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Special Issue "Advances in Coating Materials Research: From Preparation to Application"

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A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Materials Chemistry".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 July 2023 | Viewed by 5268

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Sainan Liu

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Guest Editor

School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
Interests: coatings; surface treatment; refractory alloy; ceramics; mineral functional materials

Prof. Dr. Lairong Xiao

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Guest Editor

School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
Interests: metals and alloys; coatings; surface technology; additive manufacturing

Dr. Zhenyang Cai

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Guest Editor

School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
Interests: metals and alloys; coatings; surface technology; additive manufacturing

Dr. Xiaojun Zhao

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Guest Editor

School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
Interests: coating; structural ceramics; refractory metal

Dr. Wei Li

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Guest Editor

Powder Metallurgy Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
Interests: metals and alloys; coatings; surface technology; additive manufacturing

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

With time passing by, metal surface will be corroded or worn, which causes series of problem. On the one hand, corrosion of metal surface will lead to equipment damage, pipeline leakage and product pollution. On the other hand, it may cause malignant accidents such as combustion or explosion as well as serious waste of resources and energy, which must cause huge losses to the national the national economy.

With the development of cutting-edge science and modern industry, more and more industrial departments require mechanical equipment which can operate stably for a long time under high parameters and extreme working conditions, which puts forward higher requirements to the performance of materials. Therefore, the development of material surface protection and strengthening technology is of great significance. Surface coating technology is one of the surface engineering technologies. Without changing the composition of the base material, this technology can improve some properties of the surface of the base material by some physical, chemical or other means, so as to protect the base material. It is a very promising surface modification method.

This Special Issue aims at covering recent progress and new developments in coating based metallic and non-metallic materials, including composition design, preparation process, computational simulation and structural characterization. We kindly invite you to submit a manuscript(s) for this Special Issue. Full papers, communications, and reviews are all welcome.

Dr. Sainan Liu
Prof. Dr. Lairong Xiao
Dr. Zhenyang Cai
Dr. Xiaojun Zhao
Dr. Wei Li
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Materials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2300 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

coating
surface modification
surface technology
wear-resistant coating
oxidation protective coating
corrosion protection coating
composite coating
ceramics
preparation process
microstructure and performance

Published Papers (9 papers)

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Research

Open AccessArticle

Indentation Reverse Algorithm of Mechanical Response for Elastoplastic Coatings Based on LSTM Deep Learning

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Materials 2023, 16(7), 2617; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16072617 - 25 Mar 2023

Viewed by 191

Abstract

The load-penetration depth (P–h) curves of different metallic coating materials can be determined by nanoindentation experiments, and it is a challenge to obtain stress–strain response and elastoplastic properties directly using P–h curves. These problems can be solved by means of finite element (FE) simulation along with reverse analyses and methods, which, however, typically occupy a lengthy time, in addition to the low generality of FE methodologies for different metallic materials. To eliminate the challenges that exist in conventional FE simulations, a long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network is proposed in this study and implemented to deep learn the time series of P–h curves, which is capable of mapping P–h curves to the corresponding stress–strain responses for elastoplastic materials. Prior to the operation of the neural network, 1000 sets of indentation data of metallic coating materials were generated using the FE method as the training and validating sets. Each dataset contains a set of P–h curves as well as the corresponding stress–strain curves, which are used as input data for the network and as training targets. The proposed LSTM neural networks, with various numbers of hidden layers and hidden units, are evaluated to determine the optimal hyperparameters by comparing their loss curves. Based on the analysis of the prediction results of the network, it is concluded that the relationship between the P–h curves of metallic coating materials and their stress–strain responses is well predicted, and this relationship basically coincides with the power-law equation. Furthermore, the deep learning method based on LSTM is advantageous to interpret the elastoplastic behaviors of coating materials from indentation measurement, making the predictions of stress–strain responses much more efficient than FE analysis. The established LSTM neural network exhibits the prediction accuracy up to 97%, which is proved to reliably satisfy the engineering requirements in practice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Coating Materials Research: From Preparation to Application)

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Open AccessArticle

Properties of Coatings Based on Calcium Phosphate and Their Effect on Cytocompatibility and Bioactivity of Titanium Nickelide

Ekaterina S. Marchenko

Gulsharat A. Baigonakova

Kirill M. Dubovikov

Oleg V. Kokorev

Ivan I. Gordienko

and

Ekaterina A. Chudinova

Materials 2023, 16(7), 2581; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16072581 - 24 Mar 2023

Viewed by 282

Abstract

Coatings based on calcium phosphate with thicknesses of 0.5 and 2 μm were obtained by high-frequency magnetron sputtering on NiTi substrates in an argon atmosphere. The coating was characterized using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and in vitro cytocompatibility and bioactivity studies. A biphasic coating of tricalcium phosphate (Ca₃(PO₄)₂) and hydroxyapatite (Ca₁₀(PO₄)₆(OH)₂) with a 100% degree of crystallinity was formed on the surface. The layer enriched in calcium, phosphorus, and oxygen was observed using scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the surface structure is homogeneous without visible defects. The 2 µm thick coating obtained by sputtering with a deposition time of 4 h and a deposition rate of 0.43 µm/h is uniform, contains the highest amount of the calcium phosphate phase, and is most suitable for the faster growth of cells and accelerated formation of apatite layers. Samples with calcium phosphate coatings do not cause hemolysis and have a low cytotoxicity index. The results of immersion in a solution simulating body fluid show that NiTi with the biphasic coating promotes apatite growth, which is beneficial for biological activity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Coating Materials Research: From Preparation to Application)

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Open AccessArticle

Microstructure and Properties of Nickel-Based Gradient Coatings Prepared Using Cold Spraying Combined with Laser Cladding Methods

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Materials 2023, 16(4), 1627; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16041627 - 15 Feb 2023

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Abstract

A cold spray–laser cladding composite gradient coating (CLGC) was successfully formed on a Cu substrate. In comparison with traditional laser cladding gradient coatings (LGC), cold spraying the pre-set Ni-Cu alloy’s intermediate transition layer not only mitigates the negative impacts due to the high reflectivity of the copper substrate but also helps to minimize the difference in the coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) between the substrate and coating. This reduces the overall crack sensitivity and improves the cladding quality of the coating. Besides this, the uniform distribution of hard phases in CLGC, such as Ni₁₁Si₁₂ and Mo₅Si₃, greatly increases its microhardness compared to the Cu substrate, thus resulting in the value of 478.8 HV_0.5 being approximately 8 times that of the Cu substrate. The friction coefficient of CLGC is lowered compared to both the Cu substrate and LGC with respective values of 0.28, 0.54, and 0.43, and its wear rate is only one-third of the Cu substrate’s. These results suggest CLGC has excellent anti-wear properties. In addition, the wear mechanism was determined from the microscopic morphology and element distribution and was found to be oxidative and abrasive. This approach combines cold spraying and laser cladding to form a nickel-based gradient coating on a Cu substrate without cracks, holes, or other faults, thus improving the wear resistance of the Cu substrate and improving its usability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Coating Materials Research: From Preparation to Application)

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Open AccessArticle

Comparison of CoW/SiO₂ and CoB/SiO₂ Interconnects from the Perspective of Electrical and Reliability Characteristics

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Materials 2023, 16(4), 1452; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16041452 - 09 Feb 2023

Viewed by 428

Abstract

As the feature size of integrated circuits has been scaled down to 10 nm, the rapid increase in the electrical resistance of copper (Cu) metallization has become a critical issue. To alleviate the resistance increases of Cu lines, co-sputtered CoW and CoB alloying metals were investigated as conductors and barriers in this study. Annealing CoM (M = W or B)/SiO₂/p-Si structures reduced the resistivity of CoM alloys, removed sputtering-deposition-induced damage, and promoted adhesion. Additionally, both annealed CoW/SiO₂ or CoB/SiO₂ structures displayed a negligible V_fb shift from capacitance-voltage measurements under electrical stress, revealing an effective barrier capacity, which is attributed to the formation of MO_x layers at the CoM/SiO₂ interface. Based on the thermodynamics, the B₂O₃ layer tends to form more easily than the WO_x layer. Hence, the annealed CoB/SiO₂/p-Si MIS capacitor had a higher capacitance and a larger breakdown strength did than the annealed CoW/SiO₂/p-Si MIS capacitor. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Coating Materials Research: From Preparation to Application)

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Open AccessArticle

Feasibility Study for the Remanufacturing of H13 Steel Heat-Treated TBM Disc Cutter Rings with Uniform Wear Failure Using GMAW

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Materials 2023, 16(3), 1093; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16031093 - 27 Jan 2023

Viewed by 399

Abstract

Given that the heat treatment states of the base metal have a great influence on the surfacing repair layer, this paper carried out a feasibility study for the remanufacturing of the failed cutter rings of TBM disc cutters with uniform wear (hereinafter referred to as normally-worn ring) using the gas metal arc welding technology (GMAW). Firstly, this paper developed a heat treatment process route for H13 steel cutter rings. Secondly, the heat treatment process is numerically analyzed based on the developed route, and the rationality of the route is verified from the distribution characteristics of temperature, phase, and stress fields. Subsequently, heat treatment tests were carried out, and the physical and mechanical properties of the base metal samples prepared under laboratory conditions were evaluated respectively and systematically. Based on the comprehensive performance evaluation value calculated by the weighted comparative analysis method, it was clear that the comprehensive performance of the quenched base metal samples was 7.6% higher than that of the engineering cutter ring interior. Therefore, it is reasonable to replace the failed engineering cutter rings repaired under laboratory conditions with the prepared samples as economical alternatives. Finally, the remanufacturing of the base metal samples using GMAW was carried out, and then the remanufacturing performance of the base metal samples was analyzed. The study concluded that the comprehensive performance of the surfacing repair layer was slightly lower than that of the engineering cutter ring edge (4.1%), thus proving that the idea of surfacing remanufacturing of the normally-worn ring proposed in this paper was basically feasible. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Coating Materials Research: From Preparation to Application)

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Open AccessArticle

Microstructure and Wear Resistance of Laser-Clad Ni–Cu–Mo–W–Si Coatings on a Cu–Cr–Zr Alloy

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Materials 2023, 16(1), 284; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16010284 - 28 Dec 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 600

Abstract

To improve the wear resistance of high-strength and high-conductivity Cu–Cr–Zr alloys in high-speed and heavy load friction environments, coatings including Ni–Cu, Ni–Cu-10(W,Si), Ni–Cu–10(Mo,W,Si), and Ni–Cu–15(Mo,W,Si) (with an atomic ratio of Mo,W to Si of 1:2) were prepared using coaxial powder-feeding laser cladding technology. The microstructure and wear performance of coatings were chiefly investigated. The results revealed that (Mo,W)Si₂ and MoNiSi phases are found in the Ni–Cu–10(Mo,W,Si) and Ni–Cu–15(Mo,W,Si) coating. WSi₂ phases are found in the Ni–Cu–10(W,Si) coating. The degree of grain refinement in Ni–Cu–10(Mo,W,Si) was greater than that of the Ni–Cu–10(W,Si) coating after the effect of Mo. The excellent wear resistance and micro-hardness of the Ni–Cu–15(Mo,W,Si) coating were attributed to the increase in its dispersion phase, which were approximately 34.72 mg/km and 428 HV, 27.1% and 590% higher than the Cu–Cr–Zr substrate, respectively. The existence of silicide plays an important role in grain refinement due to the promotion of nucleation and the inhibition of grain growth. In addition, the wear mechanism transformed from adhesive wear in the Ni–Cu coating with no silicides to abrasive wear in the Ni–Cu–15(Mo,W,Si) coating with high levels of silicides. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Coating Materials Research: From Preparation to Application)

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Open AccessArticle

Preparation and Performance Evolution of Plasma Sprayed Abradable CuAl/PHB–NiAl Layered Seal Coatings

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Materials 2023, 16(1), 227; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16010227 - 27 Dec 2022

Viewed by 951

Abstract

In this study, a double-layered CuAl/PHB-NiAl seal coating was prepared on a GH4169 substrate by atmospheric plasma spraying. The evolution of the microstructure and mechanical properties of the coating under simulated working conditions was studied. The surface hardness of as-sprayed coating decreased with an increase in the temperature from 25 to 700 °C, decreasing from 90.42 HR15Y to 66.83 HR15Y. A CuO phase was formed in the coating and the oxidation weight gain rate increased with an increase in the temperature when the coating was constantly oxidized at 500~700 °C for 100 h. The hardness of metal matrix in the coating increased with the extension in the oxidation time at 600 °C, increasing from 120.8 HV_0.1 to 143.02 HV_0.1. The residual stress of the as-sprayed porous CuAl top-coating was less than that of the top-coating/bond-coating interface, and it is further relieved by about 15~20 MPa after heat treatment. The coating porosity first increased and then decreased when the oxidation time was 1000 h. The further ablation of PHB and the formation of oxide were concluded to be the main reasons for the evolution of porosity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Coating Materials Research: From Preparation to Application)

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Open AccessArticle

Construction of Durable Self-Cleaning PDMS Film on Polyester Fabric Surface

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Materials 2023, 16(1), 52; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16010052 - 21 Dec 2022

Viewed by 513

Abstract

The superhydrophobic surface can be prepared by two methods; one is by reducing the surface energy, and the other is by constructing a micro-nano rough structure. To achieve high superhydrophobic performance in terms of durability, the firm combination of hydrophobic coating and substrate is particularly important. Here, we use polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as a low surface energy monomer, water-borne polyurethane (WPU) as a dispersing aid, and use high-power ultrasound to disperse PDMS in water to make emulsion. The polyester matrix is etched by atmospheric plasma, dipped in PDMS emulsion, dried, and finally baked to induce PDMS on the surface of polyester fiber to cross-link into film. A series of tests on the self-cleaning polyester fabric prepared by this method show that when the concentration of PDMS is 8 g/L and the mass ratio of PDMS to WPU is 20:1, the water contact angle (WCA) reaches the maximum value of 148.2°, which decreases to 141.5° after 200 times of washing and 138.6° after 5000 times of rubbing. Before and after PDMS coating, the tensile strength of polyester fabric increases from 489.4 N to 536.4 N, and the water vapor transmission decreases from 13,535.7 g/(m²·d) to 12,224.3 g/(m²·d). This research is helpful to the large-scale production of self-cleaning polyester fabric. In the future, on the basis of this research, we will add functional powder to endow self-cleaning polyester fabric with higher hydrophobicity and other properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Coating Materials Research: From Preparation to Application)

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Open AccessArticle

Influence of Plasma Treatment Parameters on the Structural-Phase Composition, Hardness, Moisture-Resistance, and Raman-Enhancement Properties of Nitrogen-Containing Titanium Dioxide

Arsen E. Muslimov

Makhach Kh. Gadzhiev

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Vladimir M. Kanevsky

Materials 2022, 15(23), 8514; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15238514 - 29 Nov 2022

Viewed by 517

Abstract

The paper shows, for the first time, the prospects of treatment with a quasi-equilibrium low-temperature nitrogen plasma in an open atmosphere for the formation of super-hard, super-hydrophobic TiN/TiO₂ composite coatings with pronounced Raman-enhancement properties. X-ray diffractometry (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and Raman spectroscopy, as well as the analysis of hardness and moisture-resistance properties, are used as analytical research methods. During plasma treatment of titanium films on sapphire with a mass average temperature of 4–6 kK, an X-ray amorphous hydrophilic titanium oxide film with a low nitrogen content is formed. The nitrogen content in titanium oxide films increases with increasing treatment temperature up to 6–7 kK. In this case, an X-ray amorphous hydrophobic film is formed. With a further increase in temperature to 7–10 kK, a TiN/TiO₂ composite structure based on polycrystalline rutile is formed with increased hydrophobicity and pronounced Raman enhancement properties due to the effective excitation of surface plasmon polaritons. The presence of the crystalline phase increases the dephasing time, which determines the quality of the resonance and the achievable amplification of the electromagnetic field near the TiN inclusions. All treated films on sapphire have a super-hardness above 25 GPa (Vickers hardness test) due to high grain size, the presence of nitrogen-containing inclusions concentrated along grain boundaries, and compressive stresses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Coating Materials Research: From Preparation to Application)

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