklavčič Višnjevec, Paul Baker, Adam Charlton, Dave Preskett, Kelly Peeters, Črtomir Tavzes, Katja Kramberger and Matthew Schwarzkopf

Molecules 2021, 26(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26010007 - 22 Dec 2020

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 4030

Abstract

The valorization of olive pomace through the extraction of phenolic compounds at an industrial scale is influenced by several factors that can have a significant impact on the feasibility of this approach. These include the types and levels of phenolic compounds that are [...] Read more.

The valorization of olive pomace through the extraction of phenolic compounds at an industrial scale is influenced by several factors that can have a significant impact on the feasibility of this approach. These include the types and levels of phenolic compounds that are present, the impact that seasonal variation and cultivar type have on the phenolic compound content in both olive pomace and mill effluents and the technological approach used to process the olive crop. Chemical analysis of phenolic compounds was performed using an HPLC-diode-array detector (DAD)-qTOF system, resulting in the identification of 45 compounds in olive mill wastewater and pomace, where secoiridoids comprised 50–60% of the total phenolic content. This study examined three different factors that could impact the phenolic compound content of these processing streams, including cultivar types typically grown on local farms in Slovenia, the type of downstream processing used and seasonality effects. Olive crop varieties sourced from local farms showed high variability, and the highest phenolic content was associated with the local variety “Istrska Belica”. During processing, the phenolic content was on average approximately 50% higher during two-phase decanting compared to three-phase decanting and the type of compound present significantly different. An investigation into the seasonal effects revealed that the phenolic content was 20% higher during the 2019 growing season compared to 2018. A larger sample size over additional growing seasons is required to fully understand the annual variation in phenolic compound content. The methods and results used in this study provide a basis for further analysis of phenolic compounds present in the European Union’s olive crop processing residues and will inform techno-economic modelling for the development of olive biorefineries in Slovenia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Natural Products: Isolation, Identification and Biological Activity)

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12 pages, 3284 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Therapeutic Potential of Rhododendron arboreum Polysaccharides in an Animal Model of Lipopolysaccharide-Inflicted Oxidative Stress and Systemic Inflammation

by Ajaz Ahmad, Adil Farooq Wali, Muneeb U. Rehman, Andleeb Khan, Mohammad Raish, Mohsin Kazi, Osamah Alnemer and Padma G. M. Rao

Molecules 2020, 25(24), 6045; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25246045 - 21 Dec 2020

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3183

Abstract

Systemic inflammation results in physiological changes, largely mediated by inflammatory cytokines. The present investigation was performed to determine the effect of Rhododendron arboreum (RAP) on inflammatory parameters in the animal model. The RAP (100 and 200 mg/kg) were pre-treated for animals, given orally [...] Read more.

Systemic inflammation results in physiological changes, largely mediated by inflammatory cytokines. The present investigation was performed to determine the effect of Rhododendron arboreum (RAP) on inflammatory parameters in the animal model. The RAP (100 and 200 mg/kg) were pre-treated for animals, given orally for one week, followed by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection. Body temperature, burrowing, and open field behavioral changes were assessed. Biochemical parameters (AST, ALT, LDH, BIL, CK, Cr, BUN, and albumin) were done in the plasma after 6 h of LPS challenge. Oxidative stress markers SOD, CAT, and MDA were measured in different organs. Levels of inflammatory markers like tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1-beta (IL-1β) and, interleukin-6 (IL-6) as well as VEGF, a specific sepsis marker in plasma, were quantified. The plasma enzymes, antioxidant markers and plasma pro-inflammatory cytokines were significantly restored (p < 0.5) by RAP treatment, thus preventing the multi-organ and tissue damage in LPS induced rats. The protective effect of RAP may be due to its potent antioxidant potential. Thus, RAP can prevent LPS induced oxidative stress, as well as inflammatory and multi-organ damage as reported in histopathological studies in rats when administered to the LPS treated animals. These findings indicate that RAP can benefit in the management of systemic inflammation from LPS and may have implications for a new treatment or preventive therapeutic strategies with an inflammatory component. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Natural Products: Isolation, Identification and Biological Activity)

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9 pages, 260 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Isoflavonoid Profiling and Estrogen-Like Activity of Four Genista Species from the Greek Flora

by Antigoni Cheilari, Argyro Vontzalidou, Maria Makropoulou, Aggeliki K. Meligova, Nikolas Fokialakis, Sofia Mitakou, Michael N. Alexis and Nektarios Aligiannis

Molecules 2020, 25(23), 5507; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25235507 - 24 Nov 2020

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2306

Abstract

As part of our ongoing research on phytoestrogens, we investigated the phytochemical profile and estrogen-like activities of eight extracts from the aerial parts of four Genista species of Greek flora using estrogen-responsive cell lines. Ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts of G. acanthoclada, [...] Read more.

As part of our ongoing research on phytoestrogens, we investigated the phytochemical profile and estrogen-like activities of eight extracts from the aerial parts of four Genista species of Greek flora using estrogen-responsive cell lines. Ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts of G. acanthoclada, G. depressa,G. hassertiana, and G. millii were obtained with accelerated solvent extraction and their phytochemical profiles were compared using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (uHPLC-HRMS). Fourteen isoflavonoids, previously isolated from G. halacsyi, were used as reference standards for their identification in the extracts. Thirteen isoflavonoids were detected in both extracts of G. acanthoclada and G. hassertiana, while fewer and far fewer were detected in G. millii and G. depressa, respectively. The ethyl acetate extracts of G. hassertiana and G. acanthoclada displayed 2.45- and 1.79-fold higher, respectively, estrogen-like agonist activity in Ishikawa cells compared to MCF-7 cells at pharmacologically relevant concentrations. Both these extracts, but not that of G. depressa, contained mono- and di-O-β-d-glucosides of genistein as well as the aglycone, all three of which are known to display full estrogen-like activity at lower-than-micromolar concentrations. The possibility of using preparations rich in G. hassertiana and/or G. acanthoclada extracts as a potentially safer substitute for low-dose vaginal estrogen for menopausal symptoms is discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Natural Products: Isolation, Identification and Biological Activity)

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16 pages, 46074 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development and Optimization of Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate (EGCG) Nano Phytosome Using Design of Experiment (DoE) and Their In Vivo Anti-Inflammatory Studies

by Mohammad H. Shariare, Kazi Afnan, Faria Iqbal, Mohammad A. Altamimi, Syed Rizwan Ahamad, Mohammed S. Aldughaim, Fars K. Alanazi and Mohsin Kazi

Molecules 2020, 25(22), 5453; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25225453 - 20 Nov 2020

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 4722

Abstract

Inflammation is responsible for the development of many diseases that make up a significant cause of death. The purpose of the study was to develop a novel nanophytosomal preparation of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and egg phospholipid complex that has a lower particle size with [...] Read more.

Inflammation is responsible for the development of many diseases that make up a significant cause of death. The purpose of the study was to develop a novel nanophytosomal preparation of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and egg phospholipid complex that has a lower particle size with higher drug loading capability, physical stability and anti-inflammatory activities. The impact of different factors and material characteristics on the average particle size was studied along with the drug loading of phytosome using design of experiment (DoE). The in vivo anti-inflammatory study was evaluated using a rat model to investigate the performance of EGCG nanophytosome. UHPLC results showed that 500 µg of EGCG were present in 1 mL of green tea extract. SEM data exhibited that phytosome (phospholipid-drug complex) was in the nanosize range, which was further evident from TEM data. Malvern Zetasizer data showed that the average particle size of the EGCG nanophytosome was in the range of 100–250 nm. High drug loading (up to 90%) was achieved with optimum addition rate, stirring temperature and phospholipid concentration. Stability study data suggest that no significant changes were observed in average particle size and drug loading of nanophytome. The in vivo anti-inflammatory study indicated a significant anti-inflammatory activity of green tea extract, pure EGCG and its phytosomal preparations (p ≤ 0.001) against acute paw edema. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Natural Products: Isolation, Identification and Biological Activity)

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16 pages, 2006 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Bioactive Olive Pomace Extract Prevents the Death of Murine Cortical Neurons Triggered by NMDAR Over-Activation

by Alice Franchi, Marco Pedrazzi, Alessandro Alberto Casazza, Enrico Millo, Gianluca Damonte, Annalisa Salis, Nara Liessi, Franco Onofri, Antonella Marte, Silvia Casagrande, Roberta De Tullio, Patrizia Perego and Monica Averna

Molecules 2020, 25(19), 4385; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25194385 - 24 Sep 2020

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2743

Abstract

We have recently demonstrated that bioactive molecules, extracted by high pressure and temperature from olive pomace, counteract calcium-induced cell damage to different cell lines. Here, our aim was to study the effect of the same extract on murine cortical neurons, since the preservation [...] Read more.

We have recently demonstrated that bioactive molecules, extracted by high pressure and temperature from olive pomace, counteract calcium-induced cell damage to different cell lines. Here, our aim was to study the effect of the same extract on murine cortical neurons, since the preservation of the intracellular Ca²⁺-homeostasis is essential for neuronal function and survival. Accordingly, we treated neurons with different stimuli in order to evoke cytotoxic glutamatergic activation. In these conditions, the high-pressure and temperature extract from olive pomace (HPTOPE) only abolished the effects of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA). Particularly, we observed that HPTOPE was able to promote the neuron rescue from NMDA-induced cell death. Moreover, we demonstrated that HPTOPE is endowed with the ability to maintain the intracellular Ca²⁺-homeostasis following NMDA receptor overactivation, protecting neurons from Ca²⁺-induced adverse effects, including aberrant calpain proteolytic activity. Moreover, we highlight the importance of the extraction conditions used that, without producing toxic molecules, allow us to obtain protecting molecules belonging to proanthocyanidin derivatives like procyanidin B2. In conclusion, we can hypothesize that HPTOPE, due to its functional and nontoxic properties on neuronal primary culture, can be utilized for future therapeutic interventions for neurodegeneration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Natural Products: Isolation, Identification and Biological Activity)

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9 pages, 830 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Constituents of Coreopsis lanceolata Flower and Their Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV Inhibitory Effects

by Bo-Ram Kim, Sunil Babu Paudel, Joo-Won Nam, Chang Hyun Jin, Ik-Soo Lee and Ah-Reum Han

Molecules 2020, 25(19), 4370; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25194370 - 23 Sep 2020

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 3401

Abstract

A new polyacetylene glycoside, (5R)-6E-tetradecene-8,10,12-triyne-1-ol-5-O-β-glucoside (1), was isolated from the flower of Coreopsis lanceolata (Compositae), together with two known compounds, bidenoside C (10) and (3S,4S)-5E-trideca-1,5-dien-7,9,11-triyne-3,4-diol-4- [...] Read more.

A new polyacetylene glycoside, (5R)-6E-tetradecene-8,10,12-triyne-1-ol-5-O-β-glucoside (1), was isolated from the flower of Coreopsis lanceolata (Compositae), together with two known compounds, bidenoside C (10) and (3S,4S)-5E-trideca-1,5-dien-7,9,11-triyne-3,4-diol-4-O-β-glucopyranoside (11), which were found in Coreopsis species for the first time. The other known compounds, lanceoletin (2), 3,2′-dihydroxy-4-3′-dimethoxychalcone-4′-glucoside (3), 4-methoxylanceoletin (4), lanceolin (5), leptosidin (6), (2R)-8-methoxybutin (7), luteolin (8) and quercetin (9), were isolated in this study and reported previously from this plant. The structure of 1 was elucidated by analyzing one-dimensional and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance and high resolution-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry data. All compounds were tested for their dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitory activity and compounds 2–4, 6 and 7 inhibited DPP-IV activity in a concentration-dependent manner, with IC₅₀ values from 9.6 to 64.9 μM. These results suggest that C. lanceolata flower and its active constituents show potential as therapeutic agents for diseases associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Natural Products: Isolation, Identification and Biological Activity)

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17 pages, 2110 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antihyperglycemic Effects of Annona diversifolia Safford and Its Acyclic Terpenoids: α-Glucosidase and Selective SGLT1 Inhibitiors

by Miguel Valdés, Fernando Calzada, Jessica Elena Mendieta-Wejebe, Verenice Merlín-Lucas, Claudia Velázquez and Elizabeth Barbosa

Molecules 2020, 25(15), 3361; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25153361 - 24 Jul 2020

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3169

Abstract

Annona diversifolia Safford and two acyclic terpenoids were evaluated to determine their antihyperglycemic activity as potential α-glucosidase and selective SGLT-1 inhibitiors. Ethanolic extract (EEAd), chloroformic (CHCl₃Fr), ethyl acetate (EtOAcFr), aqueous residual (AcRFr), secondary 5 (Fr5) fractions, farnesal (1), and [...] Read more.

Annona diversifolia Safford and two acyclic terpenoids were evaluated to determine their antihyperglycemic activity as potential α-glucosidase and selective SGLT-1 inhibitiors. Ethanolic extract (EEAd), chloroformic (CHCl₃Fr), ethyl acetate (EtOAcFr), aqueous residual (AcRFr), secondary 5 (Fr5) fractions, farnesal (1), and farnesol (2) were evaluated on normoglycemic and streptozocin-induced diabetic mice. EEAd, CHCl₃Fr, Fr5, (1) and (2) showed antihyperglycemic activity. The potential as α-glucosidase inhibitors of products was evaluated with oral sucrose and lactose tolerance (OSTT and OLTT, respectively) and intestinal sucrose hydrolysis (ISH) tests; the potential as SGLT-1 inhibitors was evaluated using oral glucose tolerance (OGTT), intestinal glucose absorption (IGA), and urinary glucose excretion (UGE) tests. In OSTT and OLTT, all treatments showed significant activity at two and four hours. In ISH, half maximal effective concentrations (CE₅₀) of 565, 662 and 590 μg/mL, 682 and 802 μM were calculated, respectively. In OGTT, all treatments showed significant activity at two hours. In IGA, CE₅₀ values of 1059, 783 and 539 μg/mL, 1211 and 327 μM were calculated, respectively. In UGE Fr5, (1) and (2) showed significant reduction of the glucose excreted compared with canagliflozin. These results suggest that the antihyperglycemic activity is mediated by α-glucosidase and selective SGLT-1 inhibition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Natural Products: Isolation, Identification and Biological Activity)

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19 pages, 3422 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The (+)-Brevipolide H Displays Anticancer Activity against Human Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer: The Role of Oxidative Stress and Akt/mTOR/p70S6K-Dependent Pathways in G1 Checkpoint Arrest and Apoptosis

by Yi-Hua Sheng, Wohn-Jenn Leu, Ching-Nung Chen, Jui-Ling Hsu, Ying-Tung Liu, Lih-Ching Hsu, Duen-Ren Hou and Jih-Hwa Guh

Molecules 2020, 25(12), 2929; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25122929 - 25 Jun 2020

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3382

Abstract

Because conventional chemotherapy is not sufficiently effective against prostate cancer, various examinations have been performed to identify anticancer activity of naturally occurring components and their mechanisms of action. The (+)-brevipolide H, an α-pyrone-based natural compound, induced potent and long-term anticancer effects in human [...] Read more.

Because conventional chemotherapy is not sufficiently effective against prostate cancer, various examinations have been performed to identify anticancer activity of naturally occurring components and their mechanisms of action. The (+)-brevipolide H, an α-pyrone-based natural compound, induced potent and long-term anticancer effects in human castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) PC-3 cells. Flow cytofluorometric analysis with propidium iodide staining showed (+)-brevipolide H-induced G1 arrest of cell cycle and subsequent apoptosis through induction of caspase cascades. Since Akt/mTOR pathway has been well substantiated in participating in cell cycle progression in G1 phase, its signaling and downstream regulators were examined. Consequently, (+)-brevipolide H inhibited the signaling pathway of Akt/mTOR/p70S6K. The c-Myc inhibition and downregulation of G1 phase cyclins were also attributed to (+)-brevipolide H action. Overexpression of myristoylated Akt significantly rescued mTOR/p70S6K and downstream signaling under (+)-brevipolide H treatment. ROS and Ca²⁺, two key mediators in regulating intracellular signaling, were determined, showing that (+)-brevipolide H interactively induced ROS production and an increase of intracellular Ca²⁺ levels. The (+)-Brevipolide H also induced the downregulation of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins (Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL) and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, indicating the contribution of mitochondrial dysfunction to apoptosis. In conclusion, the data suggest that (+)-brevipolide H displays anticancer activity through crosstalk between ROS production and intracellular Ca²⁺ mobilization. In addition, suppression of Akt/mTOR/p70S6K pathway associated with downregulation of G1 phase cyclins contributes to (+)-brevipolide H-mediated anticancer activity, which ultimately causes mitochondrial dysfunction and cell apoptosis. The data also support the biological significance and, possibly, clinically important development of natural product-based anticancer approaches. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Natural Products: Isolation, Identification and Biological Activity)

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11 pages, 2207 KiB

Open AccessArticle

New Methyl Threonolactones and Pyroglutamates of Spilanthes acmella (L.) L. and Their Bone Formation Activities

by Retno Widyowati, Melanny Ika Sulistyowaty, Nguyen Hoang Uyen, Sachiko Sugimoto, Yoshi Yamano, Hideaki Otsuka and Katsuyoshi Matsunami

Molecules 2020, 25(11), 2500; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25112500 - 28 May 2020

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3100

Abstract

In our continuing research for bioactive constituents from natural resources, a new methyl threonolactone glucopyranoside (1), a new methyl threonolactone fructofuranoside (2), 2 new pyroglutamates (3 and 4), and 10 known compounds (5–14) [...] Read more.

In our continuing research for bioactive constituents from natural resources, a new methyl threonolactone glucopyranoside (1), a new methyl threonolactone fructofuranoside (2), 2 new pyroglutamates (3 and 4), and 10 known compounds (5–14) were isolated from the whole plant of Spilanthes acmella (L.) L. The structures of these compounds were determined based on various spectroscopic and chemical analyses. All of the isolated compounds were evaluated on bone formation parameters, such as ALP (alkaline phosphatase) and mineralization stimulatory activities of MC3T3-E1 cell lines. The results showed that the new compound, 1,3-butanediol 3-pyroglutamate (4), 2-deoxy-d-ribono-1,4-lactone (6), methyl pyroglutamate (7), ampelopsisionoside (10), icariside B₁ (11), and benzyl α-l-arabinopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-d-glucopyranoside (12) stimulated both ALP and mineralization activities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Natural Products: Isolation, Identification and Biological Activity)

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Review

Jump to: Research

27 pages, 15057 KiB

Open AccessReview

Phytochemicals as Anti-Inflammatory Agents in Animal Models of Prevalent Inflammatory Diseases

by Seong Ah Shin, Byeong Jun Joo, Jun Seob Lee, Gyoungah Ryu, Minjoo Han, Woe Yeon Kim, Hyun Ho Park, Jun Hyuck Lee and Chang Sup Lee

Molecules 2020, 25(24), 5932; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25245932 - 15 Dec 2020

Cited by 106 | Viewed by 8593

Abstract

Phytochemicals are known to have anti-inflammatory effects in vitro and in vivo, such as in inflammatory disease model systems. Inflammation is an essential immune response to exogenous stimuli such as infection and injury. Although inflammation is a necessary host-defense mechanism, chronic inflammation is [...] Read more.

Phytochemicals are known to have anti-inflammatory effects in vitro and in vivo, such as in inflammatory disease model systems. Inflammation is an essential immune response to exogenous stimuli such as infection and injury. Although inflammation is a necessary host-defense mechanism, chronic inflammation is associated with the continuous local or systemic release of inflammatory mediators, non-cytokine mediators, such as ROS and NO, and inflammatory cytokines are strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of various inflammatory disorders. Phytochemicals that exhibit anti-inflammatory mechanisms that reduce sustained inflammation could be therapeutic candidates for various inflammatory diseases. These phytochemicals act by modulating several main inflammatory signaling pathways, including NF-κB, MAPKs, STAT, and Nrf-2 signaling. Here, we discuss the characteristics of phytochemicals that possess anti-inflammatory activities in various chronic inflammatory diseases and review the molecular signaling pathways altered by these anti-inflammatory phytochemicals, with a focus on transcription factor pathways. Furthermore, to evaluate the phytochemicals as drug candidates, we translate the effective doses of phytochemicals in mice or rat disease models into the human-relevant equivalent and compare the human-relevant equivalent doses of several phytochemicals with current anti-inflammatory drugs doses used in different types of chronic inflammatory diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Natural Products: Isolation, Identification and Biological Activity)

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18 pages, 693 KiB

Open AccessReview

Modern Trends in the In Vitro Production and Use of Callus, Suspension Cells and Root Cultures of Medicinal Plants

by Olga Babich, Stanislav Sukhikh, Artem Pungin, Svetlana Ivanova, Lyudmila Asyakina and Alexander Prosekov

Molecules 2020, 25(24), 5805; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25245805 - 9 Dec 2020

Cited by 49 | Viewed by 6634 | Correction

Abstract

This paper studies modern methods of producing and using callus, suspension cells and root cultures of medicinal plants in vitro. A new solution for natural product production is the use of an alternative source of renewable, environmentally friendly raw materials: callus, suspension and [...] Read more.

This paper studies modern methods of producing and using callus, suspension cells and root cultures of medicinal plants in vitro. A new solution for natural product production is the use of an alternative source of renewable, environmentally friendly raw materials: callus, suspension and root cultures of higher plants in vitro. The possibility of using hairy root cultures as producers of various biologically active substances is studied. It is proven that the application of the genetic engineering achievements that combine in vitro tissue culture and molecular biology methods was groundbreaking in terms of the intensification of the extraction process of compounds significant for the medical industry. It is established that of all the callus processing methods, suspension and root cultures in vitro, the Agrobacterium method is the most widely used in practice. The use of agrobacteria has advantages over the biolistic method since it increases the proportion of stable transformation events, can deliver large DNA segments and does not require special ballistic devices. As a result of the research, the most effective strains of agrobacteria are identified. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Natural Products: Isolation, Identification and Biological Activity)

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15 pages, 688 KiB

Open AccessReview

Thuja occidentalis L. (Cupressaceae): Ethnobotany, Phytochemistry and Biological Activity

by Sonia Caruntu, Alina Ciceu, Neli Kinga Olah, Ioan Don, Anca Hermenean and Coralia Cotoraci

Molecules 2020, 25(22), 5416; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25225416 - 19 Nov 2020

Cited by 43 | Viewed by 10346

Abstract

Thuja occidentalis L. (Cupressaceae) has its origins in Eastern North America and is cultivated in Europe and Brazil as an ornamental tree, being known as the “tree of life” or “white cedar”. In traditional medicine, it is commonly used to treat liver diseases, [...] Read more.

Thuja occidentalis L. (Cupressaceae) has its origins in Eastern North America and is cultivated in Europe and Brazil as an ornamental tree, being known as the “tree of life” or “white cedar”. In traditional medicine, it is commonly used to treat liver diseases, bullous bronchitis, psoriasis, enuresis, amenorrhea, cystitis, uterine carcinomas, diarrhea, and rheumatism. The chemical constituents of T. occidentalis have been of research interest for decades, due to their contents of essential oil, coumarins, flavonoids, tannins, and proanthocyanidines. Pharmacology includes antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, antiviral, protective activity of the gastrointestinal tract, radioprotection, antipyretic, and lipid metabolism regulatory activity. Therefore, the present review represents the synthesis of all the relevant information for T. occidentalis, its ethnobotany, phytochemistry, and a thorough analysis of their pharmacological activities, in order to promote all the biological activities shown so far, rather than the antitumor activity that has promoted it as a medicinal species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Natural Products: Isolation, Identification and Biological Activity)

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32 pages, 4019 KiB

Open AccessReview

Glucosinolates: Natural Occurrence, Biosynthesis, Accessibility, Isolation, Structures, and Biological Activities

by V. P. Thinh Nguyen, Jon Stewart, Michel Lopez, Irina Ioannou and Florent Allais

Molecules 2020, 25(19), 4537; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25194537 - 3 Oct 2020

Cited by 107 | Viewed by 12199

Abstract

Glucosinolates (GSLs) are secondary plant metabolites abundantly found in plant order Brassicales. GSLs are constituted by an S-β-d-glucopyrano unit anomerically connected to O-sulfated (Z)-thiohydroximate moiety. The side-chain of the O-sulfate thiohydroximate moiety, which is derived [...] Read more.

Glucosinolates (GSLs) are secondary plant metabolites abundantly found in plant order Brassicales. GSLs are constituted by an S-β-d-glucopyrano unit anomerically connected to O-sulfated (Z)-thiohydroximate moiety. The side-chain of the O-sulfate thiohydroximate moiety, which is derived from a different amino acid, contributes to the diversity of natural GSL, with more than 130 structures identified and validated to this day. Both the structural diversity of GSL and their biological implication in plants have been biochemically studied. Although chemical syntheses of GSL have been devised to give access to these secondary metabolites, direct extraction from biomass remains the conventional method to isolate natural GSL. While intact GSLs are biologically inactive, various products, including isothiocyanates, nitriles, epithionitriles, and cyanides obtained through their hydrolysis of GSLs, exhibit many different biological activities, among which several therapeutic benefits have been suggested. This article reviews natural occurrence, accessibility via chemical, synthetic biochemical pathways of GSL, and the current methodology of extraction, purification, and characterization. Structural information, including the most recent classification of GSL, and their stability and storage conditions will also be discussed. The biological perspective will also be explored to demonstrate the importance of these prominent metabolites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Natural Products: Isolation, Identification and Biological Activity)

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37 pages, 3295 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Review of the Ephedra genus: Distribution, Ecology, Ethnobotany, Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Properties

by Daphne E. González-Juárez, Abraham Escobedo-Moratilla, Joel Flores, Sergio Hidalgo-Figueroa, Natalia Martínez-Tagüeña, Jesús Morales-Jiménez, Alethia Muñiz-Ramírez, Guillermo Pastor-Palacios, Sandra Pérez-Miranda, Alfredo Ramírez-Hernández, Joyce Trujillo and Elihú Bautista

Molecules 2020, 25(14), 3283; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25143283 - 20 Jul 2020

Cited by 88 | Viewed by 16499

Abstract

Ephedra is one of the largest genera of the Ephedraceae family, which is distributed in arid and semiarid regions of the world. In the traditional medicine from several countries some species from the genus are commonly used to treat asthma, cold, flu, chills, [...] Read more.

Ephedra is one of the largest genera of the Ephedraceae family, which is distributed in arid and semiarid regions of the world. In the traditional medicine from several countries some species from the genus are commonly used to treat asthma, cold, flu, chills, fever, headache, nasal congestion, and cough. The chemical constituents of Ephedra species have been of research interest for decades due to their contents of ephedrine-type alkaloids and its pharmacological properties. Other chemical constituents such as phenolic and amino acid derivatives also have resulted attractive and have provided evidence-based supporting of the ethnomedical uses of the Ephedra species. In recent years, research has been expanded to explore the endophytic fungal diversity associated to Ephedra species, as well as, the chemical constituents derived from these fungi and their pharmacological bioprospecting. Two additional aspects that illustrate the chemical diversity of Ephedra genus are the chemotaxonomy approaches and the use of ephedrine-type alkaloids as building blocks in organic synthesis. American Ephedra species, especially those that exist in Mexico, are considered to lack ephedrine type alkaloids. In this sense, the phytochemical study of Mexican Ephedra species is a promising area of research to corroborate their ephedrine-type alkaloids content and, in turn, discover new chemical compounds with potential biological activity. Therefore, the present review represents a key compilation of all the relevant information for the Ephedra genus, in particular the American species, the species distribution, their ecological interactions, its ethnobotany, its phytochemistry and their pharmacological activities and toxicities, in order to promote clear directions for future research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Natural Products: Isolation, Identification and Biological Activity)

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