Submit to Materials Review for Materials Propose a Special Issue

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

► Journal Browser

Trends on the Wood Materials and Technologies

Print Special Issue Flyer
Special Issue Editors
Special Issue Information
Keywords
Benefits of Publishing in a Special Issue
Published Papers

A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Advanced Composites".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 July 2023) | Viewed by 22627

Share This Special Issue

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Tomasz Krystofiak

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

Department of Wood Science and Thermal Techniques, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 28, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
Interests: wood technology; adhesives and lacquer products; wood based materials; technology; non-wooden materials
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Edward Roszyk

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

Department of Wood Science and Thermal Techniques, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 28, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
Interests: wood anatomy; physical properties of wood; wood strength; wood rheology; wood modification
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The woodworking industry uses many materials to produce finished products with improved properties and increased resistance. Not only “dry” methods, e.g., using films, laminates, modified veneers, foams as cladding materials, but also "wet" methods, using varnish products, are used to finishing wood materials. Nanotechnology achievements are used to increase resistance to mechanical and thermal factors as well as for the safety of users. Considering the scarcity of wood, non-wood materials are of necessary interest. With regard to environmental protection aspects, it is necessary to use environmentally friendly materials. At the same time, the threat of environmental pollution requires the development of formulas for resins, adhesives, and lacquer products as well as the technology of their application and curing in the production of wood-based materials and the construction of furniture and large-size elements. The obtained final products should show increased resistance to mechanical, thermal, and chemical factors. In case of defects, the use of retouching agents is proposed.

This Special Issue will give the opportunity for exchanging novel research ideas in the frame of materials and technologies in the woodworking industry. It is our pleasure to invite you to submit a manuscript for this Special Issue.

Dr. Tomasz Krystofiak
Dr. Edward Roszyk
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Materials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

non-wooden materials for woodworking industry (foils, laminates, edges, foams)
veneers and modified veneers
ecological wood-based materials
ecological adhesives and resins
ecological lacquer products
nanotechnology
retouching agents
energy saving technology
veneering, lamination, and edgebanding technologies
furniture
resistance and stability
waste-free technology
volatile organic compounds emission
wood
wooden products

Benefits of Publishing in a Special Issue

Ease of navigation: Grouping papers by topic helps scholars navigate broad scope journals more efficiently.
Greater discoverability: Special Issues support the reach and impact of scientific research. Articles in Special Issues are more discoverable and cited more frequently.
Expansion of research network: Special Issues facilitate connections among authors, fostering scientific collaborations.
External promotion: Articles in Special Issues are often promoted through the journal's social media, increasing their visibility.
e-Book format: Special Issues with more than 10 articles can be published as dedicated e-books, ensuring wide and rapid dissemination.

Further information on MDPI's Special Issue polices can be found here.

Published Papers (11 papers)

Download All Papers

Order results

Result details

Show export options Show export options

Select all

Export citation of selected articles as:

Research

12 pages, 2234 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigations into the Influence of Temperature on the Tensile Shear Strength of Various Adhesives

by Arkadiusz Bernaczyk, André Wagenführ, Christian Terfloth, Jörg Lincke, Tomasz Krystofiak and Peter Niemz

Materials 2023, 16(18), 6173; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16186173 - 12 Sep 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1086

Abstract

The temperature resistance of glued timber, which is crucial for glued wood construction, represents a significant assessment criterion. To gain insights into this aspect, this study utilized methods such as a shear strength test in accordance with EN 302-1:2013-06 under thermal loading (from 20 °C to 200 °C), and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) to determine the glass transition temperature (Tg). An increase in thermal load resulted in a decrease in shear strength and an increase in wood breakage. A hierarchy of adhesive groups was established based on strength performance and wood failure percentage (WFP) at 200 °C. Thermoset adhesives (MF: Melamine Formaldehyde, PRF: Phenol Resorcinol Formaldehyde) led the ranking, followed by elastomer adhesives (1C-PUR: One-Component Polyurethane, EPI: Emulsion Polymer Isocyanate), with thermoplastic adhesive (PVAc: Polyvinyl Acetate) last. Thermoset adhesives further cured under heat. PUR adhesives exhibited higher strength performance at 150 °C and lower temperatures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends on the Wood Materials and Technologies)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 8711 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Radial Variability of Selected Physical and Mechanical Parameters of Juvenile Paulownia Wood from Extensive Cultivation in Central Europe—Case Study

by Karol Tomczak, Przemysław Mania, Marcin Jakubowski and Arkadiusz Tomczak

Materials 2023, 16(7), 2615; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16072615 - 25 Mar 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1888

Abstract

The research on Paulownia cultivation and wood properties is up to date in many countries. However, there are no data on the properties of this wood defined on a microscale, on microtome samples. The main aim of this study was to find the best valorization path for the wood of Paulownia Shang Tong Hybrid F1 from an extensively cultivated plantation established in April 2017 in Poland by determining the tensile strength, the wood density, the strength-to-density ratio, and the modulus of elasticity on a cross-section of the trunk. The wood was collected from extensive plantation, where production is based on the natural resources of the habitat and ambient weather conditions, which is the opposite to the intensive cultivation model, which is the recommended model of Paulownia cultivation. The results of this study show that the mean density of the analyzed samples was approximately 210 kg/m³ when the mean value of the modulus of elasticity (MOE) was approximately 2400 MPa. The mean result for the tensile strength ratio to density was 11.25 km. In the case of anatomical structure, the increasing trend with age was noticed both in fiber and vessel characteristics. The study results provide unique data worldwide about Paulownia wood’s properties based on a cross-section of the trunk, from plantations cultivated in conditions which are not recommended by seedlings producers. The obtained data indicate that the Paulownia wood (examined) from the cultivation in this study has a technical quality similar to that of model-intensive agricultural plantations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends on the Wood Materials and Technologies)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 6710 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Application of 3D Scanning Method to Assess Mounting Holes’ Shape Instability of Pinewood

by Maciej Sydor, Jerzy Majka, Michał Rychlik and Wojciech Turbański

Materials 2023, 16(5), 2053; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16052053 - 2 Mar 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1421

Abstract

Swelling and shrinkage anisotropy affect the susceptibility to an assembly of wooden elements by changing designed clearances or interference fits. This work described the new method to measure mounting holes’ moisture-induced shape instability and its verification using three sets of twin samples made of Scots pinewood. Each set of samples contained a pair with different grain patterns. All samples were conditioned under reference conditions (relative air humidity–RH = 60% and temperature 20 °C), and their moisture content (MC) reached equilibrium (10.7 ± 0.1%). On the side of each sample, the seven mounting holes of 12 mm in diameter were drilled. Immediately after drilling, Set 1 was used to measure the effective hole diameter with 15 cylindrical plug-gauges with diameters of 0.05 mm step, while Set 2 and Set 3 were separately re-seasoned by six months in two extreme conditions. Set 2 was conditioned with air at 85% RH (reached an equilibrium MC of 16.6 ± 0.5%), while Set 3 was exposed to air at 35% RH (reached an equilibrium MC of 7.6 ± 0.1%). Results of the plug gauge tests highlighted that holes in the samples subjected to swelling (Set 2) increased an effective diameter in the range of 12.2–12.3 mm (1.7–2.5%), while samples subjected to shrinking (Set 3) reduced the effective diameter to 11.9–11.95 mm (0.8–0.4%). To accurately reproduce the complex shape of the deformation, gypsum casts of holes were made. The 3D optical scanning method was used to read the gypsum casts’ shape and dimensions. The 3D surface map of deviations analysis provided more detailed information than the plug-gauge test results. Both the shrinking and swelling of the samples changed the shapes and sizes of the holes, but shrinking reduced the effective diameter of the hole more than swelling increased it. The moisture-induced changes in the shape of holes are complex: the holes ovalized with a different range, depending on the wood grain pattern and hole depth, and were slightly extended in diameter at the bottom. Our study provides a new way to measure 3D hole initial shape changes in wooden elements during desorption and absorption. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends on the Wood Materials and Technologies)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 1001 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Adhesive Bonding of Scots Pine Wood from the Szczecinek Forest District for the Production of Garden Equipment: An Experimental Investigation

by Tomasz Krystofiak, Barbara Lis and Cezary Beker

Materials 2022, 15(24), 8994; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15248994 - 16 Dec 2022

Viewed by 1385

Abstract

This work aimed to determine the gluability of pressure-impregnated pine wood with two protection agents used in production technologies for garden equipment and their effect on the strength, water resistance and thermal resistance of joints, as well as their susceptibility to aging. The tests were carried out on Scots pine wood (Pinus sylvestris L.) purchased from the forest districts of the Regional Directorate of State Forests in Szczecinek town, Poland. For the impregnation, two commercial protection agents were used. The pressure impregnation of the elements and gluing with the PUR adhesive were carried out by a garden furniture manufacturer. The strength and durability after aging tests of glued joints were performed in accordance with the procedure described in Technical Approval No. AT-15-2948/00 and the PN-EN ISO 9142 standard. The collected experimental data can be used in technological solutions, mainly for processes which involve gluing wood after impregnation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends on the Wood Materials and Technologies)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 37096 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Multiple Mechanical Recycling of Particleboards on Their Selected Mechanical and Physical Properties

by Anita Wronka and Grzegorz Kowaluk

Materials 2022, 15(23), 8487; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15238487 - 28 Nov 2022

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2804

Abstract

This is a bridge between circular economy issues and wood-based panels technology, especially particleboards. Because these composites contain a significant amount of non-wood raw material (10–12% thermoset resin, high hardness laminates, among others), their mechanical recycling leads to an uncontrollable reduction in produced particle size. This problem can be especially significant since the particleboards can be intended for multiple recycling due to the shortening of their service life. This research aimed to produce particles in the cycle of multiple re-milling particleboards and evaluate the selected properties of the produced particles and particleboards. Thus, the response to the following scientific problem can be given: what factors qualitatively and quantitatively influence the properties of the particleboards produced by multi-re-milled particles? The novelty of this research is the approach to recycling the raw materials from particleboards in fully controlled conditions, providing the characterization of produced particles and producing particleboards with close-to-industrial parameters, and, finally, evaluating the features of produced particleboards in the light of raw materials used. The results confirmed that subsequent mechanical recycling of particleboards, where the other panels are made entirely of second-milling particles, leads to an unprofitable and unacceptable reduction in the mechanical properties of the panels. The physical parameters, such as thickness swelling and water absorption, are improved, but this can be the result of increased content of chemical ingredients, which negatively influence the hygienic features of panels (emission of formaldehyde and total volatile organic compounds—TVOC). Further research should be directed towards estimating the optimal addition of mechanically recycled particles to particleboard production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends on the Wood Materials and Technologies)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 2887 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mechanical Characterization of Glued Laminated Beams Containing Selected Wood Species in the Tension Zone

by Adam Derkowski, Marcin Kuliński, Adrian Trociński, Jakub Kawalerczyk and Radosław Mirski

Materials 2022, 15(18), 6380; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15186380 - 14 Sep 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1729

Abstract

The aim of this study was to determine the mechanical properties of laminated beams containing selected wood species in the tension zone using a four-point bending test. Three beam types were manufactured with respect to the timber used in the tension zone, i.e., beams containing oak or beech timber of I and II quality class and pine timber with no defects (as defects had been removed). The manufactured beams were assessed with respect to bending strength and the modulus of elasticity. The obtained results were compared with the performance of BSH (Industrial beams GL made in Germany—Brettschichtholz) industrial beams. We concluded that beams made from pine timber are an appropriate alternative to spruce beams. The static bending strength of the beams made with hardwood faces was 70% higher than that of beams made with pine wood. All types of beams manufactured in the laboratory met the requirements of at least the GL24c class. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends on the Wood Materials and Technologies)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 8289 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Surface Roughness Parameters of HDF for Finishing under Industrial Conditions

by Milena Henke, Barbara Lis and Tomasz Krystofiak

Materials 2022, 15(18), 6359; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15186359 - 13 Sep 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2360

Abstract

One of the most important properties of the surface of wood-based panels is their roughness. This property determines the way of working with the material in the processes of gluing and surface varnishing. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of various sanding belt configurations and the feeding speed of the conveyor belt during grinding on the surface roughness of high-density fiberboards (HDF). The research material was prepared under industrial conditions. Three types of boards were selected for the tests. After grinding, the roughness parameters were measured both transversely and longitudinally relative to the grinding direction, using a Mitutoyo SJ-210 profilometer and the optical method. Based on ANOVA analysis of the data, it was found that the type of HDF boards used and the configuration of the abrasive belts had a statistically significant impact on the roughness. The samples for which the grinding process was performed with sanding belts of the highest grain size had the lowest roughness. For the amplitude roughness parameters, the direction of roughness measurement had a significant influence. These results may provide valuable guidance for the furniture industry in the preparation of HDF for furniture production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends on the Wood Materials and Technologies)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 2917 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Elements of Designing Upholstered Furniture Sandwich Frames Using Finite Element Method

by Łukasz Matwiej, Marek Wieruszewski, Krzysztof Wiaderek and Bartosz Pałubicki

Materials 2022, 15(17), 6084; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15176084 - 2 Sep 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1873

Abstract

This paper presents an approach to the design of an upholstered furniture frame using the finite element method and empirical studies. Three-dimensional discrete models of upholstered furniture frames were developed taking into account orthotropic properties of solid pine wood (Pinus sylvestris L.) without and with details strengthening their structure in the form of glue joints and upholstery staples. Using the CAE Autodesk Inventor Nastran finite element method, linear static analyses were performed by simulating normative loading. The finite element method was performed considering the experimentally determined stiffness coefficients of the PCAC adhesive and staple joints. As a result, stress, displacement, and equivalent strain distributions were obtained for upholstered furniture frame models with stapled corner joints. The deformation and strength behavior of the upholstered furniture frames was improved by reinforcing with a wood strip. A new approach to the design of upholstered furniture frame frames using the FEM method with stapled component connections was developed and tested. The results of the study can be applied in the optimization of upholstered furniture construction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends on the Wood Materials and Technologies)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 2670 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Color as an Indicator of Properties in Thermally Modified Scots Pine Sapwood

by Magdalena Piernik, Magdalena Woźniak, Grzegorz Pinkowski, Kinga Szentner, Izabela Ratajczak and Andrzej Krauss

Materials 2022, 15(16), 5776; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15165776 - 21 Aug 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1760

Abstract

The aim of this study was to determine the dependencies between mechanical properties of modified wood and its color. Within its scope, quantitative changes in color and chemical composition (mass loss, total carbon content, content of extractives and main components of wood), as well as mechanical properties (compressive strength along the grain, strength and modulus of elasticity in longitudinal tension tests, compression across the grain and impact resistance) of the modified Scots pine sapwood, were determined. Modifications were conducted in the atmosphere of superheated steam (time—4 h, temperature of 130, 160, 190, 220 °C). Thermal modification of wood results in an increase in the modulus of elasticity, a reduction of elasticity, longitudinal tensile strength and compressive strength perpendicular to grain. It was found that color parameters ∆E, ∆L and ∆a are linear functions of the modification temperature. The existence of functional dependencies between mass loss, longitudinal tensile strength, radial modulus of elasticity and parameters of ∆E and ∆L makes it possible to determine these properties of modified wood based on color. In turn, chemical analysis indicated that an increase in the temperature of wood modification caused a decrease of holocellulose and hemicelluloses contents, especially in wood samples modified at 220 °C. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends on the Wood Materials and Technologies)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 1036 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of the Heat Treatment Duration on Color and Selected Mechanical and Chemical Properties of Scots Pine Wood

by Magdalena Piernik, Magdalena Woźniak, Grzegorz Pinkowski, Kinga Szentner, Izabela Ratajczak and Andrzej Krauss

Materials 2022, 15(15), 5425; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15155425 - 6 Aug 2022

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 1977

Abstract

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of the duration of heat treatment on changes in the color, as well as the chemical and mechanical properties of Scots pine sapwood. An important element of the research was to obtain the assumed temperature in the entire volume of samples. Quantitative changes in color and its components were recorded, while mechanical properties were determined in tests of compressive strength parallel and perpendicular to the grain, longitudinal tensile strength and modulus of elasticity and impact strength. The novelty of the research was to determine the above-mentioned parameters for twin samples with identical moisture contents. Chemical analyses were conducted on heat-treated wood that was subjected to heat treatment at 220 °C for a period from 1 to 8 h. Extension of the heat treatment duration resulted in the increasing darkening of the wood, as well as a further reduction in the impact strength and tensile strength parallel to the grain by approx. 40 and 50%, respectively, compared to the control wood, but also compared to heat-treated wood for a shorter treatment duration. The heat treatment of wood caused changes in the contents of the wood components, as well as the elemental composition in the heat-treated wood, compared to the control pine. The changes in the structure of the heat-treated wood were confirmed by the attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). Observed quantitative changes in the main wood components, its structural changes, as well as wood decomposition and increased crystallinity of cellulose explain significant changes in both the mechanical properties and the color of heat-treated wood. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends on the Wood Materials and Technologies)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 1604 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Chemical Composition and Related Properties of Lime (Tilia cordata Mill.) Bark and Wood as Affected by Tree Growth Conditions

by Władysław Kusiak, Jerzy Majka, Magdalena Zborowska and Izabela Ratajczak

Materials 2022, 15(11), 4033; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15114033 - 6 Jun 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2356

Abstract

Tilia cordata Mill. is a favourite tree used in urban spaces. For this reason, it is important to know its sensitivity to environmental stress, which is particularly burdensome for vegetation in urban spaces. The aim of the study was to investigate the properties necessary to control the growth of these trees and their subsequent use, i.e., chemical properties (percentage contents of cellulose, holocellulose, lignin, pentosans and substances soluble in NaOH and EtOH) as well as the chemical elements (K, Na, Mg, Ca and Fe, Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd, B, Ni, Cr, Al, As and Hg) and selected hygroscopic properties (hysteresis and sorption isotherms). Trees of Tilia cordata Mill. growing in environments exposed to environmental stress of varying severity were examined. Regardless of the growth conditions, in terms of its chemical composition, bark differs significantly from wood, showing twice the contents of soluble substances in NaOH and lignin and half the content of polysaccharides. Growth conditions clearly affect the range of selected chemical components in bark, e.g., substances soluble in ethanol, cellulose, or lignin. The main inorganic elements in bark and wood are Na, K, Ca, Mg and Zn. In bark, a relationship was found between the content of most chemical elements and differing environmental growth conditions. It was shown that environmental stress influenced the hygroscopic properties of wood and bark, which are a consequence of the percentage of chemical components. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends on the Wood Materials and Technologies)

► Show Figures

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Trends on the Wood Materials and Technologies

Share This Special Issue

Special Issue Editors

Special Issue Information

Keywords

Benefits of Publishing in a Special Issue

Published Papers (11 papers)

Research

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI