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Synthesis and Characterization of Nano-Biomaterials and Their Applications

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A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Biomaterials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 January 2023) | Viewed by 20687

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Special Issue Editor

Dr. Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu

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Guest Editor

Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
Interests: nanobiomaterials; lab-on-a-chip devices for synthesis of nanoparticles
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Owing to their unique physico-chemical properties, as well as their remarkable biological activities, the outstanding potential of nanobiomaterials has attracted great scientific interest within the biomedical field. As their applications are increasingly growing, ranging from nanodiagnostics and nanosensing to nanodrug delivery and theranostics, the field is undergoing continuous development.

Consequently, novel synthesis methods are being designed to overcome current limitations or enhance and improve specific characteristics. Thereby, characterization techniques are constantly updated to fit the most recent needs in visualizing and determining nanobiomaterials properties in terms of structure, morphology, and functionality. In this manner, nanobiomaterials with enhanced biocompatibility due to controllable and modulable features could be obtained in order to benefit the field of disease diagnostics and management.

Therefore, this Special Issue aims to gather manuscripts focused on novel techniques for the synthesis of nanobiomaterials with improved biocompatibility and physicochemistry and any recent progress made within techniques for the advanced characterization of nanobiomaterials.

Dr. Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Materials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

synthesis of nanobiomaterials
characterization of nanobiomaterials
biomedical applications of nanoparticles
drug delivery
drug targeting

Published Papers (9 papers)

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Research

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12 pages, 3872 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exosome Structures Supported by Machine Learning Can Be Used as a Promising Diagnostic Tool

by Esra Cansever Mutlu, Mustafa Kaya, Israfil Küçük, Besim Ben-Nissan and Artemis Stamboulis

Materials 2022, 15(22), 7967; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15227967 - 11 Nov 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1919

Abstract

Principal component analysis (PCA) as a machine-learning technique could serve in disease diagnosis and prognosis by evaluating the dynamic morphological features of exosomes via Cryo-TEM-imaging. This hypothesis was investigated after the crude isolation of similarly featured exosomes derived from the extracellular vehicles (EVs) of immature dendritic cells (IDCs) JAWSII. It is possible to identify functional molecular groups by FTIR, but the unique physical and morphological characteristics of exosomes can only be revealed by specialized imaging techniques such as cryo-TEM. On the other hand, PCA has the ability to examine the morphological features of each of these IDC-derived exosomes by considering software parameters such as various membrane projections and differences in Gaussians, Hessian, hue, and class to assess the 3D orientation, shape, size, and brightness of the isolated IDC-derived exosome structures. In addition, Brownian motions from nanoparticle tracking analysis of EV IDC-derived exosomes were also compared with EV IDC-derived exosome images collected by scanning electron microscopy and confocal microscopy. Sodium-Dodecyl-Sulphate-Polyacrylamide-Gel-Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) was performed to separate the protein content of the crude isolates showing that no considerable protein contamination occurred during the crude isolation technique of IDC-derived-exosomes. This is an important finding because no additional purification of these exosomes is required, making PCA analysis both valuable and novel. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis and Characterization of Nano-Biomaterials and Their Applications)

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16 pages, 4359 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Nanoplatforms for Irinotecan Delivery Based on Mesoporous Silica Modified with a Natural Polysaccharide

by Ana-Maria Brezoiu, Ana-Maria Prelipcean, Daniel Lincu, Mihaela Deaconu, Eugeniu Vasile, Rodica Tatia, Ana-Maria Seciu-Grama, Cristian Matei and Daniela Berger

Materials 2022, 15(19), 7003; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15197003 - 09 Oct 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1967

Abstract

Natural compounds are an important source of beneficial components that could be used in cancer therapy along with well-known cytostatic agents to enhance the therapeutic effect while targeting tumoral tissues. Therefore, nanoplatforms containing mesoporous silica and a natural polysaccharide, ulvan, extracted from Ulva Lactuca seaweed, were developed for irinotecan. Either mesoporous silica-ulvan nanoplatforms or irinotecan-loaded materials were structurally and morphologically characterized. In vitro drug release experiments in phosphate buffer solution with a pH of 7.6 emphasized the complete recovery of irinotecan in 8 h. Slower kinetics were obtained for the nanoplatforms with a higher amount of natural polysaccharide. Ulvan extract proved to be biocompatible up to 2 mg/mL on fibroblasts L929 cell line. The irinotecan-loaded nanoplatforms exhibited better anticancer activity than that of the drug alone on human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells (HT-29), reducing their viability to 60% after 24 h. Moreover, the cell cycle analysis proved that the irinotecan loading onto developed nanoplatforms caused an increase in the cell number trapped at G0/G1 phase and influenced the development of the tumoral cells. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis and Characterization of Nano-Biomaterials and Their Applications)

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16 pages, 7874 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Silver Nanoparticles–Polyethyleneimine-Based Coatings with Antiviral Activity against SARS-CoV-2: A New Method to Functionalize Filtration Media

by Marta Baselga, Iratxe Uranga-Murillo, Diego de Miguel, Maykel Arias, Victor Sebastián, Julián Pardo and Manuel Arruebo

Materials 2022, 15(14), 4742; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15144742 - 06 Jul 2022

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3589

Abstract

The use of face masks and air purification systems has been key to curbing the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 aerosols in the context of the current COVID-19 pandemic. However, some masks or air conditioning filtration systems are designed to remove large airborne particles or bacteria from the air, being limited their effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2. Continuous research has been aimed at improving the performance of filter materials through nanotechnology. This article presents a new low-cost method based on electrostatic forces and coordination complex formation to generate antiviral coatings on filter materials using silver nanoparticles and polyethyleneimine. Initially, the AgNPs synthesis procedure was optimized until reaching a particle size of 6.2 ± 2.6 nm, promoting a fast ionic silver release due to its reduced size, obtaining a stable colloid over time and having reduced size polydispersity. The stability of the binding of the AgNPs to the fibers was corroborated using polypropylene, polyester-viscose, and polypropylene-glass spunbond mats as substrates, obtaining very low amounts of detached AgNPs in all cases. Under simulated operational conditions, a material loss less than 1% of nanostructured silver was measured. SEM micrographs demonstrated high silver distribution homogeneity on the polymer fibers. The antiviral coatings were tested against SARS-CoV-2, obtaining inactivation yields greater than 99.9%. We believe our results will be beneficial in the fight against the current COVID-19 pandemic and in controlling other infectious airborne pathogens. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis and Characterization of Nano-Biomaterials and Their Applications)

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18 pages, 1735 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Rosmarinic Acid-Loaded Polymeric Nanoparticles Prepared by Low-Energy Nano-Emulsion Templating: Formulation, Biophysical Characterization, and In Vitro Studies

by Jessica García-Melero, Joan-Josep López-Mitjavila, María José García-Celma, Carlos Rodriguez-Abreu and Santiago Grijalvo

Materials 2022, 15(13), 4572; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15134572 - 29 Jun 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1959

Abstract

Rosmarinic acid (RA), a caffeic acid derivative, has been loaded in polymeric nanoparticles made up of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) through a nano-emulsion templating process using the phase-inversion composition (PIC) method at room temperature. The obtained RA-loaded nanoparticles (NPs) were colloidally stable exhibiting average diameters in the range of 70–100 nm. RA was entrapped within the PLGA polymeric network with high encapsulation efficiencies and nanoparticles were able to release RA in a rate-controlled manner. A first-order equation model fitted our experimental data and confirmed the prevalence of diffusion mechanisms. Protein corona formation on the surface of NPs was assessed upon incubation with serum proteins. Protein adsorption induced an increase in the hydrodynamic diameter and a slight shift towards more negative surface charges of the NPs. The radical scavenging activity of RA-loaded NPs was also studied using the DPPH·assay and showed a dose–response relationship between the NPs concentration and DPPH inhibition. Finally, RA-loaded NPs did not affect the cellular proliferation of the human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell line and promoted efficient cellular uptake. These results are promising for expanding the use of O/W nano-emulsions in biomedical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis and Characterization of Nano-Biomaterials and Their Applications)

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15 pages, 6005 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Shear Bond Strength between Resin Composites and Conventional Glass Ionomer Cement in Class II Restorative Technique—An In Vitro Study

by Afreen Bilgrami, Afsheen Maqsood, Mohammad Khursheed Alam, Naseer Ahmed, Mohammed Mustafa, Ali Robaian Alqahtani, Abdullah Alshehri, Abdullah Ali Alqahtani and Shahad Alghannam

Materials 2022, 15(12), 4293; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15124293 - 17 Jun 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2594

Abstract

The success of dental restorations depends mainly on the ability to bond to other filling materials and tooth substances, in order to resist the multitude of forces acting on the bond within the oral cavity. Although the shortcomings of composite resins have been significantly reduced over the past three decades, microleakage due to shrinkage under masticatory loads is unavoidable. In order to overcome such problems, two materials laminated with matched properties can be used to achieve optimum results. The sandwich technique is an approach in which dentine is replaced by glass ionomer cement (GIC), and enamel is replaced by composite resin. In the past, numerous materials have been proposed with adequate properties to be used in this manner, but the results are conflicting in terms of bonding to the various forms of GIC, and the appearance of microcracks or gap formation during functional loading. This study aimed to evaluate the shear bond strength (SBS) and mode of failure between the following core materials: composite resins (CR) (Methacrylate Z350™, Ceram X™, and Spectrum™) with a base material of glass ionomer cement (GIC, Ketac Molar™). Eight samples were made with the help of polytetrafluoroethylene sheets (TEFLON, Wilmington, DE, USA). Each sheet consisted of holes which were 4 mm in diameter and 2 mm in thickness. The combination of materials was sandwiched. The samples were stored in distilled water and then placed in an incubator for 24 h in order to ensure complete polymerization. The samples were thermocycled for 500 cycles between 5–55 °C/ 30 s. Following thermocycling, SBS testing was performed using a universal testing machine. Additionally, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed on representative samples for the bond failure analysis between GIC and the composite resins. The Ceram-X™ nanocomposite showed significantly higher bond strength than Methacrylate Z350™ or Spectrum™ (p = 0.002). The Methacrylate Z350™ and the Spectrum™ composite specimens demonstrated a similar SBS (p = 0.281). The SBS of the Ceram X™ to GIC was the highest compared to Methacrylate Z350™ and Spectrum™. Therefore Ceram X™ may produce a better bond with GIC, and may protect teeth against recurrent caries and failure of the restoration. Methacrylate Z350™ is comparable to Spectrum™ CR and can be used as an alternative. A combination of adhesive and mixed failure was observed in Methacrylate Z350™ CR and GIC, while adhesive failure was predominantly found in both Ceram X™ and Spectrum™ with GIC restorations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis and Characterization of Nano-Biomaterials and Their Applications)

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13 pages, 2211 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Biosynthesis and Response of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles against Periimplantitis Triggering Pathogens

by Bernice Yii Shu Ting, Neeraj Kumar Fuloria, Vetriselvan Subrimanyan, Sakshi Bajaj, Suresh V. Chinni, Lebaka Veeranjaneya Reddy, Kathiresan V. Sathasivam, Sundram Karupiah, Rishabha Malviya, Dhanalekshmi Unnikrishnan Meenakshi, Neeraj Paliwal, Krishna Priya and Shivkanya Fuloria

Materials 2022, 15(9), 3170; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15093170 - 27 Apr 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2166

Abstract

Periimplantitis due to pathogenic bacteria is considered as a major cause for dental implants failures. Biogenic zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnPs) are known to inhibit periimplantitis triggering pathogens. The current investigation intended to perform ZnPs biosynthesis and evaluation against periimplantitis triggering bacteria. The current study involved ZnPs biosynthesis using Andrographis paniculata leaves aqueous extract (APLAE), followed by optimization, stability, characterization, and in vitro evaluation against periimplantitis triggering bacteria. The experimental results indicated the success of ZnPs biosynthesis based on the optimization of zinc acetate (1.5 g), plant extract (5 mL), pH 12, and temperature (25 °C), and using the stability study (absorbance between 365–370 nm) and characterization data exhibiting broad and shifted bands (in FTIR spectrum), the size was found to be below 98.61 nm (determined by FESEM and XRD spectra) and 71.54% zinc was observed in the EDX spectrum. Biogenic ZnPs exhibited a high inhibitory activity against periimplantitis-triggering pathogens (E. coli and S. aureus). Based on the experimental results, the present study concludes that biogenic ZnPs possess a high inhibitory potential against periimplantitis-triggering bacteria, and it is established that the biosynthesis of ZnPs using APLAE is a useful method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis and Characterization of Nano-Biomaterials and Their Applications)

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15 pages, 2908 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular Genetics and Cytotoxic Responses to Titanium Diboride and Zinc Borate Nanoparticles on Cultured Human Primary Alveolar Epithelial Cells

by Hasan Türkez, Mehmet Enes Arslan, Arzu Tatar, Özlem Özdemir, Erdal Sönmez, Kenan Çadirci, Ahmet Hacimüftüoğlu, Bahattin Ceylan, Metin Açikyildiz, Cigdem Yuce Kahraman, Fatime Geyikoğlu, Abdulgani Tatar and Adil Mardinoglu

Materials 2022, 15(7), 2359; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15072359 - 22 Mar 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1692

Abstract

Titanium diboride (TiB₂) and zinc borate (Zn₃BO₆) have been utilized in wide spectrum industrial areas because of their favorable properties such as a high melting point, good wear resistance, high hardness and thermal conductivity. On the other hand, the biomedical potentials of TiB₂ and Zn₃BO₆ are still unknown because there is no comprehensive analysis that uncovers their biocompatibility features. Thus, the toxicogenomic properties of TiB₂ and Zn₃BO₆ nanoparticles (NPs) were investigated on human primary alveolar epithelial cell cultures (HPAEpiC) by using different cell viability assays and microarray analyses. Protein-Protein Interaction Networks Functional Enrichment Analysis (STRING) was used to associate differentially expressed gene probes. According to the results, up to 10 mg/L concentration of TiB₂ and Zn₃BO₆ NPs application did not stimulate a cytotoxic effect on the HPAEpiC cell cultures. Microarray analysis revealed that TiB₂ NPs exposure enhances cellular adhesion molecules, proteases and carrier protein expression. Furthermore, Zn₃BO₆ NPs caused differential gene expressions in the cell cycle, cell division and extracellular matrix regulators. Finally, STRING analyses put forth that inflammation, cell regeneration and tissue repair-related gene interactions were affected by TiB₂ NPs application. Zn₃BO₆ NPs exposure significantly altered inflammation, lipid metabolism and infection response activator-related gene interactions. These investigations illustrated that TiB₂ and Zn₃BO₆ NPs exposure may affect different aspects of cellular machineries such as immunogenic responses, tissue regeneration and cell survival. Thus, these types of cellular mechanisms should be taken into account before the use of the related NPs in further biomedical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis and Characterization of Nano-Biomaterials and Their Applications)

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12 pages, 3255 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Casein Microgels as Benzydamine Hydrochloride Carriers for Prolonged Release

by Sofia Milenkova, Bissera Pilicheva, Yordanka Uzunova, Temenuzhka Yovcheva and Maria Marudova

Materials 2022, 15(4), 1333; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15041333 - 11 Feb 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1628

Abstract

This research aims to investigate the properties of nano- and micro-sized casein hydrogels crosslinked by sodium tripolyphosphate as drug delivery systems. Benzydamine hydrochloride was chosen as a model hydrophilic drug. The gels were synthesized by varying different parameters: casein concentration, casein/crosslinking ratio, and addition of ethanol as a co-solvent. The electrostatic attractive interactions between the casein and the sodium tripolyphosphate were confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy. The particle sizes was determined by dynamic light scattering and varied in the range between several hundred nanometers and several microns. The yield of the gelation process was high for all investigated samples and varied between 55.3% and 78.3%. The encapsulation efficiency of the particles was strongly influenced by the casein concentration and casein/crosslinker ratio and its values were between 4.6% and 22.4%. The release study confirmed that casein particles are useful as benzydamine carriers and ensured prolonged release over 72 h. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis and Characterization of Nano-Biomaterials and Their Applications)

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Review

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23 pages, 3408 KiB

Open AccessReview

Biological Scaffolds Assembled with Magnetic Nanoparticles for Bone Tissue Engineering: A Review

by Zheng Li, Le Xue, Peng Wang, Xueqian Ren, Yunyang Zhang, Chuan Wang and Jianfei Sun

Materials 2023, 16(4), 1429; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16041429 - 08 Feb 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1623

Abstract

Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION) are widely used in bone tissue engineering because of their unique physical and chemical properties and their excellent biocompatibility. Under the action of a magnetic field, SPIONs loaded in a biological scaffold can effectively promote osteoblast proliferation, differentiation, angiogenesis, and so on. SPIONs have very broad application prospects in bone repair, bone reconstruction, bone regeneration, and other fields. In this paper, several methods for forming biological scaffolds via the biological assembly of SPIONs are reviewed, and the specific applications of these biological scaffolds in bone tissue engineering are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis and Characterization of Nano-Biomaterials and Their Applications)

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