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18 pages, 5691 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nonlinear Dynamics of Thick Hybrid Composite Laminates Subjected to Low-Velocity Impact and Various Preloading

by Aiqin Tian, Chong Li, Long Ma and Xiuhua Chen

Materials 2025, 18(10), 2331; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18102331 - 16 May 2025

Viewed by 208

Abstract

The composite primary structures of railway vehicles endure not only mechanical loads including tension, compression, bending, and torsion, but also external impacts, such as by the crushed stone in ballast. In the present study, the low-velocity impact response of preloaded hybrid composite laminates [...] Read more.

The composite primary structures of railway vehicles endure not only mechanical loads including tension, compression, bending, and torsion, but also external impacts, such as by the crushed stone in ballast. In the present study, the low-velocity impact response of preloaded hybrid composite laminates with different thicknesses is examined using a finite element method based on a progressive damage model. The hybrid plate consists of carbon fiber-reinforced unidirectional and woven prepregs. The progressive damage model, based on the 3D Hashin model, is validated by experiments on hybrid laminate, and further compared with the post-impact appearance obtained from CT scans. Preloading, considered to be tensile, compressive, or shear, corresponds to different positions in a bending beam with flanges and a web. Finally, the effects of impact energy, preloading, thickness, and impact angle on the dynamic response are analyzed, with an emphasis on new results and failure mechanism analysis comparing the influence of preloads under a given impact energy and different thicknesses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Performance of Advanced Composite Materials and Structures (2nd Edition))

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14 pages, 4622 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Fatigue Behavior of Cord-Rubber Composite Materials under Different Loading Conditions

by Julian Torggler, Martin Leitner, Christian Buzzi, Tobias Faethe, Heiko Müller and Eduardo Machado Charry

Materials 2024, 17(19), 4771; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17194771 - 28 Sep 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 956

Abstract

Cord-rubber composites are subjected to a wide range of loads in various applications. However, their fatigue behavior remains relatively under-researched. To address this gap, a set of representative specimens was developed, and a validated numerical model was employed to assess fatigue-relevant parameters. In [...] Read more.

Cord-rubber composites are subjected to a wide range of loads in various applications. However, their fatigue behavior remains relatively under-researched. To address this gap, a set of representative specimens was developed, and a validated numerical model was employed to assess fatigue-relevant parameters. In this study, we present the results from two series of tests with different strain ratios (R values). One series was subjected to a pure pulsating tensile strain (R ~0), while the second series experienced an increased mean strain with an R ratio between 0.2 and 0.3. A direct comparison of the two series demonstrated that a higher strain ratio results in a longer service life. This is reflected in an increase in the slope (k) from 13 to 23, as well as an increase in the ultimate fiber strain from 8% to 11% at N_d = 50,000 load cycles for a survival probability of 50%. Both series indicate a comparable scatter in the test results. This comparative analysis shows that the strain ratio significantly impacts the fatigue behavior of cord-rubber composite materials based on cyclic tests under different loading conditions. The findings of this study demonstrate the necessity of considering different load situations when evaluating or designing components. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Performance of Advanced Composite Materials and Structures (2nd Edition))

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24 pages, 8126 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modelling of Bond Formation during Overprinting of PEEK Laminates

by Simon Hümbert, Jonas Meth, Daniel Fricke and Heinz Voggenreiter

Materials 2024, 17(17), 4399; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17174399 - 6 Sep 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1109

Abstract

The rapid technological progress of large-scale CNC (computer numerical control) systems for Screw Extrusion Additive Manufacturing (SEAM) has made the overprinting of composite laminates a much-discussed topic. It offers the potential to efficiently produce functionalised high-performance structures. However, bonding the 3D-printed structure to [...] Read more.

The rapid technological progress of large-scale CNC (computer numerical control) systems for Screw Extrusion Additive Manufacturing (SEAM) has made the overprinting of composite laminates a much-discussed topic. It offers the potential to efficiently produce functionalised high-performance structures. However, bonding the 3D-printed structure to the laminate has proven to be a critical point. In particular, the bonding mechanisms must be precisely understood and controlled to ensure in situ bonding. This work investigates the applicability of healing models from 3D printing to the overprinting of thermoplastic laminates using semi-crystalline, high-performance material like PEEK (polyether ether ketone). For this purpose, a simulation methodology for predicting the bonding behaviour is developed and tested using experimental data from a previous study. The simulation consists of a transient heat analysis and a diffusion healing model. Using this model, a qualitative prediction of the bond strength could be made by considering the influence of wetting. It was shown that the thermal history of the interface and, in particular, the tolerance of the deposition of the first layer are decisive for in situ bonding. The results show basic requirements for future process and component developments and should further advance the maturation of overprinting. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Performance of Advanced Composite Materials and Structures (2nd Edition))

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27 pages, 148522 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Misalignment Assembly Effect on the Impact Mechanical Response of Tandem Nomex Honeycomb-Core Sandwich Structures

by Yufan Yin and Xiaojing Zhang

Materials 2024, 17(16), 4024; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17164024 - 13 Aug 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1186

Abstract

To optimize the assembly methods of honeycomb structures and enhance their design flexibility, this study investigated the impact mechanical responses of tandem honeycomb-core sandwich structures with varying misalignment assembly lengths. Impact tests were conducted across different energy levels on single-layer and tandem honeycomb-core [...] Read more.

To optimize the assembly methods of honeycomb structures and enhance their design flexibility, this study investigated the impact mechanical responses of tandem honeycomb-core sandwich structures with varying misalignment assembly lengths. Impact tests were conducted across different energy levels on single-layer and tandem honeycomb-core sandwiches to observe their impact processes and failure behaviors. Our findings indicate that tandem honeycomb cores significantly enhance the impact resistance compared with single-layer configurations, even though a misaligned assembly can deteriorate this property. A finite element model was developed and validated experimentally; the model showed good agreement with the experiments, thereby allowing the simulation and evaluation of the impact responses. Herein, we reveal that specific misalignment lengths can either increase or decrease the impact resistance, providing insights into improving the resilience of tandem honeycomb-core structures. Our results not only contribute to enhancing the impact resistance of honeycomb-core sandwich structures but also offer a valuable basis for their practical applications in engineering. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Performance of Advanced Composite Materials and Structures (2nd Edition))

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17 pages, 11274 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigating the Mechanical Behavior and Energy Absorption Characteristics of Empty and Foam-Filled Glass/Epoxy Composite Sections under Lateral Indentation

by Seyedahmad Taghizadeh, Abbas Niknejad, Lorenzo Maccioni and Franco Concli

Materials 2024, 17(15), 3847; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17153847 - 3 Aug 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1347

Abstract

In this study, the crashworthiness behavior and energy absorption capacity of composite tubes under lateral indentation by steel rods aligned parallel to the specimen axis are investigated using experimental methods. Key parameters such as tube diameter, length, wall thickness, and indenter diameter are [...] Read more.

In this study, the crashworthiness behavior and energy absorption capacity of composite tubes under lateral indentation by steel rods aligned parallel to the specimen axis are investigated using experimental methods. Key parameters such as tube diameter, length, wall thickness, and indenter diameter are systematically examined and compared. Additionally, the influence of polyurethane foam fillers on damage modes and energy absorption capacity is rigorously analyzed. Contrary to conventional findings, smaller diameter specimens filled with foam demonstrate superior energy absorption compared to their larger counterparts, primarily due to enhanced compression of the foam volume. Experimental results reveal a complex interplay of damage mechanisms in composite specimens, including matrix cracking, fiber breakage, foam crushing, foam densification, foam fracture, and debonding of composite layers, all contributing to enhanced energy absorption. Increased tube thickness, length, and indenter diameter, alongside decreased tube diameter, are correlated with higher contact forces and improved energy absorption. Smoother shell fractures are promoted, and overall energy absorption capabilities are enhanced by the presence of foam fillers. This investigation provides valuable insights into the structural response and crashworthiness of composite tubes, which is essential for optimizing their design across various engineering applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Performance of Advanced Composite Materials and Structures (2nd Edition))

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19 pages, 6778 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fracture Performance Study of Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Resin Matrix Composite Winding Layers under UV Aging Effect

by Zhen Liu, Feiyu Zhou, Chao Zou and Jianping Zhao

Materials 2024, 17(4), 846; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17040846 - 9 Feb 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1797

Abstract

There is limited research on the fracture toughness of carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) materials under accelerated UV aging conditions. In this study, the primary focus was on investigating the influence of varying durations of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation at different temperatures on the Mode I, [...] Read more.

There is limited research on the fracture toughness of carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) materials under accelerated UV aging conditions. In this study, the primary focus was on investigating the influence of varying durations of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation at different temperatures on the Mode I, Mode II, and mixed-mode fracture toughness of CFRP laminates. The results indicate that with increasing UV aging duration, the material’s Mode I fracture toughness increases, while Mode II fracture toughness significantly decreases. The mixed-mode fracture toughness exhibits an initial increase followed by a subsequent decrease. Furthermore, as the aging temperature increases, the change in the fracture toughness of the material is more obvious and the rate of change is faster. In addition, the crack expansion of the composite layer of crack-containing Type IV hydrogen storage cylinders was analyzed based on the extended finite element method in conjunction with the performance data after UV aging. The results reveal that cracks in the aged composite material winding layers become more sensitive, with lower initiation loads and longer crack propagation lengths under the same load. UV aging diminishes the overall load-bearing capacity and crack resistance of the hydrogen storage cylinder, posing increased safety risks during its operational service. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Performance of Advanced Composite Materials and Structures (2nd Edition))

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Review

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28 pages, 5188 KiB

Open AccessReview

Enhanced Multifaceted Properties of Nanoscale Metallic Multilayer Composites

by Mahmoud Ebrahimi, Bangcai Luo, Qudong Wang and Shokouh Attarilar

Materials 2024, 17(16), 4004; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17164004 - 12 Aug 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2109

Abstract

This study explored the fascinating field of high-performance nanoscale metallic multilayer composites, focusing on their magnetic, optical, and radiation tolerance properties, as well as their thermal and electrical properties. In general, nanoscale metallic multilayer composites have a wide range of outstanding properties, which [...] Read more.

This study explored the fascinating field of high-performance nanoscale metallic multilayer composites, focusing on their magnetic, optical, and radiation tolerance properties, as well as their thermal and electrical properties. In general, nanoscale metallic multilayer composites have a wide range of outstanding properties, which differ greatly from those observed in monolithic films. Their exceptional properties are primarily due to the large number of interfaces and nanoscale layer thicknesses. Through a comprehensive review of existing literature and experimental data, this paper highlights the remarkable performance enhancements achieved by the precise control of layer thicknesses and interfaces in these composites. Furthermore, it will discuss the underlying mechanisms responsible for their exceptional properties and provide insights into future research directions in this rapidly evolving field. Many studies have investigated these materials, focusing on their magnetic, mechanical, optical, or radiation-tolerance properties. This paper summarizes the findings in each area, including a description of the general attributes, the adopted synthesis methods, and the most common characterization techniques used. The paper also covers related experimental data, as well as existing and promising applications. The paper also covers other phenomena of interest, such as thermal stability studies, self-propagating reactions, and the progression from nanomultilayers to amorphous and/or crystalline alloys. Finally, the paper discusses challenges and future perspectives relating to nanomaterials. Overall, this paper is a valuable resource for researchers and engineers interested in harnessing the full potential of nanoscale metallic multilayer composites for advanced technological applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Performance of Advanced Composite Materials and Structures (2nd Edition))

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22 pages, 2436 KiB

Open AccessReview

Challenges and Future Recommendations for Lightning Strike Damage Assessments of Composites: Laboratory Testing and Predictive Modeling

by Yeqing Wang, Yin Fan and Olesya I. Zhupanska

Materials 2024, 17(3), 744; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17030744 - 4 Feb 2024

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2440

Abstract

Lightning strike events pose significant challenges to the structural integrity and performance of composite materials, particularly in aerospace, wind turbine blade, and infrastructure applications. Through a meticulous examination of the state-of-the-art methodologies of laboratory testing and damage predictive modeling, this review elucidates the [...] Read more.

Lightning strike events pose significant challenges to the structural integrity and performance of composite materials, particularly in aerospace, wind turbine blade, and infrastructure applications. Through a meticulous examination of the state-of-the-art methodologies of laboratory testing and damage predictive modeling, this review elucidates the role of simulated lightning strike tests in providing inputs required for damage modeling and experimental data for model validations. In addition, this review provides a holistic understanding of what is there, what are current issues, and what is still missing in both lightning strike testing and modeling to enable a robust and high-fidelity predictive capability, and challenges and future recommendations are also presented. The insights gleaned from this review are poised to catalyze advancements in the safety, reliability, and durability of composite materials under lightning strike conditions, as well as to facilitate the development of innovative lightning damage mitigation strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Performance of Advanced Composite Materials and Structures (2nd Edition))

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