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Advances in Fire Retardant Materials
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Advances in Fire Retardant Materials

A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Advanced Composites".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 April 2022) | Viewed by 9920

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Michael Försth

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden
Interests: pyrolysis; toxicity of evolved fire gases; reaction-to-fire; fire regulations, fire physics
Dr. Oisik Das

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Structural and Fire Engineering Division, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 97187 Luleå, Sweden
Interests: flammability of polymeric composites and bio-based materials; biocomposites development; polymers; biochar; pyrolysis; nanoindentation; natural fibres
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Fire retardancy can be considered as an umbrella term enveloping a plethora of material and structure development. Fire retardant materials/structures are those that resist combustion and/or thermal degradation in part or in their entirety. These materials/structures decelerate the growth of fire, thereby simultaneously ensuring safety for humans and properties. Some materials are inherently fire retardant (e.g., wool), while others need special treatments that render them fire/flame resistant. In particular, materials that are applied in aviation, maritime, train, building, and to some extent road vehicle industries have to pass strict fire safety codes in order to be deployed. Numerous researches have been conducted that have utilized various halogenated and non-halogenated fire retardants, although the use of halogenated fire retardants is severely pernicious for the environment. Many naturally occurring fire retardants have been investigated along with novel synthesis methods for chemically derived fire retardant compounds. However, many fire retardants that are very effective in imparting flame resistance have unintended consequences. For example, the addition of fire retardants (ammonium polyphosphate and magnesium hydroxide) may lower the mechanical properties of composite materials. These fire retardant additives act as stress concentration points in polymeric matrices. Therefore, the need of the hour is materials that display an overall enhancement of performance properties, i.e., both fire and mechanical aspects, while at the same time being non-pernicious for human health and the environment. In other words, the betterment of one property should not compromise the others. This is one of the focal points of this Special Issue, i.e., the study of fire retardants that not only improve flame-resistant properties but also preserve and potentially enhance the mechanical/dimensional properties.

This Special Issue, entitled “Advances in Fire Retardant Materials”, aims to serve as an arena for highlighting recent investigations performed towards the development of fire-retardant materials/structures in which cutting-edge methods and processing techniques are applied to bolster the aforementioned flammability concept. The other areas of interest include, but are not limited to, novel bio-based and synthetic fire retardants, fire-retardant polymeric/cement composites, and fire-retardant-related fire dynamic simulation studies, fundamental investigations regarding the combustion of materials, and the engineering of fire-safe structures and buildings.

Papers will be published upon acceptance, regardless of the Special Issue’s publication date.

Prof. Dr. Michael Försth
Dr. Oisik Das
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Materials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • flammability of composite structures/materials
  • novel fire retardants
  • bio-based fire-retardants, effect of fire on mechanical properties of materials/structures
  • fire testing
  • numerical simulations

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

11 pages, 15185 KiB  
Article
Role of Liquid-Phase Amount in Ceramization of Silicone Rubber Composites and Its Controlling
by Haibo Pang, Shiquan Zhang, Lei Pan, Suohui Yang, Jian Zhang, Minxian Shi, Zhixiong Huang, Junguo Li and Qiang Shen
Materials 2022, 15(10), 3675; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15103675 - 20 May 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1200
Abstract
The reliable mechanical properties of ceramizable silicone rubber composites during pyrolysis are necessary for their application in the fire-resistant fields. The effects of liquid-phase amount on the mechanical properties of silicone rubber composites are investigated. The results show a positive correlation between the [...] Read more.
The reliable mechanical properties of ceramizable silicone rubber composites during pyrolysis are necessary for their application in the fire-resistant fields. The effects of liquid-phase amount on the mechanical properties of silicone rubber composites are investigated. The results show a positive correlation between the liquid-phase amount and the flexural strength of the residual products pyrolysis below 800 °C. The nano-γ-Al2O3 in the fillers reacts with liquid B2O3 to form aluminum borate above 800 °C, which consumes the liquid phase and strengthens the residual products to a certain extent. Increasing the B2O3 addition and introducing nano-γ-Al2O3 can control the liquid-phase amount in the range of 15% to 30%, which makes the composites have better residual strength and support performance. The residual strength of composites pyrolysis at 500 °C to 1000 °C is higher than 2.50 MPa, and the maximum is up to 18.7 MPa at 1000 °C. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Fire Retardant Materials)
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19 pages, 12735 KiB  
Article
Investigation of Newly Developed PCM/SiC Composite Aggregate to Improve Residual Performance after Exposure to High Temperature
by Dong Ho Yoo, Jeong Bae Lee, Hyunseok Lee and Hong Gi Kim
Materials 2022, 15(5), 1959; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15051959 - 07 Mar 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1558
Abstract
High temperature conditions, such as fire, are detrimental factors to the mechanical and chemical properties of concrete. In this paper, the authors developed a new type of coarse aggregate, named PCM/SiC composite aggregate (enhanced aggregate: EA), to improve fire-resistance performance. To investigate the [...] Read more.
High temperature conditions, such as fire, are detrimental factors to the mechanical and chemical properties of concrete. In this paper, the authors developed a new type of coarse aggregate, named PCM/SiC composite aggregate (enhanced aggregate: EA), to improve fire-resistance performance. To investigate the validity of EA for construction materials, a compressive strength test, static modulus of elasticity, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were conducted. In addition, this EA has been developed to improve residual performance after exposure to high temperature, with residual compressive strength and internal temperature measurement tested at 1000 °C. Furthermore, chemical properties after heating were investigated by XRD and SEM-EDAX. The results show that the percentage of residual compressive strength of heated concrete with EA is higher than plain concrete. The concrete with EA exhibited primary cement composites such as C-H and C-S-H after exposure to high temperature through XRD and SEM-EDAX. On the other hand, major hydration products could not be observed in plain concrete. PCM and SiC offer an opportunity to delay the increase in concrete temperature. From evaluation of the results, we can see that EA enhanced the residual performance of concrete after exposure to high temperature conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Fire Retardant Materials)
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12 pages, 1269 KiB  
Article
The Effect of Heat Flux to the Fire-Technical and Chemical Properties of Spruce Wood (Picea abies L.)
by Martin Zachar, Iveta Čabalová, Danica Kačíková and Lucia Zacharová
Materials 2021, 14(17), 4989; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14174989 - 31 Aug 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1669
Abstract
The paper assesses the influence of the heat flux on spruce wood (Picea abies L.) behavior. The heat flux was performed at 15, 20, 25, and 30 kW·m−2. The fire-technical properties, such as the mass burning rate, charring thickness, charring [...] Read more.
The paper assesses the influence of the heat flux on spruce wood (Picea abies L.) behavior. The heat flux was performed at 15, 20, 25, and 30 kW·m−2. The fire-technical properties, such as the mass burning rate, charring thickness, charring rate, as well as the chemical composition (contents of the extractives, lignin, cellulose, holocellulose), of wood were determined. The highest burning rate of spruce wood of 0.32%·s−1 was reached at the heat flux of 30 kW·m−2. The charring rate ranged from 1.004 mm·min−1 (15 kW·m−2) to 2.016 mm·min−1 (30 kW·m−2). The proposed model of the charring process of spruce wood in time and appropriate thickness as a selected parameter is applicable in validation of the results of computer fire models in the design of fire protection of wooden buildings. The decrease in the holocellulose content mostly caused by the degradation of hemicelluloses was observed during thermal loading. The biggest decrease in hemicelluloses (24.94%) was recorded in samples loaded at 30 kW·m−2. The contents of cellulose increased due to the structural changes (carbonization and crosslinking), the content of lignin increased as well due to its higher thermal stability compared to saccharides, as well as the resulting lignin condensation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Fire Retardant Materials)
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15 pages, 7032 KiB  
Article
Synthesis of Transition Metal Complexes and Their Effects on Combustion Properties of Semi-Rigid Polyvinyl Chloride
by Pei Xiang, Jun Xu, Biao Li, Weiqi Liu, Jinshun Zhao, Qining Ke, Siwen Bi and Xuhuang Chen
Materials 2021, 14(10), 2634; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14102634 - 18 May 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2115
Abstract
Using introduction of MoO42− and Fe3+, Cu2+, or Zn2+ into amphiphilic polymers (DN) via an ion-exchange reaction, different transition metal complexes, as retardants and smoke suppressants, including (DN)Mo, Fe(DN)Mo, Cu(DN)Mo, and Zn(DN)Mo were synthesized. Combined with [...] Read more.
Using introduction of MoO42− and Fe3+, Cu2+, or Zn2+ into amphiphilic polymers (DN) via an ion-exchange reaction, different transition metal complexes, as retardants and smoke suppressants, including (DN)Mo, Fe(DN)Mo, Cu(DN)Mo, and Zn(DN)Mo were synthesized. Combined with the results of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), it could be determined that ionic bonding of these ions with DN occurred. Subsequently, the influence of flame-retardant, smoke-suppression, and mechanical properties of (DN)Mo, Fe(DN)Mo, Cu(DN)Mo, and Zn(DN)Mo on polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) were tested. It was demonstrated that transition metal complexes of three metal elements, Fe(DN)Mo, Cu(DN)Mo, and Zn(DN)Mo, showed better flame retardancy, smoke suppression, and thermal stability as confirmed by microcalorimetry, limiting oxygen index (LOI), smoke density, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) tests, in which Cu(DN)Mo worked best due to the Lewis acid mechanism and reductive coupling mechanism. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the addition of (DN)Mo, Fe(DN)Mo, Cu(DN)Mo, and Zn(DN)Mo promoted the formation of a dense carbon layer on the PVC surface during combustion, which could protect the interior PVC. The addition of these transition metal complexes hardly impaired the mechanical properties of PVC. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Fire Retardant Materials)
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17 pages, 4715 KiB  
Article
Functionalization of PET with Phosphazene Grafted Graphene Oxide for Synthesis, Flammability, and Mechanism
by Lifei Wei, Rui Wang, Zhiguo Zhu, Wenqing Wang and Hanguang Wu
Materials 2021, 14(6), 1470; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14061470 - 17 Mar 2021
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2373
Abstract
Significant improvement in the fire resistance of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) while ensuring its mechanical properties is a tremendous challenge. A novel flame retardant (GO-HCCP, graphene oxide-hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene) was synthesized by nucleophilic substitution of the graphene oxide (GO) and hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (HCCP) and then applied in [...] Read more.
Significant improvement in the fire resistance of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) while ensuring its mechanical properties is a tremendous challenge. A novel flame retardant (GO-HCCP, graphene oxide-hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene) was synthesized by nucleophilic substitution of the graphene oxide (GO) and hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (HCCP) and then applied in PET by an in situ polymerization technique. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed a better dispersion of GO-HCCP than GO in the PET matrix. The char yield at 700 °C increased by 32.5% with the addition of GO-HCCP. Moreover, the peak heat release rate (pHRR), peak smoke produce rate (pSPR)and carbon monoxide production (COP)values significantly decreased by 26.0%, 16.7% and 37.5%, respectively, which indicates the outstanding fire and smoke suppression of GO-HCCP. In addition, the composites exhibited higher elastic modulus and tensile strength without compromising the toughness of PET matrix. These significantly reduced fire hazards properties are mainly attributed to the catalytic carbonation of HCCP and the barrier effect of GO. Thus, PET composites with good flame-retardant and mechanical properties were prepared, which provides a new strategy for further flame retardant PET preparation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Fire Retardant Materials)
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