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Surface Modification of Dental Materials and Tissues

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A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Biomaterials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 August 2022) | Viewed by 26070

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Special Issue Editor

Dr. Júlio C. M. Souza

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Guest Editor

Center for Microelectromechanical Systems (CMEMS-UMINHO), University of Minho (UMinho), 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
Interests: biomaterials; dental materials; resin composites; biofilms; dental implants; bone healing; degradation
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The Special Issue on “Surface Modification of Dental Materials and Tissues” will involve the collaboration of scientists bridging engineering, physics, and dentistry. The present Special Issue will deal with surface modification techniques and phenomena occurring on the surfaces of prostheses, implants, and dental restorations composed of ceramics, polymers, metals, or composites. In addition, findings on the damage of oral tissues, namely mucosa, dentin, enamel, and bone, will be reported in this Special Issue.

The current Special Issue will cover the following topics:

Surface modification of teeth enamel and dentin concerning clinical procedures for enhanced adhesion, polishing, or inhibition of bacteria;
Surface modification techniques on ceramics to improve adhesion to glass-ceramics or resin cements in restorative dentistry;
Surface modification techniques for dental implants to enhance osseointegration;
Surface modification of dental materials due to interaction with the oral environment, debris, therapeutic procedures, and acidic substances;
Surface damage of dental materials and teeth concerning loading, wear, and degradation phenomena;
Physicochemical analyses for the surface inspection of dental materials and oral tissues.

Dr. Júlio C. M. Souza
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Materials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

dental materials
restorative dentistry
implant dentistry
prosthodontics
biomaterials
dental tissues
surface modification
dentin
enamel

Published Papers (12 papers)

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Research

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14 pages, 8093 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Resin Cement Adhesion to Zirconia by Oxygen Plasma-Aided Silicatization

by Li-Li Kang, Shu-Fen Chuang, Chia-Ling Li, Jui-Che Lin, Ting-Wen Lai and Ching-Cheng Wang

Materials 2022, 15(16), 5568; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15165568 - 13 Aug 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1598

Abstract

The combinations of alumina particle air abrasion (AA) and a 10-methacryloyloxyidecyl-dihyidrogenphosphate (MDP) primer and a tribochemical silica coating (TSC) and a silane–base primer are contemporary pre-cementation treatments for zirconia restorations for bonding with resin cements. However, the stability of zirconia resists the mechanical or chemical preparations. The purpose of this study was to develop an atmospheric-pressure oxygen plasma (OP)-aided silicatization method to enhance the adhesion of resin cements to zirconia. Zirconia discs were prepared to receive surface treatments of different combinations: (1) AA or TSC (2) with or without OP treatment, and (3) a chemical primer (no primer, silane, or a silane–MDP mixture). The surface morphology, hydrophilicity, and chemical compositions were characterized, and the resin–zirconia bond strengths were examined either after 24 h or a thermocycling test. The results indicated that the OP treatment after the TSC facilitated the homogeneous distribution of silane and crosslinking of silica particles, and effectively improved the hydrophilicity. The OP increased the O and Si and reduced the C elemental contents, while the combination of TSC, OP, and silane induced SiO_x generation. Among the groups, only the TSC-OP–silane treatment effectively enhanced the bond strength and maintained the adhesion after thermocycling. With these results, the OP aided the silicatization protocol effectively, generated silane crosslinking, and resulted in superior resin–zirconia bond strength and durability compared to the current treatments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surface Modification of Dental Materials and Tissues)

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21 pages, 26976 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on the Surface of Cobalt-Chromium Dental Alloys and Their Behavior in Oral Cavity as Cast Materials

by Willi Andrei Uriciuc, Adina Bianca Boșca, Anida-Maria Băbțan, Horațiu Vermeșan, Cecilia Cristea, Mihaela Tertiș, Petru Pășcuță, Gheorghe Borodi, Maria Suciu, Lucian Barbu-Tudoran, Cătălin Ovidiu Popa and Aranka Ilea

Materials 2022, 15(9), 3052; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15093052 - 22 Apr 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1621

Abstract

This study presents the correct processing of Co–Cr alloys as a method of preserving the properties of the materials as-cast, and therefore they can be safely placed in contact with the oral cavity tissues as resistance frameworks. The basic materials analyzed in this study were five commercial Co–Cr dental alloys with different components obtained in three processing steps. The analysis of the electrochemical behavior at the surface of the Co–Cr alloys was performed by electrochemical measurements: impedance spectroscopy (EIS), open circuit electrical potential (OCP), and linear polarization (LP). In terms of validation, all five alloys had a tendency to generate a stable oxide layer at the surface. After the measurements and the graphical representation, the alloy that had a higher percentage of tungsten (W) and iron (Fe) in composition showed a higher tendency of anodizing. After the application of the heat treatment, the disappearance of the hexagonal phase was observed, with the appearance of new phases of type (A,B)₂O₃ corresponding to some oxide compounds, such as Fe₂O₃, Cr₂O₃, (Cr,Fe)₂O₃, and CoMnO₃. In conclusion, the processing of Co–Cr alloys by melting and casting in refractory molds remains a viable method that can support innovation, in the context of technology advance in recent years towards digitalization of the manufacturing process, i.e., the construction of prosthetic frameworks conducted by additive methods using Co–Cr powder alloy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surface Modification of Dental Materials and Tissues)

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11 pages, 616 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Increasing Acid Concentration, Time and Using a Two-Part Silane Potentiates Bond Strength of Lithium Disilicate–Reinforced Glass Ceramic to Resin Composite: An Exploratory Laboratory Study

by Matilde Almiro, Beatriz Marinho, António H. S. Delgado, João Rua, Paulo Monteiro, Inês Caetano Santos, Luís Proença, José João Mendes and Marco M. M. Gresnigt

Materials 2022, 15(6), 2045; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15062045 - 10 Mar 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2229

Abstract

There is still a lack of consensus concerning the recommended etching concentration, application time and type of silane when bonding lithium disilicate-reinforced glass ceramics manufactured by CAD/CAM. The purpose of this study was thus to conduct an in vitro study which investigates the influence of hydrofluoric acid (HF) concentration, etching time and silane type on the microtensile bond strength (μTBS) of lithium disilicate to resin composites. Thirty-nine IPS e.max CAD blocks were randomly divided between thirteen groups (n = 3). The variables were HF concentration (9.5 or 4.9%), etching time (20 or 60 s) and silane type (Bis-Silane, Monobond Plus and ESPE Sil Silane). The blocks were cut into beams, aged for 10,000 cycles in a thermocycler and submitted to tensile stress to determine μTBS. A control group featuring the Monobond Etch & Prime (MEP) agent that combines etching/silanisation into a simultaneous process was also added. This group was discarded from the analysis due to only having pre-test failures. The data were analysed using a three-way ANOVA (α = 0.05). The HF concentration, etching time and silane type significantly influenced μTBS (p < 0.001). Significant interactions between time and silane type (p = 0.004), HF concentration and silane type (p < 0.001) and among the three factors (p < 0.001) were noted. Etching lithium disilicate with 9.5% HF (60 s), followed by the application of Bis-Silane, resulted in the highest μTBS (16.6 ± 9.0 MPa). The highest concentration and etching time under study, combined with a two-part silane, resulted in the highest bond strength, while the application of MEP showed a complete pre-test failure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surface Modification of Dental Materials and Tissues)

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19 pages, 4785 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Physicochemical Properties of Dentine Subjected to Microabrasive Blasting and Its Influence on Bonding to Self-Adhesive Prosthetic Cement in Shear Bond Strength Test: An In Vitro Study

by Marcin Szerszeń, Julia Higuchi, Barbara Romelczyk-Baishya, Bartłomiej Górski, Witold Łojkowski, Zbigniew Pakieła and Elżbieta Mierzwińska-Nastalska

Materials 2022, 15(4), 1476; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15041476 - 16 Feb 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2215

Abstract

The aim of this in vitro study was to assess the influence of microabrasive blasting on the physicochemical properties of dentine and shear bond strength (SBS) of self-adhesive resin cement (Maxcem Elite, Kerr, Orange, CA, USA) bonded to the dentine surface. Ninety cylindrical specimens with exposed dentine of human teeth were prepared and divided into three randomized, parallel sample sets A, B, and C. Groups B and C were subjected to abrasive blasting using a micro-sandblasting device (Microetcher IIa, Danville Materials, Carlsbad, CA, USA) with two gradations of Al₂O₃ abrasives (Group B, abrasion with a gradation of 50 μm; group C, abrasion with a gradation of 27 μm). SEM imaging, profilometry, chemical composition analysis, contact angle measurements, surface free energy, and SBS tests were performed. The resulting data were statistically analyzed using the Statistica software (ver. 13.3, Tibco Software Inc., Palo Alto, CA, USA). Microabrasive blasting caused changes in surface topography, structural features, and the connection strength between the dentin surface and self-adhesive prosthetic cement. Air microabrasion through the multifactorial positive reorganization of the treated surface of dentine is recommended as a pretreatment method in fixed prosthodontics adhesive cementation protocols. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surface Modification of Dental Materials and Tissues)

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9 pages, 1792 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Qualitative Evaluation of the Effects of Professional Oral Hygiene Instruments on Prosthetic Ceramic Surfaces

by Francesco Grande, Edoardo Mochi Zamperoli, Mario Cesare Pozzan, Fabio Tesini and Santo Catapano

Materials 2022, 15(1), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15010021 - 21 Dec 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2108

Abstract

During professional hygiene procedures, different instruments used may cause various damage to dental prostheses. Deplaquing and scaling with curettes and ultrasonic instruments may inadvertently increase the surface roughness of the material and the risk of future bacterial adhesion and/or also compromise the marginal seal of the prosthesis. Hence, the aim of this study was to assess the qualitative effects of two types of curettes and one piezoelectric instrument with a stainless-steel tip on three types of metal-free samples. After treating the samples with different instrumentations, they were analyzed using the scanning electron microscope and then underwent a qualitative microanalysis by using a spectroscopy machine. All the materials tested in this study have undergone significant changes of their superficial structure after instrumentation both with mechanical and manual instruments. Plastic curettes appeared to be less aggressive than the other instruments. Disilicate samples show a significantly lower degree of surface glazing erosion compared to the zirconia sample with all the instruments used. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surface Modification of Dental Materials and Tissues)

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9 pages, 2592 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison between Hydrofluoric Acid and Single-Component Primer as Conditioners on Resin Cement Adhesion to Lithium Silicate and Lithium Disilicate Glass Ceramics

by Alessandro Vichi, Riccardo Fabian Fonzar, Michele Carrabba, Chris Louca, Nicola Scotti, Claudia Mazzitelli, Lorenzo Breschi and Cecilia Goracci

Materials 2021, 14(22), 6776; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14226776 - 10 Nov 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 1770

Abstract

This study aimed at evaluating the effects of different surface conditionings on the microshear bond strength (µSBS) of a self-adhesive resin cement to VITA Suprinity (ZLS) and IPS e.max CAD (LD). Three surface conditioning protocols were performed on ZLS and LD before luting with a self-adhesive resin cement (RelyX Unicem 2, RXU): hydrofluoric acid (HF), HF + silane (HF + S), or Monobond Etch & Prime (EP). In each group, 15 cylindrical buildups of RXU were prepared on five milled bars and submitted to a µSBS test. Data were statistically analyzed with two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc test (p < 0.05). Failure modes were recorded and classified as adhesive, mixed, cohesive in resin, or ceramic, and statistically analyzed with Fisher’s exact test (p = 0.05). One additional bar per group was used for the morphological characterization of the conditioned surface by means of SEM. The material per se did not significantly influence adhesion (p = 0.744). Conditioning protocol was a significant factor: EP yielded significantly higher μSBS than HF (p = 0.005), while no significant differences emerged between EP and HF + S (p = 0.107), or HF + S and HF (p = 0.387). The material-conditioning protocol interaction was not statistically significant (p = 0.109). Significant intergroup differences were found in distribution of failure modes: mixed failures were predominant in the ZLS/EP group, while the other groups showed a prevalence of adhesive failures. The self-etching primer showed promising results in terms of immediate bond strength of a self-adhesive resin cement to lithium-silica-based glass ceramics, suggesting its alternative use to hydrofluoric acid and silane conditioning protocols. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surface Modification of Dental Materials and Tissues)

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10 pages, 2653 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Different Dietary and Therapeutic Solutions on the Color Stability of Resin-Matrix Composites Used in Dentistry: An In Vitro Study

by Lígia Lopes-Rocha, José Manuel Mendes, Joana Garcez, Ana Góis Sá, Teresa Pinho, Júlio C. M. Souza and Orlanda Torres

Materials 2021, 14(21), 6267; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14216267 - 21 Oct 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2000

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the color stability of aesthetic restorative resin-matrix materials after their immersion in different dietary and therapeutic solutions. Thirty disc-shaped specimens (10 × 2 mm) were prepared from three different types of resin-matrix composites used in dentistry (BE, FS, AF). The color coordinates (L*a*b*, ΔL*, Δa*, Δa*, Δb* and ΔE*) were measured using a VITA Easyshade 3D-Master (VITA Zahnfabrik, Bad Säckingen, Germany) before and after the immersion of the specimens in coffee, red wine, Coca-Cola^®, Eludril Care^®, and distilled water solutions for 40 h. The color change (ΔE*) was calculated and analyzed by the Kolmogorov -Smirnov test and the Kruskal -Wallis multiple-comparison test. All the restorative materials showed significant color (ΔE*) changes after their exposure to red wine, followed by coffee and Coca-Cola^®; however, one nanohybrid resin-matrix composite showed a high color stability in such colored test solutions. The chemical composition and content of the organic matrix played a key role in the color stability of the resin-matrix composites. Clinicians should advise their patients about the chemical interaction between dietary substances and different resin-matrix composites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surface Modification of Dental Materials and Tissues)

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18 pages, 1851 KiB

Open AccessArticle

One-Abutment One-Time Effect on Peri-Implant Marginal Bone: A Prospective, Controlled, Randomized, Double-Blind Study

by Filipe Moreira, Salomão Rocha, Francisco Caramelo and João P. Tondela

Materials 2021, 14(15), 4179; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14154179 - 27 Jul 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2124

Abstract

Objective: To evaluate the peri-implant hard tissue change at 6 and 12 months after implant placement between definitive abutment placed at the same time of implant surgery, never removing it, and healing abutment disconnected and reconnected three times until the placement of the final rehabilitation. Material and methods: Each partial edentulous patient could receive between 1 and 4 platform-switched implants in the posterior regions. If the implants had primary stability—implant stability quotient (ISQ) equal to or greater than 50, they were randomized to the test group with the abutment inserted at the same time of implant placement (DA) or to the control group, receiving a healing abutment (PA). At 6 and 12 months after surgery, data related with vertical bone level changes (primary outcome) and other clinical parameters (implant mobility, bleeding on probing, probing depth, plaque index) were assessed. Results: 53 implants were included in the trial and completed 12 months follow-up (overall survival rate: 100%). All implants achieved primary stability, with an average ISQ value of 80.9 on the day of surgery. From surgery to 6 months, the mean bone loss was 0.14 ± 0.18 mm for the DA group and 0.23 ± 0.29 mm for the PA group, without statistical significance difference. Between 6 and 12 months, the mean bone loss was 0.14 ± 0.21 mm for the DA group and 0.21 ± 0.27 mm for the PA group, also without statistical significance between the two groups. There were no statistically significant differences (p = 0.330) in total bone loss after 12 months between the control and the study groups. Conclusions: The one abutment one time protocol has at least an equivalent effect on the peri-implant bone level changes when compared with the use of healing abutments that are disconnected and reconnected at least three times. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surface Modification of Dental Materials and Tissues)

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14 pages, 2322 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Greater Osseointegration Potential with Nanostructured Surfaces on TiZr: Accelerated vs. Real-Time Ageing

by Andreas Stavropoulos, Rebecca Sandgren, Benjamin Bellon, Anton Sculean and Benjamin E. Pippenger

Materials 2021, 14(7), 1678; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14071678 - 29 Mar 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1968

Abstract

Surface chemistry and nanotopography of dental implants can have a substantial impact on osseointegration. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the effects of surface chemistry and nanotopography on the osseointegration of titanium-zirconium (TiZr; Roxolid^®) discs, using a biomechanical pull-out model in rabbits. Two discs each were placed in both the right and left tibiae of 16 rabbits. Five groups of sandblasted acid etched (SLA) discs were tested: (1) hydrophobic without nanostructures (dry/micro) (n = 13); (2) hydrophobic with nanostructures, accelerated aged (dry/nano/AA) (n = 12); (3) hydrophilic without nanostructures (wet/micro) (n = 13); (4) hydrophilic with nanostructures, accelerated aged (wet/nano/AA; SLActive^®) (n = 13); (5) hydrophilic with nanostructures, real-time aged (wet/nano/RTA). The animals were sacrificed after four weeks and the biomechanical pull-out force required to remove the discs was evaluated. Adjusted mean pull-out force was greatest for group wet/nano/RTA (64.5 ± 17.7 N) and lowest for group dry/micro (33.8 ± 10.7 N). Multivariate mixed model analysis showed that the pull-out force was significantly greater for all other disc types compared to the dry/micro group. Surface chemistry and topography both had a significant effect on pull-out force (p < 0.0001 for both), but the effect of the interaction between chemistry and topography was not significant (p = 0.1056). The introduction of nanostructures on the TiZr surface significantly increases osseointegration. The introduction of hydrophilicity to the TiZr implant surface significantly increases the capacity for osseointegration, irrespective of the presence or absence of nanotopography. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surface Modification of Dental Materials and Tissues)

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15 pages, 3248 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bond Strength of Metallic or Ceramic Orthodontic Brackets to Enamel, Acrylic, or Porcelain Surfaces

by Mónica Pinho, Maria C. Manso, Ricardo Faria Almeida, Conchita Martin, Óscar Carvalho, Bruno Henriques, Filipe Silva, Afonso Pinhão Ferreira and Júlio C. M. Souza

Materials 2020, 13(22), 5197; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13225197 - 17 Nov 2020

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 2545

Abstract

Bonding strategies within different brackets and dental materials are still a challenge concerning adhesion and dental surface damage. This study compared the shear and tensile bond strength of orthodontic ceramic and metallic brackets to enamel, acrylic, and ceramic surfaces after thermal cycling. Dental surfaces were divided into three groups: enamel, ceramic, and acrylic. Each group received stainless-steel and ceramic brackets. After thermal cycling, specimens were randomly divided into two subgroups considering tensile (TBS) or shear bond strength (SBS) test. After the mechanical testing, scanning electron and optical microscopy were performed, and the adhesive remnant index (ARI) was determined. The two-way ANOVA full factorial design was used to compare TBS, SBS, and ARI on the surface and bracket type (α = 0.05). There were significant differences in TBS, SBS, and ARI values per surface (p < 0.001 and p = 0.009) and type of bracket (p = 0.025 and p = 0.001). The highest mean SBS values were recorded for a ceramic bracket bonded to an acrylic surface (8.4 ± 2.3 MPa). For TBS, a ceramic bracket bonded to acrylic showed the worst performance (5.2 ± 1.8 MPa) and the highest values were found on a metallic bracket bonded to enamel. The adhesion of metallic or ceramic brackets is enough for clinical practice although the damage of the enamel surface after debonding is irreversible and harmful for the aesthetic outcome of the teeth. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surface Modification of Dental Materials and Tissues)

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Review

Jump to: Research

18 pages, 1451 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Scoping Review on the Polymerization of Resin-Matrix Cements Used in Restorative Dentistry

by Rita Fidalgo-Pereira, Orlanda Torres, Óscar Carvalho, Filipe S. Silva, Susana O. Catarino, Mutlu Özcan and Júlio C. M. Souza

Materials 2023, 16(4), 1560; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16041560 - 13 Feb 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1903

Abstract

In dentistry, clinicians mainly use dual-cured or light-cured resin-matrix cements to achieve a proper polymerization of the organic matrix leading to enhanced physical properties of the cement. However, several parameters can affect the polymerization of resin-matrix cements. The main aim of the present study was to perform a scoping review on the degree of conversion (DC) of the organic matrix, the polymerization, and the light transmittance of different resin-matrix cements used in dentistry. A search was performed on PubMed using a combination of the following key terms: degree of conversion, resin cements, light transmittance, polymerization, light curing, and thickness. Articles in the English language published up to November 2022 were selected. The selected studies’ results demonstrated that restorative structures with a thickness higher than 1.5 mm decrease the light irradiance towards the resin-matrix cement. A decrease in light transmission provides a low energy absorption through the resin cement leading to a low DC percentage. On the other hand, the highest DC percentages, ranging between 55 and 75%, have been reported for dual-cured resin-matrix cements, although the polymerization mode and exposure time also influence the DC of monomers. Thus, the polymerization of resin-matrix cements can be optimized taking into account different parameters of light-curing, such as adequate light distance, irradiance, exposure time, equipment, and wavelength. Then, optimum physical properties are achieved that provide a long-term clinical performance of the cemented restorative materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surface Modification of Dental Materials and Tissues)

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22 pages, 1126 KiB

Open AccessReview

Surface Modification to Modulate Microbial Biofilms—Applications in Dental Medicine

by Alina-Maria Holban, Catalina Farcasiu, Oana-Cella Andrei, Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu and Alexandru-Titus Farcasiu

Materials 2021, 14(22), 6994; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14226994 - 18 Nov 2021

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 2546

Abstract

Recent progress in materials science and nanotechnology has led to the development of advanced materials with multifunctional properties. Dental medicine has benefited from the design of such materials and coatings in providing patients with tailored implants and improved materials for restorative and functional use. Such materials and coatings allow for better acceptance by the host body, promote successful implantation and determine a reduced inflammatory response after contact with the materials. Since numerous dental pathologies are influenced by the presence and activity of some pathogenic microorganisms, novel materials are needed to overcome this challenge as well. This paper aimed to reveal and discuss the most recent and innovative progress made in the field of materials surface modification in terms of microbial attachment inhibition and biofilm formation, with a direct impact on dental medicine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surface Modification of Dental Materials and Tissues)

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