Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens doi: 10.3390/jzbg7010015

Authors: Russell L. Barrett

Kings Park and Botanic Garden is a globally recognised botanic garden and research institution in the biodiversity hotspot of southwest Western Australia. A history of the contribution of staff and researchers at Kings Park and Botanic Garden to the knowledge and promotion of the flora of Western Australia is provided. Through an analysis of the published literature, reports, and correspondence with former staff, a strong history of collaborative, world-class research is outlined. This paper focuses on the contributions of staff and students who have discovered and promoted Western Australian flora from the planning and establishment of the Botanic Garden in 1961 up to 2015. Early research was conducted by a small number of individuals with structured research programs emerging much later. Significant contributions have been made in the fields of plant conservation, plant ecology, seed biology, ecosystem restoration, plant systematics and mycorrhizal associations. Key partnerships with universities, other government organisations and industry have been fundamental to the focus and success of research programs.

Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens doi: 10.3390/jzbg7010014

Authors: Juan Francisco Mota Francisco López-de-Haro Fabián Martínez-Hernández Esteban Salmerón-Sánchez Antonio Jesús Mendoza-Fernández Francisco Javier Pérez-García Federico Carlos Escudero-Clares Paula Mota-Merlo María Jesús Fernández-Cobo Lucía Miranda-Hernández María del Mar González-Beltrán Kevin Hernández-Martínez Encarna Merlo

Modern botanical gardens are essential for conservation, research, education, and recreation. However, recreating habitats with extreme edaphic conditions, such as the Iberian gypsum steppes (priority habitat 1520), poses a significant challenge due to the severe physicochemical constraints of gypsisols. This work aimed to present and evaluate a biomimetic protocol for establishing two gypsum botanical gardens in the southeast Iberian Peninsula, one on a university campus and one at a mining concession, to fulfil all four prototypical functions. The design was biomimetic, replicating the floristic (Gypsophiletalia scrublands) and edaphic characteristics of natural gypsum areas. Crucially, gypsum-milling waste (fines) from the mining operation was repurposed as the main substrate to create the artificial gypsisols. Physicochemical analyses confirmed this strategy effectively replicated the key chemical properties of natural gypsisols, including high CaSO4 concentration, pH, and electrical conductivity, although the artificial soils displayed the low carbon and nitrogen content typical of disturbed gypsum soils. The gardens successfully fulfilled their conservation role by maintaining populations of endemic and threatened gypsophilous species, which flowered and set fruit. The industrial garden validated a research function by serving as a platform for the successful translocation of threatened Narcissus tortifolius bulbs. This project validates a replicable, biomimetic technical protocol that transforms a mining residue into a functional substrate for conservation. The dual model (academic/industrial) maximizes the botanical garden’s functions, offering an effective and highly visible strategy for conserving gypsum biodiversity and countering the social undervaluation of these extreme ecosystems.

Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens doi: 10.3390/jzbg7010013

Authors: Eleni Kriemadi Venetia D. Nikita Nikos Krigas Pepy Bareka

This study presents an innovative and interdisciplinary didactic approach for teaching biodiversity to high school students, aiming to enhance basic learning skills and promoting deeper understanding of biological concepts. The designed educational proposal aims to support policy-driven collaboration between schools and botanical gardens within the framework of coordinated and long-term educational policies. The intervention was designed to cultivate both cognitive and metacognitive skills within three (3) didactic hours, offering a holistic learning experience through the study of Tulipa members used as an alluring model. A total of 168 Greek first- and second-grade high school students (on average 16 years old) participated in the study. Biodiversity was examined in a multidisciplinary fashion, focusing on species’ diversity (phenotypic), genetic-karyological diversity, and habitat diversity. The core components of the approach included: (a) the completion of a corresponding worksheet module, which effectively engaged students in the learning process using the 5E didactic model, and (b) a karyotype lab experiment using living Tulipa specimens. The learning process was evaluated through two questionnaires assessing the acquisition of scientific knowledge and behavioral outcomes. The results showed a positive impact on students’ understanding regarding the genetic material and biodiversity, with the karyotype experiment playing a key role in achieving high performance in both cognitive and affective learning objectives. Knowledge scores were higher in the second-grade students (53–73%) than in the first-grade students (44–69%) of high school, especially regarding concepts such as karyotype applications and biodiversity-ecosystem balance. The karyotype experiment positively correlated with both the evaluation of the intervention and the shifts in biodiversity beliefs (Pearson’s r = 0.649, 0.515; p < 0.05, respectively). The modeled inquiry-based approach with living tulips and karyotype experiments can help schools and botanic gardens counteract plant blindness by enhancing cognitive and affective learning outcomes within a limited instructional timeframe.

Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens doi: 10.3390/jzbg7010012

Authors: Flavia Bartoli Maria Antonietta Pontrandolfi Zohreh Hosseini Giulia Caneva

Historic gardens are dynamic archives of biodiversity and cultural heritage, yet many have been lost or transformed, erasing their original floristic identity. This study reconstructs the experimental agricultural garden of Villa Santa Maria in Potenza (Southern Italy). The garden was founded in 1823 by the Società Economica di Basilicata as a provincial center for agronomic innovation. Through a multidisciplinary approach—archival research, iconographic analysis, and taxonomic revision—we analyzed the Catalogus Plantarum Horti Agrarii Lucani (1846), which listed 670 cultivated taxa, including 196 varieties. Updated nomenclature confirmed the presence of 450 plant taxa. The garden featured a clear functional zoning system integrating ornamental parterres, orchards, nurseries, artificial meadows, and experimental plots for industrial crops and forage species. Chorological analysis reveals a dominant Mediterranean component, along with significant Asiatic and American elements, and smaller Australian and African contributions, reflecting 19th-century plant exchange networks. The conservation assessment shows that many historically cultivated taxa are now nationally protected, and several endemics retain high ecological value. These results highlight the role of historic gardens as living laboratories for biodiversity conservation and cultural continuity. Reintroducing documented species and heritage cultivars within a conservation framework can strengthen urban resilience and identity. This case exemplifies how botanical memory can guide landscape planning by linking historical authenticity with contemporary ecological and educational objectives.

Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens doi: 10.3390/jzbg7010011

Authors: Paw O. F. Christensen Mads H. Clausen Thea L. Faddersbøll Frej Gammelgård Silje M. Lund Alexander P. M. Nielsen Jonas Nielsen Nynne H. Olsen Tobias K. Olsen Sussie Pagh Cino Pertoldi

This study evaluates activity patterns and determines optimal observation periods for assessing the welfare of lowland tapirs (Tapirus terrestris L.) housed in the following two Danish zoological institutions: Aalborg Zoo and Randers Regnskov. The objectives were to identify the most efficient time window for welfare assessments, determine whether machine learning (ML) could support behavioral evaluations by providing automated estimates of activity, and examine whether automated pose-based tracking could serve as a proxy for manual ethogram observations. Behavioral data were collected using standardized ethograms from wildlife camera footage recorded over 72 h. Lowland tapirs were generally more active during daytime, with individuals at Aalborg Zoo showing peak activity between 07:00 and 14:00, while those at Randers Regnskov were most active between 12:00 and 18:00. Activity patterns differed between institutions, with Aalborg individuals displaying concentrated activity peaks and Randers individuals showing more evenly distributed activity. A preliminary ML analysis using the pose-estimation tool SLEAP demonstrated that movement-based activity estimates closely matched manually coded data, suggesting that automated tracking may offer an efficient and non-invasive tool for welfare monitoring. The findings highlight the potential for integrating automated analysis into routine welfare assessments of zoo-housed animals.

Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens doi: 10.3390/jzbg7010010

Authors: Amaya Thomas John Fieberg Erik Runquist Cale Nordmeyer Seth Stapleton

The Poweshiek skipperling Oarisma poweshiek (Parker, 1870) (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) is an endangered prairie obligate butterfly native to the north central United States and southern Canada. Conservation efforts for this species rely on ex situ approaches for population augmentation and reintroductions. As such, improving our understanding of the behaviors of Poweshiek skipperlings and maximizing their reproductive output in an ex situ setting are critical for the success of associated conservation initiatives. In this study, we examined the frequency of breeding behaviors exhibited by Poweshiek skipperlings in relation to various environmental factors: sunlight intensity (measured in lux), ambient temperature, and age. Sunlight intensity was a significant predictor of breeding behavior frequency, but we did not detect an effect of ambient temperature on breeding behavior. We also documented a generally negative relationship between age and breeding behavior frequency for both sexes. The results of our study underscore the importance of natural sunlight in encouraging breeding behaviors in an ex situ conservation environment. Ex situ observations also can help identify environmental conditions that promote high levels of Poweshiek skipperling activity, which could be used to optimize the timing of in situ population surveys.

Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens doi: 10.3390/jzbg7010009

Authors: Gabriela García-Vázquez Gloria Carrión Antonia Gutiérrez-Mora Martín Mata-Rosas

Vanilla planifolia is an endangered orchid of significant commercial relevance, primarily valued for the natural vanillin derived from its cured fruits. However, its global production faces critical threats due to its limited genetic variability and high susceptibility to phytopathogens, particularly vanilla wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vanillae. This review synthesizes the recent advances in plant biotechnology, evaluating the efficacy of in vitro culture systems, plant growth regulators, and the implementation of semi-automated temporary immersion systems, as compared to traditional semisolid methods. Emphasis is placed on the pivotal role of physical factors, such as LED lighting, and the symbiotic associations with orchid mycorrhizal fungi to enhance plant growth and vigor. By synthesizing advanced in vitro regeneration protocols, this study establishes a strategic guide for the mass production of high-quality disease-free plantlets. Finally, the impact of these biotechnological tools on ex situ conservation at institutions such as the Clavijero Botanical Garden is discussed, aiming to support the sustainability of the vanilla industry and preserve Mexico’s biological heritage.

Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens doi: 10.3390/jzbg7010008

Authors: Diego Rivera Adrián Grau Sánchez Guillermo Martínez-López Natacha Vigil José Javier Sigüenza Dennis Johnson Diego José Rivera-Obón Concepción Obón

The invasive red palm weevil (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, RPW) poses a severe threat to heritage palm collections across the Mediterranean Region, necessitating robust protection strategies. This study addresses the urgent challenge of safeguarding the Spanish Phoenix Collection at Miguel Hernandez University (EPSO) and the Orihuela Palmetum by analyzing the efficacy of applied Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategies over a ten-year period (2014–2024). Monitoring and treatment protocols included targeted chemical, biological, and cultural controls, and were benchmarked against infestation progression data, climatic trends, and comparative case studies from Murcia, Elche, Nice, and Palermo. Results indicate that a proactive, multi-component IPM strategy, especially when coupled with probabilistic risk models, can significantly improve survival and recovery indicators in Phoenix taxa, although species-specific susceptibility to RPW was a major differentiating factor. Comparative analysis reveals common regional patterns in R. ferrugineus management but underscores the critical need for collection-specific, resource-sensitive protocols for high-value heritage plants, demonstrating that evidence-based best practices and coordinated monitoring are essential for effective heritage palm conservation amid continuous pest pressure.

Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens doi: 10.3390/jzbg7010007

Authors: Marcelo Bertellotti Verónica D’Amico

The impact of tourism on Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) in Patagonia is a complex issue that requires a balanced approach between conservation and sustainable tourism development. While tourism in the region can bring significant economic benefits, it can also have a negative impact on the penguins by disrupting nesting behavior and chick rearing, and even increasing the risk of disease and predation. We examined a comparative analysis of scientific papers on the impact of tourism on Magellanic penguins in two breeding colonies in Argentinean Patagonia, which have been visited for 10 to 50 years and whose visitor numbers range from 10,000 to 120,000 per year. We analyzed different physiological parameters (i.e., immunological, hematological, biochemical, and stress parameters) and behavioral respond (alternate head turns) in adult birds and chicks in these colonies. Although the results suggest that Magellanic penguins have adapted well to the presence of tourists in their breeding colonies, we documented changes in certain physiological parameters that indicate chronic stress due to high exposure to tourism. It is important to promote sustainable tourism in Patagonia that not only minimizes these negative impacts but also improves the protection of the penguins and their habitat. This includes the creation of new nature reserves, environmental education, and the regulation of tourism activities. Implementing responsible tourism practices can ensure economic benefits while protecting the well-being and health of penguin populations. The combination of increased tourist awareness and concrete conservation measures can protect not only the Magellanic penguins but also the natural wealth of the entire Patagonia region.

Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens doi: 10.3390/jzbg7010006

Authors: Tai-An Tian Yu Tian Wei Yang Hai-Bo Li Guy Smagghe Jian-Feng Liu Ni Yang Xiao-Long Huang

The Guizhou snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus brelichi), a critically endangered primate endemic to China’s Fanjingshan National Nature Reserve, faces severe population decline, with fewer than 850 individuals remaining in the wild. As a high-altitude species adapted to long, snowy winters, its survival depends on behavioral thermoregulation and energy conservation. However, how these behaviors are expressed in captivity remains unclear. To examine behavioral responses to cold conditions, we analyzed the daily activity rhythms and spatial preferences of R. brelichi under winter conditions. Continuous focal observations and instantaneous scan sampling (every 60 s, 07:00–20:00) were conducted across three consecutive snowy days. The monkeys spent most of their time in sleep, with additional time devoted to awake thermoregulatory behaviors. Spatial use was uneven, with outdoor platform most utilized and indoor ground areas least used. Activity showed distinct daily rhythms, with locomotion peaking in the early morning and evening, and foraging concentrated in the late afternoon. Spatial behavior also displayed cyclical patterns, including consistent outdoor platform use and bimodal reliance on indoor foraging and ground areas. These findings provide the first detailed behavioral and spatial profile of R. brelichi in winter captivity, revealing short-term behavioral adjustments to cold conditions and highlighting constraints imposed by enclosure design. The results offer baseline data for improving welfare and enclosure management for this and other cold-adapted primates.

Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens doi: 10.3390/jzbg7010005

Authors: Julian E. Garcia-Rejon Carlos M. Baak-Baak Angel G. Canul-Navarrete Rosa C. Cetina-Trejo Julio C. Tzuc-Dzul Wilbert A. Chi-Chim Rodrigo de J. Orozco-Chulin Lourdes G. Talavera-Aguilar

The mosquito fauna was examined at the Mérida Zoological Park, a public site that is highly frequented and is a significant tourist attraction in the Yucatán Peninsula, in southeastern México. Between January 2023 and February 2024, 24 visits were made to the zoo to capture adult and immature stages of mosquitoes. Overall, 12 species belonging to five genera (Aedes, Anopheles, Culex, Ochlerotatus, and Uranotaenia) were documented. A total of 6601 adult mosquitoes of 10 species were captured by aspiration. The adult population of Culex quinquefasciatus Say was the most abundant, accounting for 80.84% (n = 5336) of the collection, while Aedes aegypti Linnaeus represented 11.53% (n = 761). The aviary was the site with the highest capture abundance (n = 2414) and species richness (n = 10). Aedes aegypti was abundant in the zoo restroom (n = 331) and had a higher proportion of blood-feeding females. A total of 1090 larvae and 160 pupae of nine species were collected from 26 mosquito breeding sites, accounting for 25% of positive containers (26/104). Aedes albopictus was frequently found in the larval stage (n = 43) compared to the adult stage (n = 3). The presence of mosquitoes with the potential to transmit pathogens poses a public health risk to zoo visitors and staff.

Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens doi: 10.3390/jzbg7010004

Authors: Claudia Maria Ferrari Barbosa Diego Rafael Gonzaga Thiago Favares Claudine Massi Mynssen Marcus Alberto Nadruz Coelho Thaís Moreira Hidalgo de Almeida

The Rio de Janeiro Botanical Garden (JBRJ) holds one of the most diverse ex situ palm collections among tropical botanical gardens. This study describes the current composition of the collection, its taxonomic breadth, and its relevance for conservation. In 2025, this inventory documented 1648 individuals from 71 genera and 153 species. About 21% of these specimens are native to Brazil and 76% are exotic, reflecting both historic introductions and the garden’s long tradition in palm acclimatization. The collection includes 17 individuals of 8 native threatened species and 57 individuals of 13 exotic threatened species. Accuracy at the species level improved from 84.2% to 93.3% after identification work, taxonomic revision, correcting misidentifications and standardizing nomenclature. The results reveal gaps in provenance information and a limited representation of native taxa, underscoring the need for targeted additions. Strengthening national partnerships, developing metacollections, and improving provenance records are proposed as key strategies to enhance the conservation value of this living collection. Overall, the JBRJ palm collection serves as an important scientific, educational, and conservation resource and plays a central role in advancing the ex situ preservation of Brazil’s palm diversity.

Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens doi: 10.3390/jzbg7010003

Authors: Anastasia Chrysomalidou Ioannis Takos Ioannis Spiliotis Panteleimon Xofis

It is widely recognized that outdoor and nature-based educational activities can significantly enhance pupils’ learning, increase environmental awareness and improve pupils’ well-being. At the same time, a growing body of literature supports that the extent to which outdoor learning is implemented depends largely on factors, such as the general institutional context of schools, social and geomorphological aspects and the teacher’s own motivation. The current study employs data collected from 507 primary, middle and high schools in Greece, using a structured questionnaire, and investigates the factors that prevent teachers from engaging in outdoor teaching activities in a green space, as well as those that encourage them to be involved in such educational learning approaches. The results identify institutional barriers, such as the demanding school curriculum, lack of financial resources, limited available time, and insufficient external support, as the main constraints preventing teachers from implementing outdoor activities in nature. On the other hand, it appears that altruistic and intrinsically driven factors, such as personal environmental interest, knowledge of the positive outcomes of environmental education, and a sense of social contribution, are the main factors promoting the adoption of outdoor green education approaches. Availability of green spaces and support by leadership also appear to promote teachers’ engagement in outdoor activities. The findings of the current study highlight the need for educational reforms, to include outdoor, nature-based learning in the school curriculum, provide training and financial support and enhance the confidence of teachers in outdoor, nature-based education. Addressing these barriers could enhance education’s role in fostering sustainable development and reconnecting pupils with nature.

Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens doi: 10.3390/jzbg7010002

Authors: Lucas Peixinho Campos Nery Tatiane Cezário dos Santos Juliana Martins Ribeiro Natoniel Franklin de Melo

Fruit production in passionfruit species is primarily associated with cross-pollination, but the role of herkogamy, the spatial separation between stigmas and anthers, in reproductive success remains poorly understood. This study evaluated the influence of style deflexion on fruit set in Passiflora cincinnata Mast., a native species of the Brazilian Caatinga, using accessions conserved in a Passionfruit Germplasm Bank (BAG). Flowers were classified into three morphotypes: stigmas positioned below the anthers, stigmas aligned with the anthers, and stigmas positioned above the anthers. Pollen viability was evaluated using subsamples of randomly selected flowers within each floral morphotype. Across all accessions, 41.75% of flowers displayed stigma below the anthers, 26.32% exhibited aligned the stigma with the anthers, and 31.93% had stigma positioned above, with pollen viability consistently high (96.4–96.7%). Flowers in which stigmas were located below the anthers (negative deflexion) showed the highest fruit set under hand pollination (73.3%), whereas flowers with aligned or elevated stigmas produced only a few fruits (4.7%) in heterotypic crosses. These findings demonstrated that herkogamy strongly shapes reproductive outcomes in P. cincinnata. Integrating this knowledge into germplasm management, conservation, and breeding initiatives will be essential for improving passionfruit cultivation and promoting sustainable agricultural practices in semiarid ecosystems.

Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens doi: 10.3390/jzbg7010001

Authors: Xinxin Zhang Jie Wu Chong Wang Fuyong You Peng Liu Yuan Zhang Shaofan Li Yongkang Zhou Yingchao Wang Xiaobing Wu Haitao Nie

Conventional alligator farming, characterized by reliance on chilled fish meat, faces significant challenges, including risks of bacterial contamination and nutritional imbalances. These issues heighten increasing disease susceptibility and threaten industry sustainability, underscoring the critical need for developing nutrient-dense, low-pathogenicity compound feeds. This study conducted a comparative analysis of newborn Siamese crocodiles fed either chilled fish meat or compound feed formulation. Intestinal microbial samples from both cohorts underwent 16S rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing to evaluate differences in microbial composition, diversity, and predicted functionality. The compound feed, specifically formulated for this investigation, possessed the following nutritional composition: crude protein 52.42%; digestible crude protein/digestible energy 16 mg/kcal; crude fat 12.31%; ash 17.42%; crude fiber 0.45%; starch 7.69%; digestible energy 3450 kcal/kg; lysine 3.66%; threonine 1.92%; methionine 1.27%; arginine 3.07%; total essential amino acids 22.97%; calcium 2.51%; total phosphorus 1.8%; available phosphorus 0.98%. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that the compound feed group exhibited numerically higher richness and alpha diversity indices within the intestinal microbiota compared to the chilled fish group. The microbial communities in both groups were dominated by the phyla Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Fusobacteriota, and Firmicutes, collectively representing over 50% of the relative abundance. Functional prediction indicated that the compound feed group possessed the highest relative abundance in metabolic pathways associated with cofactor and vitamin metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, terpenoid and polyketide metabolism, lipid metabolism, and replication and repair. In contrast, the chilled fish group exhibited significant functional alterations in glycan biosynthesis and metabolism, translation, nucleotide metabolism, transcription, and biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites. Histomorphological analysis demonstrated greater villus height and crypt depth in the compound diet group compared to chilled fish group, although no significant differences were observed in crypt depth or the villus-to-crypt depth ratio. Collectively, these findings indicate that the compound feed enhances intestinal microbial diversity and optimizes its functional structure. Furthermore, while no statistically significant difference in small intestinal villus height was detected, the results suggest a potential positive influence on intestinal development. This investigation provides a scientific foundation for compound feed development, supporting sustainable breeding practices for Siamese crocodiles.

Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens doi: 10.3390/jzbg6040065

Authors: Sabrina Brando Sara Torres Ortiz Geoff Hosey Heather M. Manitzas Hill

Marine mammals have been successfully maintained under human care; however, the media, public, and professionals within the field frequently voice welfare concerns. This study systematically surveyed peer-reviewed (PR) literature from 1948 to 2024 (n = 1308) and included an opportunistic sample of non-peer-reviewed (NPR) literature from the past 40 years (n = 756) to evaluate research efforts associated with species housed in zoos and aquariums. The current study updates and extends previous efforts to assess research categories. The findings indicate that the volume of research published mirrors the species abundance in human care. Across taxa, PR papers concentrate on science that enhances the understanding of biological functions (Acoustics, Biology, Breeding, Behaviour, Health) but is not necessarily tailored to improve management or optimal care. In contrast, a substantial portion of the NPR literature focuses on daily handling and management, highlighting Environment and Management and Enrichment-related activities. While welfare-related research has increased in both PR and NPR literature, this review underscores the need for additional welfare-related empirical studies to further enhance animal care and wellbeing. We encourage those involved in the practical care of such taxa to empirically evaluate these interventions and disseminate their findings in the PR literature.

Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens doi: 10.3390/jzbg6040064

Authors: Marco Briguori Pietro Carlino Chiara Carpino Gianni Giglio Francesco Luigi Leonetti Viviana Romano Roberta Castiglioni Emilio Sperone

We quantified how exhibit design and routine management shape behavior and space use in captive harbor seals (Phoca vitulina). Using a species-specific ethogram, scan sampling and focal follows on adult females housed in a modern zoo exhibit, we estimated time budgets, mapped space use across depth-defined zones, and modeled behavior sequences as first-order transition networks. Locomotion dominated activity (swimming/active travel), with resting and enrichment-related behaviors next most frequent; social and play behaviors occurred at low but non-negligible rates. Seals showed clear depth preferences, concentrating active swimming in deeper zones and using liminal/shallow areas for rest. Transition graphs revealed stable, low-entropy loops (e.g., swim → turn/pace → swim) consistent with repetitive locomotor routines, while enrichment and feeding windows temporarily diversified sequences and increased exploration. Overall, integrating time budgets with Markov-style transition analysis and spatial heatmaps provides a compact welfare-oriented dashboard: it identifies where exhibit depth and refuge availability support positive behavioral diversity, flags repetitive cycles as targets for enrichment, and offers actionable metrics to evaluate husbandry changes over time.

Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens doi: 10.3390/jzbg6040063

Authors: Boris L. Kozlovsky Olga I. Fedorinova Mikhail V. Kuropyatnikov Mikhail M. Sereda Anastasiya A. Dmitrieva Pavel A. Dmitriev

The Botanical Garden of Southern Federal University (SFedU Botanical Garden) is the first botanical garden in the steppe zone of southern Russia, founded in 1927. The priority task of the SFedU Botanical Garden was the introduction of woody plants for greenery and forestry. It has been shown that the introduction of woody plants was the root cause of their invasion in the region. A total of 24 species of invasive trees and shrubs have been identified in the Priazovsky district of the Rostov region. Using species with high seed reproductive capacity and resistance to climatic factors to expand the range of woody plants used for greenery in urban areas poses a real threat of invasion. Thus, 83 species spread spontaneously from the SFedU Botanical Garden collections across its territory, 50 of which are not currently found in the regional culture. An important step in the management of invasive woody plants is for municipalities to adopt basic assortment lists for greening purposes. The SFedU Botanical Garden’s collection policy for woody plants should focus on reducing the number of species in living plant collections by removing species that self-seed and currently have no scientific, educational, or practical use. These species can be stored in a seed bank for future use. The introduction policy of the SFedU Botanical Garden should be aimed at mobilizing and introducing species that are not only highly resilient and effective in providing ecosystem services, but also possess properties that limit their invasion.

Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens doi: 10.3390/jzbg6040062

Authors: Tsvetan Tsvetkov Denica Daskalova

Honey bees (Apis mellifera) are the main pollinators of many plant species, particularly agricultural crops. The concern over Colony Collapse Disorder of bee colonies in recent years necessitates the use of new approaches for their conservation in in situ and ex situ conditions. Modern techniques for cryopreservation of drone spermatozoa allow for the preservation of their genetic diversity. Some of the challenges in the field of cryopreservation are the alterations induced by the low temperatures, including morphological disruptions, plasma membrane integrity, formation of reactive oxygen species, DNA fragmentation, loss of motility, mitochondrial activity and viability, early hyperactivation, depletion of proteins from the acrosome region, premature capacitation, reduced sperm–oocyte fusion, and the occurrence of other cellular cryoinjuries. The objective of the current study is to contribute to the ongoing efforts in identifying substances added to semen extenders aimed at inhibiting cryogenic-induced changes. Our study investigates the impact of antioxidant supplements, scilicet vitamins C, vitamin E, and L-carnitine, on attenuating the adverse effects of cryogenic storage on drone spermatozoa. Using a Computer-Assisted Sperm Analysis, we evaluated the effectiveness of various antioxidants added to the extender in maintaining sperm motility parameters following liquid nitrogen storage. The data indicated significant differences in sperm traits among treatments with supplements after post-thawing. These findings emphasize the advantageous contribution of these added antioxidants within semen extenders for drone spermatozoa in preserving sperm quality parameters. The establishment of novel protocols for cryogenic storage of honey bee drone spermatozoa, incorporating low-cytotoxicity additives, is of utmost importance for the conservation of this endangered species.

Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens doi: 10.3390/jzbg6040061

Authors: Stacey J. Higgs Maren Huck David Sheffield Dean Fido

Zoological establishments have five main roles: education, conservation, recreation, research, and provision of positive welfare to exhibited and housed animals. This review highlights the effect direct human–animal interactions had on the non-human animals’ physical and psychological wellbeing in relation to short- and long-term education and conservation engagement and action. The literature was reviewed from worldwide English sources, which focused on welfare, direct animal interactions, and alternative provisions. With over 700 million visits made to zoological establishments annually, only USD350 million in funds were reported to be reinvested into conservation efforts worldwide, with the true outcome and impact of this effort unknown. Currently, the main focal area is recreation, with 75% of those surveyed (N = 1241) worldwide found to offer direct human–animal interactions. This review takes a holistic approach to human–animal interactions and highlights key opportunities that are missed in the delivery method of these. Worldwide, direct human–animal interactions during the last 30 years have had no to limited regulations. Organisations such as Pan-Africa Association of Zoos and Aquaria and British and Irish Association of Zoos and Aquaria aim to regulate and monitor welfare, breeding, and husbandry within collections; however, joining is entirely voluntary. This has led to only 13 zoological establishments in Africa accredited under PAAZA, compared to over 100 establishments accredited under BIAZA in the United Kingdom. This review highlights that clear training plans need to be implemented before and during human–animal interactions with particular focus on feeding time demonstrations, CGI models, film rooms, and no-contact interactive areas. Further research needs to quantify the significance of the taxonomy used in direct interactions.

Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens doi: 10.3390/jzbg6040060

Authors: Bertrand Ng Guillaume Douay Trent Charles van Zanten Yirui Heng Ali Anwar Ahmad Chia-Da Hsu

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is a well-studied condition characterized by increased insulin resistance, β-cell dysfunction and amyloid deposition in the pancreatic islets. The condition is best understood in humans and veterinary species such as the domestic cat but is poorly described in zoo animals. A 16-year-old male binturong (Arctictis binturong) at Mandai Wildlife Reserve presenting initially for a left forelimb tremor was noted to have hyperglycemia (23.86 mmol/L; RI 2.93–18.94), with concurrent glucosuria, which persisted over 2 weeks. The animal was diagnosed with diabetes mellitus based on serial biochemical and urinalysis results and ultrasonography. No pharmaceutical treatment was instituted. Over 4 years the animal developed other age-related changes and was euthanized based on a declining quality of life. Postmortem investigation including histological examination found diffuse islet amyloidosis of the pancreas, consistent with T2D as seen in other species. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first published case report of type 2 diabetes mellitus and pancreatic amyloidosis reported in the binturong. The popularity of the species in zoological institutions and long-term implications of the disease warrant further attention. Further research may be directed toward establishing diagnostic values in binturongs, as well as options for medical management.

Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens doi: 10.3390/jzbg6040059

Authors: Oscar Sandino Guerrero-Eloisa Jordan Golubov María C. Mandujano Beatriz Maruri-Aguilar

Botanical gardens promote the conservation of native species of the sites where they are located, showing the importance of preserving native flora. It is common to find invasive alien species (IAS) established intentionally or accidentally in these sites. In a patch of native vegetation within the Cadereyta de Montes Regional Botanical Garden, the removal of the invasive alien Asphodelus fistulosus was carried out and during a subsequent 108-month period. The repopulation of the species was supervised by removing new individuals at each visit. More than 1000 individual plants of A. fistulosus were removed during the entire monitoring period, and through subsequent visits, no new individuals have been spotted. The monetary cost associated with the removal, monitoring and control of A. fistulosus was calculated over MXN 15,000.00. The removal and post-removal monitoring of species at sites of interest provide valuable information about control time and economic costs to consider in the control of IAS. Additionally, the germination experiments carried out with seeds from different years of collection showed a higher germination percentage that was not affected by the age of the seeds.

Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens doi: 10.3390/jzbg6040058

Authors: Tatiana Vdovina Olga Lagus Elena Isakova Aidar Sumbembayev

Hippophae rhamnoides L. (sea buckthorn) is a key multipurpose shrub of Eurasia valued for its ecological resilience, nutritional properties, and economic importance. This study examines the regenerative capacity, cold tolerance, productivity, and vegetative propagation efficiency of H. rhamnoides populations originating from East Kazakhstan and maintained at the Altai Botanical Garden (ABG). Between 1981 and 2024, five natural populations (Kendyrlyk, Kaindysu, Tersayryk, Shetlasty, and Karatal Sands) were evaluated under both natural and introduction conditions. A total of 68 clonal forms were propagated and assessed for longevity, yield stability, and morphological traits. The results demonstrated high ecological plasticity and adaptation to the sharply continental climate of East Kazakhstan, withstanding winter temperatures of −38 to −44 °C without damage. Long-lived genotypes (up to 32 years) exhibited consistent productivity, yielding 3.7–14.5 kg per plant (4.6–17.5 t/ha). Large-fruited cultivars such as ‘Yubileinaya Kotukhova’, ‘Shetlastinka’, and ‘Asem’ reached fruit masses up to 95.8 g of 100 berries. Vegetative propagation by green cuttings proved highly effective, with rooting rates up to 90% when treated with HB-101, exceeding control treatments by 14.7%. Stable thickets formed by root suckers persisted for nearly four decades, confirming strong clonal stability and adaptive capacity. These findings underscore the significant potential of H. rhamnoides germplasm from East Kazakhstan for breeding cold-hardy, high-yielding cultivars suited to continental climates. This research highlights the importance of ex situ conservation at ABG and provides a foundation for further genetic, biochemical, and breeding studies aimed at enhancing the productivity and sustainability of this ecologically and economically valuable species.

Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens doi: 10.3390/jzbg6040057

Authors: Menglin Sun Hongyu Yao Nan Wu Hong Wu Dapeng Zhao

The gut microbiota plays a crucial role in the health and well-being of primates. This study applied 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing technology, aiming to investigate the differences in gut microbiota composition and function between captive ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) in different zoos across the north–south demarcation line in China. Results revealed significant differences in gut microbiota composition between northern and southern groups. Alpha diversity indices were higher in the southern group (p < 0.05), while beta diversity analysis showed distinct clustering based on geographic location (p < 0.001). Bacteroidetes were more abundant in the northern group (49.22% vs. 28.44%), while Firmicutes predominated in the southern group (59.10% vs. 32.78%). Functional prediction analysis indicated higher levels of membrane transport and lipid metabolism pathways in the southern group, suggesting differences in nutrient absorption and energy metabolism. These findings suggest that geographic location and associated environmental factors significantly influence the gut microbiota of captive ring-tailed lemurs, even under similar dietary and husbandry conditions. Our study provides insights into the impact of geographic location on gut microbiota in captive primates, highlighting the importance of considering regional factors in zoo animal management and informing future strategies for optimizing the care and conservation of captive primates across different geographic regions.

Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens doi: 10.3390/jzbg6040056

Authors: Navapong Subpayakom Pongrat Dumrongrojwattana Supattra Poeaim

Rivomarginella morrisoni is a freshwater snail endemic to Thailand, yet its behavioral ecology remains poorly understood. This study described the feeding behavior of R. morrisoni, focusing on its foraging activity, behavioral patterns, and food detection mechanisms under laboratory conditions using specimens collected from four river basins in central Thailand. Daily monitoring revealed nocturnal emergence, peaking between 21:00 and 22:00 h, with stable rhythms established 72 h post-feeding. Feeding trials revealed a preference for aged shrimp over fresh or decayed ones. Behavioral observations confirmed that food localization in R. morrisoni was mediated by chemical cues. Light–dark tests indicated a slight tendency toward darkness, but no significant phototactic response was observed. These findings suggest that R. morrisoni is a generalist scavenger with chemosensory-driven foraging and nocturnal activity. Its apparent sensitivity to habitat disturbance underscores the relevance of behavioral studies for informing future conservation and captive breeding efforts.

Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens doi: 10.3390/jzbg6040055

Authors: Anđelka Štilić Jurica Bosna Adis Puška Miroslav Nedeljković

This paper evaluates botanical gardens in terms of their potential for tourist valorization, aiming to identify the garden with the highest tourist appeal and integration opportunities within the tourist market. Based on a literature review and established attractiveness criteria, a methodological framework using multi-criteria decision-making was developed to compare and rank the botanical gardens. The empirical part of the study focuses on botanical gardens in Split–Dalmatia County, including six gardens evaluated across nine criteria. Eight local tourism experts assessed the importance of these criteria and the gardens’ performance. The fuzzy SiWeC (SImple WEight Calculation) method was used to determine the importance of each criterion. The fuzzy TOPSIS method (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) was used to measure the potential of botanical gardens. The main results obtained with this approach showed that the most important criteria are C4—Visitor content and C3—Biodiversity conservation. The Botanical Garden of Primary School Ostrog has the greatest potential, followed by the Botanical Garden Split. All observed botanical gardens have excellent tourist potential, with minimal differences in ranking among them. These findings demonstrate that botanical gardens play a key role in diversifying the tourist offer, reducing seasonality, and increasing the overall attractiveness of destinations. They also contribute to raising environmental awareness and emphasizing the importance of nature conservation and sustainable development, aligning with the increasing tourist interest in natural and ecologically responsible experiences. This study offers practical insights, as the results can assist garden management, tourism communities, and policymakers in developing and promoting strategies. Additionally, the framework proposed can be applied in other regional and international contexts.

Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens doi: 10.3390/jzbg6040054

Authors: Alejandro Torres-Montúfar Mayte Stefany Jiménez-Noriega Karla Quiñones-Molina

The Metropolitan Area of the Valley of Mexico (MAVM), home to more than 20 million inhabitants, faces intense urban and industrial pressures that have led to habitat loss, fragmentation, and a decline in native vegetation. Within this context, botanical gardens are key institutions for ex situ conservation, ecological restoration, education, and cultural preservation. This study proposes the establishment of a collection of native and endemic ornamental plants in the Botanical Garden of the Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán (FESC-UNAM), the only botanical garden located in an industrial zone of Mexico. To design this proposal, we conducted an extensive review of taxonomic, floristic, ethnobotanical, and horticultural literature, with special reference to the Flora Fanerogámica del Valle de México, and complemented it with exploratory field visits. The resulting collection comprises 35 native species across 26 families, including 17 endemic species, all adapted to xerophilous scrubland. The discussion highlights that beyond aesthetic value, many species have medicinal and cultural significance, strengthening the link between biodiversity conservation and social engagement. We conclude that this proposal enhances the dual role of the FESC Botanical Garden in preserving regional flora and promoting sustainable alternatives for urban landscaping in industrialized environments.

Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens doi: 10.3390/jzbg6040053

Authors: Kaiwen Zheng Hui Fu

This study investigates the applicability of the Japanese forest education model, exemplified by the Whole Earth Nature School (WENS), to environmental education programs within urban parks and botanical gardens. Focusing on WENS’s approach—characterized by immersive natural experiences, innovative facilitation techniques, and support from interdisciplinary educator teams to foster independent thinking through experiential learning—the research identifies three transferable insights: (1) Reorienting educational philosophy to prioritize nature-based learning for holistic development, particularly within urban green spaces; (2) Developing localized curricula that leverage the unique ecological resources of specific park and garden environments; (3) Establishing dedicated professional development systems for educators focused on site-based pedagogy. The findings demonstrate that adapting the forest education model can significantly enhance environmental education initiatives in urban parks and botanical gardens, which offers actionable strategies for integrating experiential nature learning into their educational planning.

Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens doi: 10.3390/jzbg6040052

Authors: Arthur Afeitos Silva Cristiano Schetini de Azevedo Cynthia Fernandes Cipreste Cristiane Schilbach Pizzutto Eneida Maria Eskinazi Sant’Anna

In the original publication [...]

Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens doi: 10.3390/jzbg6040051

Authors: Julia Jenikejew Mascha Huelsewig Damaris Riedner Mathilde Stomp Alban Lemasson Martine Hausberger Idu Azogu-Sepe Martin Böye Marina Scheumann

In southern white rhinoceroses (Ceratotherium simum simum), pant calls are well-studied contact vocalisations, whereas the function of frequently emitted snorts remains unclear. We conducted playback experiments with 15 rhinoceroses at three European zoos. The first experiment tested responses to conspecific versus heterospecific snorts, comparing pulsed and non-pulsed acoustic structures. The second experiment contrasted conspecific snorts with conspecific pants from males differing in age and faecal testosterone metabolite (fTM) levels. Behavioural responses—including body orientation, approach toward loudspeaker, locomotion, and vocalisations—were analysed. Snorts, regardless of sender species or pulsation, elicited uniformly low-intensity responses, suggesting limited communicative function. In contrast, pants evoked significantly stronger responses depending on sex and group setting. While males showed increased locomotion, females vocalised more, reflecting the species’ social dynamics. Individuals tested alone displayed overall heightened vigilance and vocal activity compared to those tested in pairs, emphasising the role of social context. No evidence was found for discrimination between pant calls differing in fTM levels. Our findings reinforce the communicative relevance of pants in conveying social cues while indicating that snorts may either lack species-specific acoustic markers or not be socially salient. Playback experiments thus appear as valuable tools for assessing acoustic communication in zoo-housed mammals.

Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens doi: 10.3390/jzbg6040050

Authors: Andressa Sasha Quevedo Alves Oliveira Rafaela Jemely Rodrigues Alexandre Simone Almeida Pena Letícia Lima Correia Thais Santos Souza Samantha Valente Dias Thiago Bernardi Vieira Felipe Bittioli R. Gomes

The species of the Bufonidae family exhibit a great diversity of habitats, diurnal or nocturnal habits, a complex evolutionary history, and a wide distribution, which makes this group suitable for morphological studies. In this work, we aimed to identify the existence of morphological patterns related to the habitat use and diurnal or nocturnal habits of Bufonidae in the Brazilian Amazon. To achieve this, we studied the morphological measurements of 210 specimens from three zoological collections and characterized the type of habitat and diurnality/nocturnality of the species. The morphological patterns and habitat use were investigated through principal component analysis (PCA) and multiple correspondence analysis (MCA), respectively. The evaluation of the relationships between morphological variation, habitat use, and diurnality/nocturnality was performed via redundancy analysis (RDA). Accordingly, Amazonian bufonids were divided into three morphological groups associated with different vegetation types and environments, demonstrating that body size is closely linked to diurnal or nocturnal life habits and habitat. Species with large body sizes are associated to anthropized areas, while intermediate and smaller species are associated with primary forests.

Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens doi: 10.3390/jzbg6040049

Authors: Stefany González Andrea Caiozzi Osvaldo Cabeza Hernan Cañon-Jones

Amphibian welfare, particularly pain assessment in anurans, remains understudied despite their ecological and biomedical significance. This study aimed to identify and validate operational pain indicators for adult anurans under professional care. A four-phase approach was used: a systematic literature review, expert validation with risk analysis, field validation in a zoological facility, and development of a preliminary pain index. From 158 publications, 16 potential indicators were identified, encompassing behavioural, clinical, and physiological signs. Expert evaluation by 28 professionals from 12 institutions refined this to seven indicators, achieving over 60% consensus: feeding behaviour changes, abnormal behaviour, impaired locomotion, oedema, reduced movement, retained skin post-moulting, and altered respiration. Field validation in 53 anurans confirmed high observability and ease of measurement, with feeding behaviour changes and oedema scoring highest for practicality (93.5% and 93.0%, respectively). These validated indicators provide a science-based foundation for routine welfare monitoring, enabling timely interventions. Their integration into husbandry protocols can enhance ethical standards, improve conservation outcomes, and increase public confidence in amphibian care, paving the way for a standardised anuran pain index.

Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens doi: 10.3390/jzbg6030048

Authors: Jessica C. Whitham Lance J. Miller

In recent years, animal welfare scientists working in professionally managed settings have increasingly focused on promoting resilience to enhance the quality of life of individual animals. Resilience—defined as an animal’s capacity to be minimally affected by a disturbance or to rapidly return to the physiological, behavioral, cognitive, health, affective, and production states that pertained before exposure to a disturbance—involves various systems and dynamic processes. There is evidence that resilience can be measured using a suite of species-specific indicators, including both behavioral measures and physiological biomarkers. These indicators should be tracked for individuals of the same species over time and across various conditions, events, and experiences. Large-scale, multi-institutional studies allow welfare scientists to collect cross-sectional data to identify “resilient phenotypes” for the species of interest. Ultimately, the focus should be on improving outcomes for individual animals as they face particular stressors, challenges, and environmental disturbances over their lifetime. Animal care specialists play a crucial role in helping animals build resilience by providing opportunities to engage in cognitive challenges, stimulating environments, and species-appropriate social interactions. This review defines resilience for animal welfare scientists, as well as discusses how to measure and promote resilience in animals residing in zoos and aquariums.

Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens doi: 10.3390/jzbg6030047

Authors: Paul Rose Tom Rice

Although long neglected, sound is now an increasing topic of interest in zoo and aquarium science. Research has examined the impact of sounds, from various sources, on zoo-housed species, noting that the influence of sound is varied and very context specific. The zoo’s sound environment is influenced by the animals, the built environment, vegetation, climatic, temporal and seasonal factors, equipment use, husbandry practices, and human presence. Different sounds can dominate an enclosure at certain times. This article discusses a workshop involving 12 zoo professionals, held in March 2020, that explored how sound is considered or overlooked in zoo animal management. Although insights are based on a small group, limiting generalisability, the findings highlight areas where further understanding is required and should encourage research extension to other groups of stakeholders. Delegates emphasised that the auditory needs of animals are often underappreciated and that the influence of sound depends on the species involved and how the sound may be perceived. Delegates highlighted the importance of species- and individual-specific approaches, predictability, and how animals have (any) control over sounds experienced in their enclosure. Routine operational sounds, such as closing gates or doors, may inadvertently stress animals, suggesting the need to consider sound in enclosure design and husbandry schedules. Outputs also stated that sound, when carefully managed, can act as enrichment through (for example) structured auditory cues or naturalistic sounds if ecologically relevant. Overall, our findings support integrating sound measurement into broader welfare assessment frameworks and enclosure planning, and they identify practical applications including sound mitigation, enrichment strategies, and staff training. Future research should include a wider range of species (especially understudied taxa), consider the experiences of a wider stakeholder demographic, and evaluate how sound is management in complex or high-traffic areas of the zoo.

Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens doi: 10.3390/jzbg6030046

Authors: Alejandro Galindo-Durán

This study investigates the impact of a gamified educational experience on the training of future teachers, focusing on a visit to the Natural History Pavilion at the University of Almería, compared to a traditional instructional approach. A quasi-experimental pre-test–post-test design was employed with both undergraduate and master’s degree teacher education students, combining quantitative analysis with complementary data. The findings indicate that participants in the gamified groups demonstrated significant gains in knowledge acquisition following the visit, as well as higher levels of appreciation for the activity itself. This study concludes that gamification cognitively enriches the museum learning experience and stands out as an innovative and pedagogically relevant strategy in teacher education.

Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens doi: 10.3390/jzbg6030045

Authors: Katerina Zareva-Simeonova Venislava Spasova Daniela Simeonovska-Nikolova Krastio Dimitrov Vladimir Todorov Kalina Valchinkova

Assessing the well-being of captive brown bears is essential for responsible species management and meeting European and national animal care standards outside their natural habitats. The present study aims to assess the welfare of captive brown bears in Bulgaria, considering environmental parameters, husbandry procedures, and the psychological and physical condition of the animals. The study was conducted on 28 brown bears in 11 zoos in Bulgaria and 19 bears in Bear Sanctuary Belitsa. A specific questionnaire and interviews were conducted with zoo managers and keepers. The welfare of the bears was evaluated based on their living conditions, husbandry, and physical and psychological well-being. The Nature and Animal Protection Center in Dobrich received the highest rating for the welfare of two brown bears among the zoos in the study. The study identified annual veterinary check-ups and enrichment programmes as areas needing improvement.

Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens doi: 10.3390/jzbg6030044

Authors: Neil Chace Susan W. Margulis

Many zoos display animals in mixed-species exhibits where multiple different species share the same space and potentially interact. This study analyzes a mixed-species exhibit with three New World monkey species (white-faced saki, black-capped squirrel monkey, and common squirrel monkey) at the Buffalo Zoo to determine the interactions among species and how different species use the exhibit space differently. Data were collected over twelve months using scan sampling. The sakis were more likely to be in proximity (less than 1.5 m apart) with others than were the squirrel monkey species. The sakis spent 26% of the time in contact with another animal, while both squirrel monkey species spent less than 1% of the time in contact with another animal. The squirrel monkeys used significantly more of the exhibit space than the sakis. A small number of observations occurred when only the sakis were on exhibit, and while speculative at best, anecdotally the sakis used much more of the exhibit when the squirrel monkeys were not on exhibit. There are many compelling reasons for zoos to design mixed-species exhibits; however, consideration needs to be given to how mixed-species exhibits impact animal behavior.

Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens doi: 10.3390/jzbg6030043

Authors: Luciana Diniz Rola Fabiana Fernandes Bressan Eluzai Dinai Pinto Sandoval Jacinthe Therrien Lawrence Charles Smith José Maurício Barbanti Duarte

The capability to generate induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from adult somatic cells, enabling them to differentiate into any cell type, has been demonstrated in several studies. In humans and mice, iPSCs have been shown to differentiate into primordial germ cells (PGCs), spermatozoa, and oocytes. However, research on iPSCs in deer is novel. Despite the necessity for establishing germplasm banks from endangered cervid species, the collection and cryopreservation of gametes and embryos have proven complex for this group. Therefore, the focus of this study was to establish protocols for deriving stable iPSC lines from Blastocerus dichotomus (Marsh deer) using primary cells derived from antler, adipose tissue, or skin, with the ultimate goal of producing viable gametes in the future. To achieve this, two main reprogramming approaches were tested: (1) transfection using PiggyBac transposons (plasmid PB-TET-MKOS) delivered via electroporation and (2) lentiviral transduction using the STEMCCA system with either human (hOSKM) or murine (mOSKM) reprogramming factors. Both systems utilized murine embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) as feeder cells. The PiggyBac system was further supplemented with a culture medium containing small molecules to aid reprogramming, including a GSK inhibitor, MEK inhibitor, ALK/TGF inhibitor, and thiazovivin. Initial colony formation was observed; however, these colonies failed to expand post-selection. Despite these challenges, important insights were gained that will inform and guide future studies toward the successful generation of iPSCs in deer.

Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens doi: 10.3390/jzbg6030042

Authors: Juan Casas-Paul José Luis Bravo-Ramos María Guadalupe Sánchez-Otero Sokani Sánchez-Montes Sashenka Bonilla-Rojas Luis Arturo Ortíz-Carbajal Gerardo Gabriel Ballados-González Jannete Gamboa-Prieto Alejandra Chong-Guzmán Angelica Olivares Muñoz

Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae pose a significant public health risk. As zoos grow in popularity, exotic animals come into closer contact with humans, making them potential reservoirs of ESBLs. However, data on ESBL presence in Mexican zoos remains limited. For this reason, this study aimed to isolate and assess the antimicrobial susceptibility of Enterobacteriaceae that colonize avian species in a petting zoo and to identify any ESBL-producing isolates. Cloacal swabs were collected from 34 healthy birds at Miguel Angel de Quevedo Zoo, Veracruz, Mexico. Samples were analyzed microbiologically and molecularly to detect ESBL-encoding genes. A total of seventeen E. coli and one K. pneumoniae strains were isolated from cloacal swabs of bird species, and multidrug resistance (MDR) was found. The most frequently detected genes were blaCTX-M-1 (16/18) and blaTEM-1 (12/18). The detection of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains carrying blaCTX-M-1, blaTEM-1, and blaSHV genes highlights the potential role of birds as reservoirs and disseminators of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in urban environments. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study conducted in Mexico. In conclusion, MDR ESBL-producing bacteria were found in the fecal microbiota of bird species at a petting zoo in Mexico. The limitations of this study emphasize the need for a One Health approach to analyze the genome-wide isolates and epidemiology of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in captive zoo animals in Mexico. This would support targeted surveillance efforts and help reduce the emergence and spread of resistant bacteria among zoo animals and visitors.

Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens doi: 10.3390/jzbg6030041

Authors: Andrea D. Larrea Solórzano Iván P. Álvarez Lizano Pablo R. Morales Fiallos Carolina E. Maldonado Cherrez Carlos S. Suárez Naranjo

This study explores the use of chlorography as a natural photographic developing technique that utilizes the decomposition of chlorophyll and other plant pigments through the action of sunlight. The developed images corresponded to previous research on changes in the iconography of the indigenous Salasaka people. In this context, this experimental project on natural photography is oriented toward the conservation of the ancestral knowledge of this community and the understanding of the native flora of Ecuador. We investigated the application of the contact image transfer technique with positive transparencies on leaves and flowers of 30 different species that grow in the Ecuadorian highlands, including leaves of vascular plants, as well as rose petals. The results showed that the clarity and contrast of chlorography depended on the plant species and exposure time. It was observed that fruit-bearing species produced more visible images than the leaves of other plants and rose petals, with species from the Passifloraceae family proving particularly effective. We interpreted these findings within the framework of plant photophysical mechanisms, proposing an inverse relationship between development efficiency and species’ non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) capacity. Furthermore, we interpreted the findings in relation to the photobleaching of pigments and compared chlorography with other natural photographic processes such as anthotypes. Key factors influencing the process were identified, such as the type of leaf, the intensity and duration of light, and the hydration of the plant material. It is concluded that chlorography is a viable, non-toxic, and environmentally friendly photographic alternative with potential applications in art, education, and research, although it presents challenges in terms of image permanence and reproducibility.

Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens doi: 10.3390/jzbg6030040

Authors: Todd L. Schmitt Thomas H. Reidarson James F. McBain Hendrik H. Nollens Amber P. Sanchez David M. Ward

An adult female bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) housed at a public oceanarium presented with acute anorexia and lethargy. A blood analysis demonstrated mild leukocytosis, marked azotemia, hyperkalemia, and hyperphosphatemia suggestive of acute kidney injury or renal insufficiency. Ultrasound examination of the dolphin revealed ascites, pleural effusion, bilateral nephrolithiasis, mild hydronephrosis, and bilateral hydroureter consistent with bilateral post-renal obstruction. Initial treatment consisted of antibiotics, oral fluids, and anti-inflammatory treatment. Further imaging diagnosed bilateral obstructing ureteroliths at both ureteral orifice junctions of the urinary bladder. The dolphin’s azotemia and hyperkalemia were nonresponsive to traditional medical management; therefore, peritoneal dialysis was performed for emergent clinical stabilization. Peritoneal dialysis was conducted over 3 days and facilitated the patient to undergo laser lithotripsy of the offending ureteral obstruction. The dolphin made a full recovery following months of intensive medical treatment for complications from peritoneal dialysis and secondary peritonitis. This is the first documented case of successful, though complicated, peritoneal dialysis in a cetacean.

Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens doi: 10.3390/jzbg6030039

Authors: Danielle Walker Paige Bwye Sarah Richdon

Zoological environments aim to promote natural behaviours and optimal welfare conditions. Over the past decade, research on the use of artificial ultraviolet-B (UV-B) exposure has improved vitamin D3 levels and reduced incidences of metabolic bone disease in diurnal primates; however, this has not been investigated in nocturnals. Aye-ayes (Daubentonia madagascariensis), nocturnal lemurs often housed indoors in zoos with little to no exposure to natural sunlight, have been reported to have low vitamin D3 levels. This study aims to investigate the impacts of artificial UV-B as a supplemental healthcare strategy for aye-ayes, examining its influences on vitamin D3 levels and positional sleeping behaviour. The 25-hydroxy-vitamin D3 (25OHD3) blood levels were tested before and after exposure to different levels of artificial UV-B and heat sources. Statistical analysis showed no correlation between UV-B and 25OHD3 at group parameter levels. However, one individual showed a positive correlation. Sleeping position duration analysis showed a potential basking behaviour with the use of increased ear exposure and other thermoregulatory responses. Despite representing 8.06% of the European captive aye-aye population, these findings highlight the need for further research on vitamin D3 parameters and responses to UV-B to optimise captive conditions and support the species’ long-term health.

Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens doi: 10.3390/jzbg6030038

Authors: Courtney Archer Joselyn Hoyt Emma Loy Emma Marthaler Abigail Richardson Katie Hall Madison Bacon Rielle Perttu

Environmental enrichment is essential for promoting species-specific behaviors and enhancing the welfare of zoo-housed animals. This study examined the behavioral responses of two juvenile male binturongs (Arctictis binturong) at the Minnesota Zoo to three enrichment stimuli: lavender oil (olfactory), thawed fish (olfactory and dietary), and hard-boiled egg (olfactory and dietary). Their behaviors were recorded using scan sampling before and after enrichment exposure, focusing on locomotion, foraging, resting, and visitor visibility. Food-based enrichments, particularly the hard-boiled egg, significantly increased foraging behavior, while lavender oil and thawed fish produced minimal behavioral changes. Locomotion and visibility remained stable across the conditions, although a slight increase in resting was observed with lavender oil. No evidence of scent-marking disruption was noted, and individual differences appeared to influence inactivity levels. These findings highlight the potential of biologically relevant, food-based enrichment to stimulate natural behaviors in binturongs and emphasize the importance of species-specific enrichment strategies. Future research should explore a broader range of olfactory cues, assess long-term behavioral responses, and incorporate physiological measures to further evaluate enrichment impacts on binturong welfare.

Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens doi: 10.3390/jzbg6030037

Authors: Jovana Ostojić Tijana Narandžić Milica Grubač Lazar Pavlović Mirjana Ljubojević

Botanical gardens serve as vital centers for ex situ conservation, maintaining diverse plant species under controlled conditions. Terrestrial orchids, despite their wide diversity and distribution, often occur in small and declining populations, making their conservation increasingly urgent. This study aimed to examine the potential for establishing the first specialized orchidarium in Serbia, focusing on the native orchid species of the Fruška Gora region. A SWOT analysis, combined with site assessment data, was employed to identify key strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats, informing the development of a functional zoning plan. The results indicate that such an orchidarium would offer a threefold benefit: strengthening ex situ conservation, advancing scientific research and environmental education, and promoting sustainable tourism. The proposed design consists of eight distinct zones, three of which reflect natural habitats of selected orchid species. The planned integration of a seed gene bank in the central zone, along with living plant collections and a nearby in vitro culture laboratory, establishes a comprehensive framework for the sustainable management of orchid genetic resources in the region, forming a foundation for future research and preservation.

Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens doi: 10.3390/jzbg6030036

Authors: Joy Kubarek Amanda Lindell Shelly Grow Jackie Ogden

This contributed paper presents results from efforts by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA) to investigate the impact of integrating conservation into AZA members’ organizational cultures. Part of this work included AZA setting goals related to organizational and professional culture, strategic communication, developing communities of practice, and promoting tools and resource-sharing. Prior to implementing the majority of these steps, a baseline assessment was administered to directors plus a random sample of AZA organizations in 2020—assessing how well conservation is integrated into the institutional culture and measures of perceived conservation impact. The same sample of organizations was re-surveyed in 2023 with the intent of a three-year cycle of surveying to monitor change and identify additional ways that AZA could support and strengthen a culture of conservation within the profession. These findings will help the zoological and broader conservation community assess opportunities to integrate conservation into organizational cultures across a broad association for the purpose of achieving the mission and impact.

Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens doi: 10.3390/jzbg6030035

Authors: Arthur Silva Cristiano Azevedo Cynthia Cipreste Cristiane Pizzutto Eneida Eskinazi Sant’Anna

Food-based environmental enrichment (EE) is a valuable strategy for stimulating foraging behaviour in fish under human care, as it increases the challenge of food acquisition and encourages prolonged engagement in this activity. Curimbas (Prochilodus argenteus) and pacus (Myleus micans) are fish species for which ex situ maintenance has become an important conservation measure. In this context, providing EE is essential to ensure high welfare standards. This study aimed to assess the effects of food enrichment on the behaviour of these two endemic species from the São Francisco River basin in Brazil. Behavioural data were collected across three experimental phases, including baseline, enrichment, and post-enrichment. Slow-dissolving food items known as “acorns” were introduced during the enrichment phase. Both species exhibited a marked reduction in inactivity throughout the study. For curimbas, the enrichment phase was associated with increased foraging, elevated agonistic interactions, and greater use of specific tank areas. Among pacus, inactivity significantly declined during the enrichment period. Additionally, the presence of visitors influenced behavioural patterns, promoting foraging activity while reducing inactivity and interactions with the enrichment device. These findings reinforce the value of incorporating environmental enrichment to promote the welfare of freshwater fish in public aquariums.

Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens doi: 10.3390/jzbg6020034

Authors: Marko Ivanov Kiril Valkanov Radoslav Tsvetkov Nikolay Natchev

In the present study, we examine the possibilities of planned generation in snakes by controlling the two most important factors for their estrus—ambient temperature and daylight hours. As a result of controlling these environmental parameters in an increasing gradient until reaching optimal values for the species, we observed copulations in late March and early April between a female Vipera ammodytes transcaucasiana and a male V. a. ammodytes. After three months of “pregnancy”, we obtained viable offspring in early July, which is about two months earlier compared to wild populations. The species used in the experimental setup, in natural conditions, usually produce offspring in late August to early October. Another aspect considered in the publication and followed in the experimental setup was to possibly test if in evolutionary and developmental aspect, both subspecies are closely related and interspecies breeding is possible (which might indicate mutual ancestry). The hybrid individuals were monitored during their entire development from newborns to subadults for pathological traits during development to roll-out crossbreeding incompatibility. In our pilot investigation, no acquired or inherited pathological traits have been observed. The individuals were consistent with feeding and exhibited excellent individual development. Future research coupled with genetic investigation can give valuable insight in the field, whether it is valid to regard the genera as a Vipera ammodytes complex or as different subspecies groups.

Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens doi: 10.3390/jzbg6020033

Authors: Kaitlin Barrailler Cameron T. Whitley Sarah Brenkert Mary Jackson Nicole Killebrew Darcie Larson

Marine animals without faces (MAWFs), are some of the most important creatures maintaining the ecological balance in marine environments. How these animals are depicted across conservation organizations may impact public perceptions and conservation efforts. We assessed the online presentation of sea stars, jellies, and corals among all public websites of institutions accredited by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA) (N = 237). Among the organizations with an aquarium (n = 125), only 55 (44 percent) profiled at least one of the three animals, resulting in 89 total profiles. Five general approaches to characterizing these animals emerged: (1) scientific social distancing, (2) beautiful and eye-catching, (3) grotesque, otherworldly, and strange, (4) brainless beauties, and (5) objects of touch, entertainment, and experience. While some practices, like touch exhibits, can support empathy outcomes among visitors, online profile practices may contribute to the objectification of these animals among visitors, which could ultimately impact conservation attitudes, intentions, and behaviors.

Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens doi: 10.3390/jzbg6020032

Authors: Paul Rose Xavier Manteca

The welfare of animals in zoos has come under increasing scrutiny as public awareness grows around the biological needs of captive species. It is also becoming clear that promoting positive welfare experiences upholds population management and conservation aims. This paper re-evaluates current welfare frameworks in zoological institutions, advocating for evidence-based practices, multi-dimensional welfare metrics, and greater emphasis on species-specific needs, as well as the importance of input-based approaches to assess the welfare of zoo animals. By evaluating the limitations of current welfare practices (e.g., a lack of species-specific assessment protocols or sound husbandry evidence to base measures on) and presenting potential areas for improvement, this paper identifies ways that sound baselines for meaningful zoo animal welfare outputs can be created. Although current welfare policies from large zoo membership organisations stipulate assessment of welfare outputs as key to improving animal welfare standards, such outputs can only be positive if inputs are species-specific and relevant to the animals being housed. Practices such as the use of environmental enrichment (for example) need to be further refined to ensure they provide meaningful outputs (for the individuals) from the inputs that create them. Understanding the animal’s needs to ensure that the goal of enrichment is clear benefits both the animal who is provided with the enrichment and the human caregivers as husbandry and management becomes easier. A focus on welfare outputs is commendable and (especially when considering emotional outputs) is indeed a gold standard to aim for, yet we must not lose sight of striving for improvements to housing, husbandry, and species-specific care. Without such fundamental support from correct inputs, outputs are unlikely to be truly (or meaningfully) positive. Therefore, consistent re-examination of inputs is required to make sure they uphold an individual’s attainment of good welfare.

Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens doi: 10.3390/jzbg6020031

Authors: Luciana Diniz Rola Iara Maluf Tomazella Eluzai Dinai Pinto Sandoval Jorge Alfonso Morales-Donoso Carolina Heloisa de Souza Borges José Maurício Barbanti Duarte

Considering the taxonomic uncertainties of Neotropical deer species, as well as the threat status of many of them, new studies and strategies for their maintenance are urgently needed. Obtaining live cells is of great importance for the conservation of wild species in order to allow cytogenetic and molecular studies to be carried out and for the construction of genomic resource banks. In order to increase the genetic diversity stored in these banks, the possibility of collecting skin fragments from dead animals (e.g., run over, hunted, deaths related to disease or natural causes) becomes a valuable source and a last alternative for obtaining material from these individuals. However, the interval between the death of the animal and the collection of tissue can directly interfere with the quality of the sample obtained and it is therefore essential to identify the maximum time during which viable cells are still found. Thus, this study sought to establish a protocol for the collection, storage, cryopreservation, and cultivation of skin obtained postmortem from individuals of the species Subulo gouazoubira (gray brocket deer) and Mazama rufa (red brocket deer). The collection of tissue fragments at different postmortem intervals (0 h, 1 h, 2 h, 3 h, 4 h, 5 h, 6 h, 7 h, 8 h, 9 h, 10 h, and 11 h) was evaluated. The tissues were analyzed for fibroblast cell viability immediately after collection. Their ability to undergo cryopreservation was evaluated based on techniques that can be directly applied to samples obtained in the field and their subsequent thawing and success of cell cultures was performed in the laboratory. Regarding the genetic integrity of the cells, the number of metaphases was observed by the mitotic index. The cell viability presented by the samples always remained above 60%. It was possible to establish cell cultures even with the tissues obtained 11 h after the death of the individuals; however, they required twice as many days to reach bottle confluence compared to the cultures performed with the tissues obtained 0 h after the death of the individuals. The results suggest that the best rates of cell viability, time to reach confluence, and number of metaphases per cell (mitotic index) are found in skin fragments collected up to 5 h after the death of individuals when their carcasses are kept at room temperature.

Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens doi: 10.3390/jzbg6020030

Authors: Ujjawala KC Shailendra Sharma Asmit Subba Naresh Pandey Ankit Kumar Singh Narayan Prasad Koju Laxman Khanal

Butterflies have nectar-feeding preferences based on various floral characteristics, including flower shape, size, color, fragrance, and nectar composition, which in turn affect their survival, reproduction, and roles in pollination. The National Botanical Garden (NBG) in Lalitpur, Nepal, holds a variety of flowering plants and butterfly populations, providing a suitable study site to test the hypotheses on floral preferences of butterflies. This study assessed the floral preferences of the butterfly community in the NBG based on flower color, the origin of flowering plants (native and alien), and the type of plants (herbs and shrubs). It also tested the association between butterfly proboscis lengths and corolla tube lengths of flowers. Data were collected from 10 blocks (each 5 × 5 m2) through direct observation during the spring and autumn seasons, from March to October 2022. A total of 24 species of butterflies were recorded during the study period, with the chocolate pansy (Junonia iphita) being the most abundant. The relative abundance of pink flowers was higher in the NBG, but the butterflies’ visitation frequency was significantly higher on yellow flowers (p < 0.05) than on other colors. The visitation frequencies of butterflies significantly varied with the flowers’ origin and types. Butterflies visited flowers of alien origin more frequently than native ones (p < 0.05) and those of herbs over shrubs (p < 0.05). Flowers from alien plants, such as Calluna vulgaris and Viola tricolor, were among the most frequently visited. The proboscis length of butterflies showed a significantly strong positive correlation with the corolla tube length of flowers (τ = 0.74, p < 0.001). These results can inform conservation practices and garden management strategies aimed at supporting butterfly diversity through the intentional selection of floral resources.

Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens doi: 10.3390/jzbg6020029

Authors: Jon Coe James Edward Brereton Eduardo Jose Fernandez

Zoo, aquarium, and sanctuary exhibit designers, both specialist “zoo architects”, and general practice architects, as well as landscape architects generally do not closely follow the evolving scientific literature on zoo biology, visitor experience, and managed animal welfare. Reportedly, this is because most zoo and aquarium clients do not require these efforts. Detailed requirements are provided by clients as project programs or briefs, which vary widely in quality and currency. Many clients and designers copy or adapt popular enclosure models without regard to their scientific foundations. Research papers frequently focus on discrete subject areas, such as animal behavior and welfare, visitor experience, or education, using their own methods and vocabulary. Relatively few studies integrate findings in ways useful to designers in preparing widely integrated systems. Regulatory standards set minimum rather than ideal standards. Knowledge of in situ animal behavior is lacking for many managed species. How can zoo and aquarium managers and designers be encouraged to increase research within the design process? This review article suggests that the long-term benefits of greater and better science integration outweigh initially higher design costs, resulting in improved facility and management design, benefiting all zoo, aquarium, and sanctuary stakeholders, and providing factual evidence underpinning community support.

Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens doi: 10.3390/jzbg6020028

Authors: Lorena Esteban-Sánchez Marta Mateo-Barrientos Manuel de la Riva-Fraga Lino Pérez de Quadros Juan José García Rodríguez Francisco Ponce-Gordo

Flagellates of the genus Giardia are intestinal parasites with a broad host range. Several Giardia duodenalis variants (assemblages) recently elevated to species rank—G. duodenalis (assemblage A1), G. intestinalis (A2) and Giardia enterica (B) are human pathogens. Giardia enterica has been reported in some hystricomorph rodents such as wild crested porcupines (Hystrix cristata), but no data were previously available from Brazilian porcupines (Coendou prehensilis) and naked mole rats (Heterocephalus glaber). The aim of this study is to genetically identify the Giardia isolates from these three rodent species, all housed in a zoological institution. Fecal samples were processed using the Bailenger concentration method, and DNA was extracted from the sediments using commercial kits. Partial PCR amplification and sequencing of the glutamate dehydrogenase, beta-giardin, and triose-phosphate isomerase genes revealed that all isolates belonged to G. enterica, showing 99–100% identity with sequences available in GenBank. Prevalences could not be reliably estimated due to small group sizes and the resulting proportions may be biased. To our knowledge, this is the first report identifying Giardia (G. enterica) in C. prehensilis and H. glaber, thus expanding the known host range of this parasite species and reinforcing the importance of surveillance in captive wild hosts.

Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens doi: 10.3390/jzbg6020027

Authors: Lina Podda Andrea Lallai Giacomo Calvia Francesco Mascia Gianluca Iiriti Gianluigi Bacchetta

Botanical gardens have historically introduced alien species for agronomic, medicinal, and ornamental purposes, but they also contribute to plant invasions. The Hortus Botanicus Karalitanus (HBK) is a historic botanical garden established in 1866, as an acclimatisation arboretum for tropical plants, by the University of Cagliari. This study inventoried alien vascular plants in the HBK that showed some degree of spontaneity, analysing their status, origin, life form, introduction pathways, reproductive strategies, and presence in Sardinian habitats. A focus on invasive species and their historical introduction based on their first records on the island and in the HBK was made. Field surveys from 2015 to 2024 allowed us to identify 146 alien taxa, primarily neophytes (83%), 45% of which were naturalised and 12% were invasive. Ornamental plants contributed to 70% of introductions, while accidental taxa (weeds and hitchhikers, 61%) were the most invasive. Seed reproduction was the most common way of propagation (41%). About the diffusion in Sardinia, 25% of taxa had no records in nature outside the HBK, 39% were found only in anthropogenic habitats, and 36% in natural habitats. Among them, 8% were invasive in both the HBK and Sardinia, with wetlands being the most affected (5%). However, only 3% of common invasive species were first recorded in the HBK. The results highlight the role of the HBK in alien species spread and early detection, aiding in invasion management and biodiversity conservation in Sardinia.

Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens doi: 10.3390/jzbg6020026

Authors: Janna Akopian Anahit Ghukasyan Araksya Elbakyan Lora Martirosyan Zhanna Hovakimyan

Amberboa moschata (L.) DC. (Asteraceae) is an endangered species, listed in the Red Book of Plants of the Republic of Armenia. The restricted extent of occurrence and habitat degradation necessitate conservation measures of this species, not only in the wild but also through ex situ cultivation. This study examines the comprehensive morpho-phenological, karyological, palynological, eco-physiological, and ornamental characteristics of A. moschata in the context of ex situ conservation. A. moschata plants cultivated ex situ demonstrated high adaptive traits, undergoing a full development cycle and experiencing less water stress compared to wild populations. The diploid cytotype has been found for the species to be 2n = 32, the karyotype is asymmetric, with chromosomes, 0.77–1.91 µm in size. The average pollen fertility of A. moschata is high, 96.7–96.9% in both natural and cultivated samples. A scale of decorativeness was developed, which includes 15 characteristics of the plant, providing an objective means to assess its visual appeal. The scale can be useful for integrating A. moschata into various landscaping schemes. Under cultivation, the total ornamental period lasts approximately 98 days, with the peak ornamental effect observed during the flowering phase, which spans 68–70 days. The study recommends A. moschata for inclusion in living collections in botanical gardens and for use in ornamental gardening and landscaping as part of its ex situ conservation strategy. A map, original photographs, and tables illustrate the article.

Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens doi: 10.3390/jzbg6020025

Authors: Peggy Cremers Max Norman Sabrina Brando Eduardo J. Fernandez

Ongoing research on the effectiveness of enrichment at the species, group, and individual levels is beneficial to our growing understanding of animal welfare and behaviour for animals housed in human care. Diversifying the enrichment opportunities offered to animals in facilities such as zoos and aquariums helps to encourage a wide repertoire of species-typical, naturalistic, and rewarding behaviours. The present study aimed to examine the behavioural impact of novel food (ice blocks, gelatine, eggs) and non-food (lavender, clean sheets, mirrors) enrichment strategies on two zoo-housed prides of African lions (Panthera leo) housed in a rotation-based enclosure system at Orana Wildlife Park, New Zealand. The results of the study indicate that, while both forms of enrichment had a behavioural impact, the effects on behaviour varied with the type of enrichment used, both between and within the two categories. Different enrichment strategies varied in their impacts on resting behaviour, locomotion, and exploration levels in the lions. An increased focus on the specific behavioural outcomes of various novel enrichment strategies is essential to expand the efficacy of enrichment programs for future efforts to improve the wellbeing of zoo-housed animals.

Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens doi: 10.3390/jzbg6020024

Authors: Sinh Hoang Nguyen

This study investigates how virtual reality (VR) experiences influence tourists’ intentions to visit Da Lat, Vietnam, as a botanical destination, emphasizing the mediating roles of enjoyment and immersion. By integrating flow theory with the Information Systems Success model, this research develops a comprehensive framework explaining how content quality, system quality, and VR vividness shape user engagement and travel intentions. Using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), the study analyzes survey data from 231 valid responses out of 240 participants. The findings reveal that content quality, system quality, and vividness significantly enhance enjoyment and immersion, which subsequently have a positive impact on travel intentions. The study contributes to the tourism and consumer experience literature by demonstrating how multisensory engagement in VR fosters decision-making. Theoretical implications include extending flow theory within virtual tourism and highlighting the joint influence of technological and perceptual factors on user behavior. Practically, these insights inform tourism marketers on optimizing VR environments to evoke emotional engagement and enhance destination appeal through immersive technology.

Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens doi: 10.3390/jzbg6020023

Authors: Chiara Carpino Roberta Castiglioni Elisa Sacchet Arianna Milesi Luca Marano Francesco Luigi Leonetti Viviana Romano Gianni Giglio Emilio Sperone

For the effective management of captive animals, monitoring their behavior and interactions within the exhibit is essential. This approach provides insights into their welfare and helps identify behavioral differences compared to conspecifics in the wild. This ex situ study aimed to provide more insights about the behavior of a pair of siamangs residing at the Wildlife Park “Le Cornelle” in Valbrembo, Italy. The focus was on their behavior, and observations were conducted during two distinct periods (May–June 2021 and December 2021) to identify any seasonal differences. In both periods, the most frequent behaviors observed were resting, feeding, and allogrooming. Compared to conspecifics in the wild, allogrooming and singing occurred more frequently. Spatial analysis indicated a higher utilization of outdoor spaces than the tunnel and indoor areas, with statistically significant variations for both periods. The spatial analysis of singing behavior showed an equal use of outdoor and indoor areas during the first observation period. However, in the second observation period, a preference for indoor spaces was observed, likely due to lower recorded temperatures. More observations are needed to identify the factors influencing behavior, but it is clear that continuous monitoring plays a vital role in promptly addressing deviations or anomalies in animal behavior.

Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens doi: 10.3390/jzbg6020022

Authors: Max Norman Sabrina Brando

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Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens doi: 10.3390/jzbg6020021

Authors: Alexandra Vaccaro Jill Korach

It is surprising that, despite focusing on delivering engaging and informative content to zoo and aquarium visitors nationwide, relatively few zoos or aquariums incorporate culture or the extensive species and place-based knowledge of local communities, also known as traditional ecological knowledge (or TEK). In an exploratory study of educational programming at the Wildlife Conservation Society’s five zoo and aquarium institutions, we found that only 15% of onsite signage, webpages, and in-person animal programs used cultural or TEK elements to educate visitors. The TEK presented was primarily limited to a place or cultural group’s name only or an image of native communities who live in the region where a particular species originated. We found little to no focus on providing more detailed accounts of the knowledge of the many different communities contributing to conservation at a local level. We conclude there are many opportunities for further research and for informal education facilitates to readily incorporate culture and TEK into existing exhibits and programming. Extending relationships with local native community members and integrating indigenous perspectives, among other strategies, can extend a zoo’s reach in novel ways.

Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens doi: 10.3390/jzbg6020020

Authors: Mariana Panayotova-Pencheva Joanna Banasiewicz Anna Maria Pyziel

Faecal parasitological examination of three red kangaroos (Osphranter rufus) newly arrived at Sofia Zoo, Bulgaria, revealed infestation with nematode eggs. The animals were successfully treated with albendazole and ivermectin. Adult nematodes obtained after deworming the kangaroos were identified as gastric strongylids of the species Rugopharynx australis (Mönnig, 1926). The initially collected faecal samples were used to follow the development of the parasites, in particular, the viability of the larvae hatching from the eggs. Morphometric and molecular data as well as some epidemiological observations of the species in the present materials are provided. The study provides the first morphological description of the free-living, infective third-stage larvae of the species. It is also the first record of R. australis in captive-bred kangaroos on the European continent.

Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens doi: 10.3390/jzbg6010019

Authors: James Edward Brereton Jon Coe Eduardo J. Fernandez

Good enclosure design is central to the improvement of conditions for animals housed in zoos and aquaria, yet the study of a priori enclosure design or post hoc through Post-Occupancy Evaluation (POE) is somewhat limited in the scientific literature. The concept of trialing novel exhibit components before enclosure construction, through a process known as Temporary Exhibit Design (TED), was recently proposed as a strategy to prevent problems that often occur as a result of untested exhibit creation, with a view to ultimately improve welfare outcomes and reduce subsequent exhibit redevelopment. In this paper, we consider the potential input required from three key enclosure design stakeholders: the animal, the visitor, and zoo staff. We also consider the potential benefits for each of these stakeholders when participating in TED, alongside the wider zoo organizational benefits. TED has the potential to reduce construction costs and post-construction redevelopment, enhance animal welfare, and ensure that educational messages are effectively communicated.

Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens doi: 10.3390/jzbg6010018

Authors: María Elizabeth Bejarano Meza Gianela Milagros Paz Cahuina Paola Fabiana Vásquez Macedo Andrea Marieta Chanove Manrique

Arequipa, situated in the arid Atacama Desert, is experiencing significant biodiversity loss due to unchecked urban growth. This study presents the design of a Botanical Garden to address this issue by serving as a conservation center for native flora. A baseline assessment was conducted to evaluate meteorological conditions, soil properties, and the quality of treated wastewater from the “La Escalerilla” plant. The analysis revealed a semi-arid climate with low precipitation and suitable soil conditions. A total of 685 plant species were identified and proposed for conservation within the garden, with a high proportion of endemic species. To protect the future plant species, a living fence composed of 700 individuals was installed, considering resilient species such as Molle serrano (Schinus molle), Cantuta (Cantua buxifolia), and Huaranguillo (Tephrosia cinerea), which were installed at an average height of 50 cm and have grown to an average of 80 cm after 8 months. This study demonstrates the feasibility of establishing a botanical garden in Arequipa’s arid environment and serves as a model for future botanical garden projects in arid regions at the national and regional levels, providing a foundation for natural landscapes in urban areas.

Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens doi: 10.3390/jzbg6010017

Authors: Francesca Milan Serena Lucrezi Freisha Patel

Human activities significantly contribute to the biodiversity crisis, yet wildlife tourism can promote appreciation for animals and encourage conservation. This study assessed the impact of diving and snorkeling programs at Atlantis Dubai on tourists’ emotional connections with marine life and their conservation attitudes and pro-environmental behavioral intentions. In 2023 and 2024, 346 participants were surveyed before (n = 172) and after (n = 174) their experiences diving and snorkeling with elasmobranchs. Results indicated a notable increase in positive feelings toward sharks and rays, strengthening connections and respect for these creatures. The program positively influenced attitude toward sharks, making participants more inclined to support their protection and foster a deeper connection with the ocean. Although participants’ willingness to recycle improved, overall conservation attitudes and willingness to engage in broader pro-environmental behaviors showed minor change. However, the heightened positive emotions towards sharks resulted in improved perceptions of these animals, stronger conservation attitudes, and a commitment to environmental sustainability. A deeper connection with the ocean reduced fear of sharks. This research suggests that wildlife tourism can facilitate emotional connections with marine life, potentially inspiring conservation action and highlighting the need for targeted strategies to transform these emotional bonds into lasting pro-environmental behaviors.

Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens doi: 10.3390/jzbg6010016

Authors: Margaret Ramont Cody Hickman Tim Snyder Sathya K. Chinnadurai Lance J. Miller

Until recently, the sihek (Guam kingfisher, Todiramphus cinnamominus) has persisted entirely in managed care since a breeding program was established in the 1980s. Understanding the growth and developmental milestones of the sihek from hatch to fledging is critical to enhancing conservation efforts and improving management practices that promote positive welfare. In this study, we summarized data collected on the growth patterns, developmental milestones, and rearing differences in sihek chicks raised at Brookfield Zoo Chicago from 1989 to 2023. We found that hand-reared chicks reached the fledging stage significantly earlier than parent-reared chicks that received supplemental feeding from staff. Additionally, we found that hatch weight was a significant predictor of survival to fledging, highlighting the importance of collecting weight data at all stages of life. These insights into sihek development in managed care provide important data for the development of welfare-focused management practices that improve the success of conservation efforts while also prioritizing the wellbeing of each individual chick.

Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens doi: 10.3390/jzbg6010015

Authors: Dražen Đuričić Maja Lukač

Numerous previous studies indicate that both wild hedgehogs and those kept as pets pose a significant risk to human health. At the same time, humans can also transmit various pathogens to hedgehogs (e.g., human herpesvirus 1). The risk of human infection from hedgehogs by various bacteria, viruses, fungi, rickettsiae, and parasites, and of hedgehog infection from humans, arises from close contact with pet hedgehogs, wild hedgehogs, and/or the contaminated environment which they cohabit with humans. People can also come into close contact with hedgehogs in city parks, rescue and rehabilitation centers, gardens, suburbs, and zoos. Numerous zoos keep different species of hedgehogs, which are often used for education and interaction with visitors, especially children. In spite of certain preventive measures, periodic examinations, and disease controls being carried out, the possibility of the transmission of infectious diseases from hedgehogs to visitors and employees is not excluded. Close contact poses a risk, especially if biosecurity is not properly maintained. The anthropological effects of coexistence, habitat sharing, and frequent human intrusion into hedgehog habitats have disrupted the natural relationship between humans and animals, and have led to an increase in the prevalence of various pathogens. Although many different pathogens have been isolated in hedgehogs, there is a need to study some of them in more detail and to understand their interaction and transmission possibilities, as well as zoonotic and reverse zoonotic pathogens.

Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens doi: 10.3390/jzbg6010014

Authors: Florin Crișan Dan Gafta Irina Goia

The present study is based on a follow-up of a survey carried out in 2000, consisting in the revisitation of ten sites, with the scope of assessing changes in the composition and richness of epiphytic macrolichens within Cluj-Napoca city over the past 24 years. Within this period most of the polluting factories from the city outskirts were closed but in turn, the number of registered cars increased almost six-fold. An increasing compositional homogenization by contribution of generalist, stress-tolerant species was detected over time while total lichen taxa richness declined, which is mostly imputable to the synergic effects of intense car traffic and warmer/drier summers. Most sites displayed a compositional change along a weak, mixed gradient of eutrophication and xerophitization. Only two sites (located on the windy, Someș valley bottom) experienced a compositional change from higher to lower trophicity levels. Other two sites (positioned on more sheltered hillsides) displayed unfavourable dynamics in terms of lost species. Unexpectedly, the number of epiphytic lichen taxa at site level has, on average, increased over time, but the main contributors were poleotolerant species. The warming trend, due to climate change and local heat sources, is expected to worsen the negative effects of air-borne pollutants on the composition of the epiphytic lichen species pool within the Cluj-Napoca urban area.

Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens doi: 10.3390/jzbg6010013

Authors: Murillo Daparé Kirnew Matheus Folgearini Silveira Roberto Andres Navarrete Ampuero Ana Paula Rodrigues Simões Felippe Azzolini Gediendson Ribeiro de Araújo Pedro Nacib Jorge-Neto Sofia Regina Polizelle Juliane Patrícia Sipp Cristiane Schilbach Pizzutto Thyara Deco-Souza Aparecido Antonio Camacho

Jaguars play a crucial role in population control across multiple biomes. They are endangered and protected by in situ and ex situ conservation mechanisms to ensure their conservation. Cardiovascular diseases in wild mammals, including jaguars, often have unclear etiopathogenies, underscoring the need for research into novel hemodynamic parameters. This study evaluates the cardiovascular health of fifteen clinically healthy jaguars using conventional and Holter electrocardiography, non-invasive systemic blood pressure measurement, and echocardiography. Chemical restraint was achieved with medetomidine (0.08–0.1 mg/kg) and ketamine (5 mg/kg), with anesthesia reversed using atipamezole (0.25 mg/kg). The average heart rate was 72 ± 18 bpm, with sinus rhythm in ten animals and sinus arrhythmia in five. Six animals exhibited first and second-degree atrioventricular blocks, one had supraventricular complexes, and another had premature ventricular complexes. Non-invasive systolic blood pressure remained stable at 163 ± 29 mmHg during anesthesia. Echocardiographic examination revealed mitral, tricuspid, pulmonary, and aortic valve insufficiencies via color Doppler. The transmitral flow showed a normal E/A ratio and E` < A`, suggesting a pseudonormal ventricular filling pattern. No significant anesthetic complications were observed, affirming the protocol’s safety. This study provides valuable data, validating the anesthetic protocol and establishing reference cardiovascular values for jaguars, thus paving the way for future research in other veterinary species.

Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens doi: 10.3390/jzbg6010012

Authors: David Dantas Cláudia Luís Batista Maria João Castro Nuno Alvura Teresa Letra Mateus

The growing popularity of reptiles has contributed to their reproduction in captivity. When subjected to stressful environments, such as the presence of a higher number of humans and animals, reptiles may become more susceptible to parasites. Endoparasites in captive animals may cause several clinical signs ranging from mild to severe: lethargy, anorexia, diarrhea, cloacal/penile prolapse, infertility, intestinal malabsorption syndrome, and weight loss, among others. This study aimed to assess the presence of gastrointestinal parasites in fecal samples of reptiles from a Portuguese zoo through two techniques: a fecal flotation test (using a saturated sodium chloride solution) and Mini-FLOTAC. Ninety-nine samples belonging to 22 different animal species were collected and analyzed. Parasites were identified in 53.5% of the samples. Chelonians had a higher frequency (100%), followed by lizards (56.8%) and snakes (47.4%). The eggs/oocysts found were oxyurids (36.4%), strongylids/Kalicephalus sp. (8.1%), Eimeria sp. (5.1%), Hymenolepis spp. (5.1%), ascarids (4.0%), and Isospora sp. (2.0%). Both techniques presented the same results for each sample. The high prevalence of oxyurids, as well as of other parasites, can be explained by possible environmental contamination as these reptiles are kept in captivity. This study indicated the importance of assessing parasitic infections in reptiles in zoos, where routine coprological examinations should always be considered, as well as adequate prophylaxis.

Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens doi: 10.3390/jzbg6010011

Authors: Szabolcs Szanyi Csenge Lelle Kovács Miklós Tóth Ottó Lincz Gergely Sándor Nagy Zoltán Varga Antal Nagy

Zoos and botanical gardens have a special role in the promotion, presentation and conservation of biodiversity in urbanised environments. Additionally, they provide special habitats for alien and invasive species. The formerly used methods of biodiversity assessments (e.g., light trapping, transect counts, etc.) are mostly labour-intensive and/or not efficient enough. In the Zoo of Debrecen, the efficacy and suitability of a synthetic (FLO) and a semisynthetic (SBL) lure for this purpose were proven. The qualitative and quantitative compositions of a moderately rich moth assemblage including 52 moth species were revealed, and the appearance and population dynamics of three invasive (Helicoverpa armigera, Autographa gamma and Cydalima pespectalis) and nine harmful pest species were also recorded. The results proved that the lures tested and traps used provide an easy-to-use, standardised and relatively cheap method for Zoos and botanical gardens to assess their biodiversity even in the case of limited resources.

Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens doi: 10.3390/jzbg6010010

Authors: Kees Groot Paul Rose

Tropical forest hornbills display complex social and reproductive behaviours that make them hard to reliably and frequently breed in ex situ facilities. This study investigated potential behavioural indicators of pair compatibility for two wreathed hornbills (Rhyticeros undulatus) at ARTIS Amsterdam Royal Zoo. We focused on behaviours linked to reproductive investment, such as time spent in proximity, vocalisation, and courtship display. Through systematic observations using ZooMonitor, we recorded behavioural and enclosure use data, as well as visitor presence. Key findings revealed that the male hornbill was more active and exploratory than the female. Courtship behaviours were more frequently performed by the male bird and were positively associated with perching at elevated positions. However, this behaviour decreased when the birds were in close proximity or inactive. Visitor presence influenced enclosure use, with the hornbills preferring higher perches during peak visitor times. We conclude that behaviours such as proximity, vocalisations, and courtship displays could potentially serve as indicators of compatibility in hornbill pairs but more data across more birds are needed for validation. Finally, we advocate for enclosure designs that consider hornbills’ natural behaviours and social needs to help ex situ facilities promote an environment conducive to pair bonding.

Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens doi: 10.3390/jzbg6010009

Authors: Claire Lannoye-Hall Patricia G. Patrick

We applied social cognitive career theory and systems theory to explore the barriers that historically excluded groups face when pursuing animal care careers at U.S. zoos and aquariums. Using a mixed-methods approach, this research combines survey data (N = 592) and interviews (N = 15) from zoo and aquarium animal care staff, including zookeepers, veterinarians, and aquarists. The findings show that historically excluded groups of animal caretakers report higher levels of perceived barriers to securing zoo positions compared to White animal caretakers, particularly in career awareness, self-efficacy, mentorship, and access to internship opportunities. Statistical analyses of animal caretakers revealed a statistically significant difference between historically excluded groups and their White colleagues. Historically excluded groups experience more challenges in securing and succeeding in animal care careers. While institutional barriers did not differ significantly between groups, this study underscores the need for zoos to address systemic inequities and create more inclusive environments. These findings are critical for zoos aiming to diversify their staff and enrich their decision-making processes.

Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens doi: 10.3390/jzbg6010008

Authors: Remco A. Nederlof Sanna Sainmaa Nathalie Wissink-Argilaga Bon-Sang Koo Jaco Bakker

Vaccination constitutes one of the most important means of preventing infectious disease in captive nonhuman primates (NHPs). Vaccination protocols for NHPs vary, as they are mostly guided by institutional preference, infection pressure, local availability, and recommendations by non-peer reviewed resources. Currently, no updated literature review about vaccination options for NHP is available. Therefore, we provide a detailed overview of published vaccination options for NHP. Our findings demonstrate that, while there are often insufficient scientific data to justify their use, the core vaccines used in most NHP species confer protection against tetanus, rabies, and measles. Where information is available, efficacy expectations, adverse effects, dosages and frequency of administration are provided. We advocate that the decision to vaccinate NHP for less common diseases, for which an off-label vaccine is available, should be grounded in a comprehensive risk assessment. This assessment should consider factors specific to the individual animal, the vaccine, the housing institution, the epidemiology of the disease, and relevant regulatory and ethical considerations.

Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens doi: 10.3390/jzbg6010007

Authors: Mizue Inumaru Misa Shimizu Ayumi Shibata Koichi Murata Yukita Sato

Avian malaria has been a continuous problem in both wild and captive populations of penguins throughout the world. In Japan, where there are over 3000 captive penguins, avian malaria (by Plasmodium spp.) and haemoproteosis (by Haemoproteus spp.) have been sporadically detected throughout the country. However, no comprehensive studies have been carried out, and the national status of infection has been unknown until now. In this study, the prevalence and lineage composition of haemosporidian parasites was investigated in captive penguins throughout Japan for the first time. A total of 1203 penguins from 55 facilities were sampled from January 2010 to December 2019. Parasites were detected by nested PCR and microscopy of blood and tissue samples. The total prevalence was 7.48% for Plasmodium and 1.75% for Haemoproteus, of which some are suggested to have been acquired during the study period. The odds of infection were higher in individuals kept outdoors compared to indoors, re-confirming that exposure to vectors is one of the major factors. Additionally, the odds of death were higher in infected individuals, although differences between parasite lineages were also observed. This study provides an overview of avian malaria in penguins of Japan in the hope of guiding future studies and conservation actions in captivity.

Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens doi: 10.3390/jzbg6010006

Authors: Diego Rafael Gonzaga Ricardo Maximo Tortorelli Thaís Moreira Hidalgo de Almeida Ariane Luna Peixoto

Tacinga inamoena (K. Schum.) N.P. Taylor & Stuppy (Cactaceae, Opuntioideae) is a native Brazilian species found in the Caatinga phytogeographic domain. Although its flowers are adapted for bird pollination (ornithophily), few birds visit these plants in the ex situ collection at the Rio de Janeiro Botanical Garden. Despite this, fruit production occurs, prompting an investigation into the floral visitors and other animals interacting with T. inamoena flowers. This study aimed to identify floral visitors and quantify florivory damage to flowers in the Cacti and Succulents thematic collection. During the study, 79 flowers were monitored, along with their floral visitors and 26 instances of florivory, totaling 110 observation hours during the anthesis period. Despite recording only five hummingbird visits, a high fruit set was observed, with 72 fruits formed. Results indicated that bees of the genus Trigona sp. were the main floral visitors. Florivory damage, primarily caused by lizards of the species Tropidurus torquatus (Wied-Neuwied, 1820), did not negatively impact fruit formation in this cactus species under cultivation. To fully understand the reproductive success of this species, further studies are needed to assess the viability of seeds formed under these conditions, as the species may be self-compatible and autogamous.

Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens doi: 10.3390/jzbg6010005

Authors: Allison E. Dianis Kimberly A. Thompson Ronan Eustace Jeny Soto Carolyn Cray

The diagnostic utility and reference intervals for blood studies in Aldabra giant tortoises (Aldabrachelys gigantea) are not well described. Capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) has been evaluated in non-mammalian vertebrates and shows a higher fraction resolution and less overall variation in results than agarose gel electrophoresis. To date, the investigation of novel biomarkers has been limited in reptiles. MRP-126, a calgranulin homologue in reptiles, has not been evaluated for its diagnostic potential in tortoises. The goals of this study were to establish preliminary reference intervals for CZE protein electrophoresis and to examine MRP-126 as a potential biomarker of inflammation in Aldabra giant tortoises. In 27 clinically healthy tortoises, CZE resolved seven protein fractions. In tortoises with an inflammatory or infectious disease process (n = 4), MRP-126 concentrations and CZE fractions did not consistently increase or were abnormal. To strengthen the understanding of the diagnostic value of CZE and MRP-126 concentration in this species, future studies should evaluate a larger sample set inclusive of repeated measures of clinically abnormal tortoises as well as CZE and MRP-126 variations in regard to additional health conditions, age, sex, season, and geographic location.

Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens doi: 10.3390/jzbg6010004

Authors: Javier Almunia Marta Canchal

The SEA LIFE Trust Beluga Whale Sanctuary (BWS) has been in operation for over five years and serves as a unique case study to evaluate the effectiveness of marine sanctuaries for cetaceans. While cetacean sanctuaries are often regarded as a middle-ground solution between captivity and release, evidence from the BWS highlights complexities in adapting cetaceans to these environments. Despite initial assumptions that natural conditions would inherently improve welfare, the belugas at the BWS spent the majority of the operational period (92.6%) in a conventional indoor pool, due to health and welfare concerns. Repeated delays, challenges in acclimatization, and distress-related conditions observed during periods in the bay suggest that natural environments alone may not guarantee improved welfare. Additionally, the lack of publicly accessible data on health and welfare outcomes hinders comprehensive evaluation of the sanctuary’s success and raises questions about transparency and evidence-based practices. This review underscores the need for refined sanctuary models, improved infrastructure, and structured adaptation programs tailored to species and individual cetaceans. It highlights the importance of robust planning, ongoing research, and transparency to meet the ambitious goals of marine sanctuaries in the best interests of the well-being of cetaceans under human care. These considerations also raise concerns about the decision to relocate captive cetaceans to marine sanctuaries, as the available evidence suggests that such environments may not inherently guarantee better welfare outcomes.

Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens doi: 10.3390/jzbg6010003

Authors: Roxana Lazăr Paul-Corneliu Boișteanu Ioana Bolohan (Acornicesei) Bianca Maria Mădescu Mihaela Ivancia Mircea Lazăr

The absence of standardized reference values for wild rodent species underscores the need for comprehensive hematological and biochemical profiles. This study established robust reference intervals (RIs) for Myocastor coypus raised in captivity, analyzing 30 nutrias (10 males, 10 females, and 10 juveniles) at a private farm in northeastern Romania. Leukocyte (WBC) counts averaged 11.85 (103/µL) in males, 10.51 (103/µL) in females, and 11.63 (103/µL) in juveniles, indicating a consistent immune response. Hemoglobin was 11.81 g/dL in males, 11.97 g/dL in females, and 15.42 g/dL in juveniles, with hematocrit levels around 45%. Juveniles displayed higher MCH (38.59 pg) and MCHC (38.58 g/dL), reflecting growth-related adaptations. Platelet counts were lower in adults. Biochemical findings showed lower cholesterol (14.89 mg/dL) and higher glucose (236.26 mg/dL) in juveniles, indicating intense energy metabolism. Total proteins were significantly elevated in juveniles (33.17 g/dL). Creatinine and uric acid levels were higher in adults, although calcium exceeded reference ranges in males (12.04 mg/dL). Hepatic enzyme ALT was higher in males. These findings establish baseline health parameters for captive nutrias, aiding in monitoring and improving rearing practices.

Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens doi: 10.3390/jzbg6010002

Authors: Karen R. Archer Charlotte E. Day Jonathan M. Cracknell Thomas Lewis Rowena Killick

Anesthesia protocols in laboratory-held rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) are well described, but fewer reports exist in zoo, safari park or field environments. This study recorded and compared the level of sedation, heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), and induction and recovery times of ketamine–medetomidine (KM), ketamine–dexmedetomidine (KD) and ketamine–xylazine (KX) protocols in ninety-five safari-park-managed rhesus macaques. In total, 31 animals received the KM protocol, which included 25 mg ketamine (6.08 ± 1.54 mg/kg) and 0.15 mg medetomidine (0.04 ± 0.01 mg/kg); 33 animals received the KD protocol, which included 25 mg ketamine (6.19 ± 2.42 mg/kg) and 0.08 mg dexmedetomidine (0.02 ± 0.01 mg/kg); and 31 animals received the KX protocol, which included 50 mg ketamine (12.64 ± 3.79 mg/kg) and 1.2 mg xylazine (0.30 ± 0.09 mg/kg). Anesthesia was reversed with atipamezole. The mean bodyweight of the study population was lower than expected, so actual doses were higher than intended; no adverse effects were reported. Induction and recovery times were longer for KX than KD or KM (p < 0.05) but did not differ significantly between KD and KM (p > 0.05). HR and RR did not differ between protocols (p > 0.05). Sedation score was negatively correlated with bodyweight, and mean sedation score was lower for KX than KM or KD. KD and KM provided more rapid and reliable sedation than KX at the doses described; however, alterations in the KX dose may improve reliability.

Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens doi: 10.3390/jzbg6010001

Authors: Emily Bovee Tevon Madry Kylen N. Gartland Grace Fuller

Fecal glucocorticoid metabolites have been used to evaluate responses to stressors in captive adult polar (Ursus maritimus) and grizzly (Ursus arctos horribilis) bears. However, there is a lack of physiological information on juvenile bears in captivity that could help expand the current understanding of their development and welfare. To address these questions, we tracked fecal glucocorticoid metabolites (FGMs) and behavior for 15 months in two polar bear cubs born at the Detroit Zoo, one who was mother-reared (Astra) and one who was hand-reared (Laerke), and one rescued grizzly bear cub (Jeb) reared at the Zoo. To allow access to a social partner during key developmental stages, Laerke and Jeb were housed together for eight months. Daily opportunistic samples were analyzed for fecal cortisol metabolites using an enzyme immunoassay and compared against behavior, social proximity, and environmental data gathered from 15 min focal observations. Based on a combination of generalized linear mixed models and Wilcoxon and Kruskal–Wallis tests, we found no significant variation in mean FGMs between Astra and Laerke, but both had significantly different mean FGMs compared to Jeb. We found that Laerke had higher FGM concentrations when she spent more time engaged in all-occurrence social negative behaviors and lower FGMs when engaged in social positive behaviors. For Jeb, FGMs were lower when in social proximity and higher following separation from Laerke. These data provide novel insights into the physiological states of juvenile bears during key stages and contribute to the growing body of information on polar and grizzly bear development.

Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens doi: 10.3390/jzbg5040054

Authors: José Ángel Hernández Cándido Viña João Lozano Izaro Zubiría Miguel Baena Inês Abreu-Ramos Rami Salmo Esther Valderrábano Gustavo Pérez-Anzúrez Adolfo Paz-Silva Rodrigo Muíño Cristiana Cazapal-Monteiro María Sol Arias Mercedes Camiña

Controlling parasites in zoo animals is a significant challenge, making practical infection prevention methods essential. This study evaluated a novel solution using parasitophagous fungi-treated forage seeds to reduce soil parasite persistence. We conducted two experiments to assess the soil distribution of the fungi Mucor circinelloides (ovicidal) and Duddingtonia flagrans (larvicidal). Forage seeds were immersed in a submerged culture containing 106 spores/mL and subsequently sown in plastic trays (trial 1) and demarcated ground plots (40 × 30 cm) framed with wood (trial 2). Fifteen days later, Ascaris suum and cyathostomin eggs were placed above the germinated vegetation. After a 25–30-day period, the viability of roundworm eggs reduced by 62%, and half of them remained undeveloped; a 64% reduction in the counts of L3 cyathostomins was recorded. In trial 2, viability decreased by 55% in roundworm eggs, with an infectivity rate of 30%, while L3 counts lessened by 57%. It has been concluded that the risk of infection by ascarids and cyathostomins can be reduced by at least half by sowing the soil with forage seeds pre-treated with fungi, providing a practical solution for parasite control in zoos.

Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens doi: 10.3390/jzbg5040053

Authors: Olga V. Shelepova Maria A. Galkina Yulia K. Vinogradova

The studied introduction population of the alien North American species Amorpha fruticosa L. was formed in the Main Botanical Garden of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Moscow) 80 years ago from seeds of different geographical origin. Currently, this population consists of individuals of the second and third generations, which arose as a result of the spontaneous pollination of parental plants. It is the northernmost site of A. fruticosa growth in the secondary distribution range; in southern regions, it usually behaves like an aggressive invasive species and invades natural plant communities. A. fruticosa is known to contain a number of bioactive compounds with valuable pharmacological properties, and the aim of this study was to evaluate the biochemical composition of leaves and fruits at the northern limit of the species’ growth, since stress conditions promote active accumulation of secondary metabolites. The data on the composition of secondary metabolites, on the mineral composition, phenolic compounds, and flavonoids in the leaves and fruits of A. fruticosa, and on the amount and composition of essential oil in the extract from fruits are presented. High levels of adonitol, which is used as a sweetener in products for diabetic patients, have been reported in the fruits of A. fruticosa. α-Copaene, α-pinene, δ-cadinene, α-muurolene, and β- and α-caryophyllene predominate in the essential oil of the fruit, providing its antimicrobial activity. The phytochemical analysis of A. fruticosa from the secondary distribution range confirms the potential of this species as a valuable resource for the pharmacopoeia industry.

Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens doi: 10.3390/jzbg5040052

Authors: Jože Bavcon Katja Malovrh Maja Tomšič Blanka Ravnjak

Botanic gardens have an important role in educating people about plants. Direct contact with plants has a positive effect on the perception and understanding of plants and prevents plant blindness. In botanic gardens, pupils can learn about plants through practical work. At the Ljubljana University Botanic Gardens, educational programmes for schools have existed since 1986. Every year the Ljubljana University Botanic Gardens is visited by many different groups, from the youngest to oldest (kindergarten, primary school, graduate and professional school students, and faculties). We run around 350 guided tours for groups per year. Groups can choose either a guided tour with work sheets and workshops or they can visit the botanic gardens on their own. Most of groups are children from primary school. Ljubljana University Botanic Gardens offers programmes related to the valid school curriculum in Slovenia. Our programmes include guided tours based on level of pupils and/or practical work. The most popular time to visit is spring. But, we still have visitors in winter due to our tropical greenhouse. The most popular programme at our botanic gardens is the general tour. With our pedagogical programmes we contribute to plant knowledge, since we teach our pupils about nature.

Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens doi: 10.3390/jzbg5040051

Authors: Lara C. Metrione Terri L. Roth Yaraila Rodriguez Elizabeth W. Freeman

Nonbreeding white rhino bulls are traditionally housed individually in zoos, but space limitations require the exploration of alternative techniques. There are no studies of group-housed bulls, and the feasibility of managing a bachelor group is unknown. Six bulls (two bulls each of 3-, 5-, and 8-yr-olds) in a 3.1 ha enclosure were observed for 30 min each 2×/wk for 20–31 wks. The 3-yr-olds were relocated after the first 20 weeks. Rhino location, nearest neighbor, aggressive behaviors, and dominance interactions were recorded. There was no evidence of habitat spatial segregation. The 3- and 5-yr-olds grouped together by age; 8-yr-olds did not associate as much as younger rhinos. Aggressive vocalizations and physical aggression were infrequent (range 0–1.5/h/bull and 0–1/h/bull, respectively). Eight-year-olds displayed and received aggressive vocalizations the most; three-year-olds displayed and received physical aggression the most. After the 3-yr-olds were removed, the habitat usage and social proximity of the remaining bulls did not change. Aggressive behaviors increased, but vocalizations (range 0.18–3.1/h/bull) remained more frequent than physical aggression (range 0.18–0.73/h/bull). The highest-ranking 8-yr-old engaged in physical altercations the least. The bulls shared space, and the use of vocalizations more than physical aggression deterred injury. These findings indicate that bachelor group management is feasible in a large enclosure with young bulls.

Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens doi: 10.3390/jzbg5040050

Authors: Anisleidy Pérez Castillo Nicolas Colácio Pedro Henrique Cotrin Rodrigues João Victor Oliveira Miranda Paula Cristina Senra Lima Rafael Otávio Cançado Motta Herlandes Penha Tinoco Carlyle Mendes Coelho Júlia Angélica Gonçalves da Silveira

In captive environments, mammals are frequently exposed to various parasitic protozoa and other vector-borne pathogens that can impact both animal health and public health. Monitoring these pathogens is essential for animal welfare and zoonotic disease control. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of parasitic protozoa and other vector-borne pathogens in captive mammals through molecular detection methods at the Belo Horizonte Zoo, Brazil. Between November 2021 and March 2023, whole blood samples were collected from 40 mammals. Molecular analyses identified piroplasms, Leishmania spp., granulocytic/platelet Anaplasma/Ehrlichia spp., monocytic Ehrlichia spp., Bartonella spp. and hemotropic Mycoplasma spp. with a 72.5% positivity rate. Piroplasms were found in 22.5% (two Pantanal cats, two gorillas, one white rhinoceros, one spider monkey, one jaguar, one tufted capuchin and one hippo) and Leishmania spp. in 12.9% (four maned wolves). Granulocytic/platelet Anaplasma/Ehrlichia spp. were found in 12.5% of the samples (one gorilla and four maned wolves), Ehrlichia canis in 2.5% of the animals (one maned wolf), Bartonella spp. in 42.5% (six howler monkeys, two maned wolves, one gorilla, one white rhino, one southern tamandua, one common woolly monkey, one tufted capuchin, one brown brocket deer, one agouti, one cougar and one hippo), hemotropic Mycoplasma spp. in 17.5% (one gorilla, one maned wolf, one white rhino, one howler monkey, two common woolly monkeys and one European fallow deer). Five Artiodactyla members tested negative for A. marginale. Coinfections occurred in 34.5% of the positive samples. Sequencing revealed that Theileria spp. and Cytauxzoon spp. are closely related to Theileria bicornis and Cytauxzoon felis; Ehrlichia canis and Bartonella spp. are closely related to B. clarridgeiae and B. henselae; and hemotropic Mycoplasma spp. are closely related to Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum. Our results showed a high occurrence of vector-borne pathogens in captive animals, including zoonotic species, which may pose a risk to animal and human public health.

Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens doi: 10.3390/jzbg5040049

Authors: Irene B. Sempere Ana S. Ferreira Núria D. Baylina

Moulting is a crucial yet challenging life-history trait to study in seabirds, particularly in the wild. Public aquariums offer valuable opportunities to collect detailed data, which, although not directly transferable to wild populations, provide important insights. At Oceanário de Lisboa, six Fratercula arctica individuals were monitored over seven years to document moulting patterns. The start and end of each moult were consistently recorded around the spring and autumn equinoxes. Pre-alternate moults lasted between 17 and 73 days, while pre-basic moults ranged from 11 to 48 days, with primary moults occurring between the two. This study is the first to document an asynchrony between the primary and the pre-alternate moults in F. arctica, highlighting a previously unreported aspect of the species’ moulting process. This seven-year time series and its findings prompt a call for action for further studies in controlled conditions, to investigate this pattern under different conditions and across puffins’ life stages. Such data could be crucial for developing more effective conservation strategies for this vulnerable species. These findings emphasize the importance of continued monitoring and research on ex situ puffin populations to expand our understanding of their moulting behaviour and its implications for wild populations.

Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens doi: 10.3390/jzbg5040048

Authors: Krista Mapagha-Boundoukou Mohamed Hassani Mohamed-Djawad Neil Michel Longo-Pendy Patrice Makouloutou-Nzassi Félicien Bangueboussa Mourad Ben Said Barthélémy Ngoubangoye Larson Boundenga

Parasites and infectious diseases pose significant threats to primate populations, especially in captive non-human primates (NHPs). This study aimed to assess the diversity and prevalence of intestinal parasites in NHPs at the CIRMF Primatology Center. A total of 97 fecal samples were analyzed using parasitological techniques, including sodium chloride flotation and modified Baermann sedimentation methods. An overall parasite prevalence of 93.81% (91/97) was observed. Sixteen groups of parasites with zoonotic potential were identified, comprising ten genera of nematodes (Trichuris, Enterobius, Hookworm, Trichostrongylus, Mammomonogamus, Spirure, Oesophagostomum, Schistosoma, Ascaris, and Strongyloides), three genera of protists (Eimeria, Balantioides coli/Buxtonella, and Entamoeba), one genus of cestodes (Hymenolepis), and two genera of trematodes (Dicrocoelium and Paramphistomum). High prevalences were noted for Oesophagostomum spp. (83.5%), Strongyloides spp. (52.58%), and Trichostrongylus spp. (50.52%). These findings underscore the potential role of the CIRMF Primatology Center in maintaining and facilitating the transmission of intestinal parasites with high zoonotic potential. The co-existence of human and NHP parasites in shared environments, such as zoos and research facilities, emphasizes the need for a holistic, One Health approach that addresses the interconnected health of humans, animals, and the environment. This study highlights the urgent need for collaborative strategies to mitigate the risks of zoonotic parasite transmission between NHPs and humans in captive settings.

Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens doi: 10.3390/jzbg5040047

Authors: Ting Zhang Wei Yan Jiankang Guo

Urban botanical gardens collect, preserve, research, and utilize important regional plant resources and serve as ecologically friendly cores of development and renewal for urban organisms. Meanwhile, they offer garden landscape displays and public science education. Furthermore, biodiversity conservation has become important globally. Here, the connotation of urban botanical gardens is interpreted, the functional evolution of urban botanical gardens is examined, and the challenges of sustainably developing urban botanical gardens in the context of biodiversity conservation are analysed. Taking the Shanghai Botanical Garden as an example, the abilities of urban botanical gardens in high-density downtown areas to coexist with urban spaces and thrive along with cities—thus enhancing their five core functions of ex situ conservation, scientific research, popular science education, garden horticulture, and public service—are discussed. These discussions provide references for the sustainable development of urban botanical gardens in similarly high-density city centres.

Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens doi: 10.3390/jzbg5040046

Authors: Carlos Daniel Miranda Ferreira Juliana Ribeiro de Mattos Marcus Alberto Nadruz Coelho Massimo G. Bovini

Ex situ conservation of plants is a current and urgent issue, especially in the Brazilian context. While Brazil has the world’s highest plant diversity, few consistent initiatives are aimed at conserving the potential of our living collections toward reaching Target 8 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC). Objective II of GSPC calls for the conservation of plant diversity, with Target 8 specifying 75% of threatened plant species in ex situ collections. It was only after cataloging the collection of Malvaceae from the Rio de Janeiro Botanical Garden (JBRJ) for scientific publication that we realized the potential of this collection for ex situ conservation. With this in mind, we carefully catalog the individuals present, updating the names of species and counting their individuals. We found that Malvaceae is represented by 63 species and 216 individuals in the arboretum, 45 species native to America, 11 from Africa, 10 from Asia, and 3 from Oceania. Using IUCN criteria, only two species are threatened and two are data-deficient, with one or two individuals each. Based on these data and the specific biology of this taxonomic group, we identified the main problems and listed recommendations to make this collection more representative of the endangered taxa of the Brazilian flora. Therefore, we expect this effort to be a solid contribution to Target 8 mandated by GSPC, as well as a replicable pilot project for other taxonomic groups of Brazilian flora.

Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens doi: 10.3390/jzbg5040045

Authors: Liliya R. Bogoutdinova Olga V. Shelepova Ludmila N. Konovalova Oleg B. Tkachenko Alexander A. Gulevich Ekaterina N. Baranova Irina V. Mitrofanova

The susceptibility of seven species of chestnuts to the horse chestnut leaf miner was studied in the arboretum of the Main Botanical Garden of the Russian Academy of Sciences (MBG RAS), taking into account their interspecific characteristics. Using pheromone delta traps, the highest number of Cameraria ohridella moths was shown for Aesculus hippocastanum and the lowest for Aesculus chinensis. A number of anatomical parameters of leaves were investigated, such as the thickness of the epidermal cell wall and the thickness of the palisade and spongy parenchyma layers. As a result, it was shown that the most infected chestnut species had a greater thickness of the nutritious parenchyma tissue. No dependence was found between the degree of susceptibility to the horse chestnut leaf miner and such indicators as the content of chlorophyll a + b and carotenoids in the leaves of seven species of chestnuts. Nevertheless, resistance of different species of the genus Aesculus to Cameraria ohridella under increased tannin content in leaves has been shown. Evaluation of phenolic compounds and flavonoids has not established their reliable role as repellents. The high levels of carbohydrates found during the study contributed to increased susceptibility to the horse chestnut leaf miner.

Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens doi: 10.3390/jzbg5040044

Authors: Ricardo Lemos de Figueiredo Jackie Chappell

The scarlet macaw (Ara macao) is a charismatic species that is native to Central and South America and commonly housed in captivity. Gaps in knowledge about these birds’ behavioral ecology in the wild hinders both in situ and ex situ management and conservation efforts for this species. We conducted seventeen days of observations of free-living scarlet macaws in two locations in Costa Rica, in February 2022, with the aims of (1) advancing our knowledge of this species’ natural behavioral ecology, and (2) generating data for comparison with captive macaws to help to inform their ex situ management (e.g., enclosure design and enrichment). Routes were walked within two locations—Bosque Escondido (BE), release area for captive-bred reintroduced individuals and no extant wild population, and Punta Leona (PL), an area of natural habitat within a resort inhabited by wild scarlet macaws—and focal interval sampling of multiple scarlet macaws in a group was used to record behavior and space use. The macaws at both locations were generally active, spent most of their time high in the tree canopy, relied on climbing to move within it, and used a wide variety of supports. The macaws at PL spent significantly more time feeding and locomoting, and less time perching, than those at BE, possibly due to differences in resource availability, rearing conditions, and age. Furthermore, the wild scarlet macaws at PL exhibited a variety of foraging strategies to acquire and manipulate food items within the tree canopy, including frequent use of their feet during manipulation. Despite limitations caused by a small sample size, a short period of observations, and differences between the two populations observed, this study provides insights into the behavioral ecology of scarlet macaws in the wild, which can be used for behavioral assessments of captive macaws while informing their ex situ management, with applications to animal welfare and captive breeding programs.

Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens doi: 10.3390/jzbg5040043

Authors: Mariana S. Panayotova-Pencheva

There are numerous challenges associated with helminth control in captive animals. The aim of the present paper is to provide an overview of the research on deworming of captive herbivorous mammals, the associated problems and the solutions sought, in order to derive recommendations for practice in the relevant institutions. The research was conducted by searching electronic internet databases and following the bibliographies in the published articles. The articles found are presented in summarized form. Most of the results relate to herbivores of the family Bovidae, followed by the families Cervidae, Equidae, Elephantidae, Camelidae and Giraffidae. Systematic data are presented on the types of anthelmintics used, dosages and application regimens for different animal species. Anthelmintics were administered at doses similar to or even higher than those used in farm animals, with no evidence of side effects. Treatment results often depended on the animal and parasite species. Incomplete cure, reinfection, and resistance to anthelmintics were the most common problems in the field. Based on the literature reviewed, the optimal prevention measures include the following: quarantine of newly arrived animals; daily or as intensive as possible cleaning of droppings; regular change of substrate in the enclosures; and monitoring of possible infections and their qualitative and quantitative composition (monthly or at least every two months). For treatments and monitoring effectiveness, recommendations include the following: individual assessment of the need for treatment; selective choice of anthelmintics; post-treatment examination between the 10th and 14th day after deworming; carrying out a group treatment after a preliminary drug effect test; conducting mass deworming only in case of a significant increase in fecal egg counts, highly pathogenic helminth species and a deterioration in the condition of the animals. In the future, more attention should be paid to new approaches such as biological control by saprophytic fungi or natural compounds as an alternative to anthelmintics. This would help minimize the use of anthelmintics, protect refugia and allow animals to remain healthy by maintaining a balance with the low levels of parasites present.

Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens doi: 10.3390/jzbg5040042

Authors: Javier Almunia María Fernández-Maquieira Melvin Flores

This study highlights the potential of aquariums as research platforms for bioacoustic research. Aquariums provide access to a wide variety of fish species, offering unique opportunities to characterize their acoustic features in controlled settings. In particular, we present a preliminary description of the acoustic characteristics of Myripristis jacobus, a soniferous species in the Holocentridae family, within a controlled environment at a zoological facility in the Canary Islands, Spain. Using two HydroMoth 1.0 hydrophones, we recorded vocalizations of the blackbar soldierfish in a glass tank, revealing a pulsed sound type with a peak frequency around 355 Hz (DS 64), offering a more precise characterization than previously available. The vocalizations exhibit two distinct patterns: short sequences with long pulse intervals and fast pulse trains with short inter-pulse intervals. Despite some limitations, this experimental setup highlights the efficacy of cost-effective methodologies in public aquariums for initial bioacoustic research. These findings contribute to the early stages of acoustic characterization of coastal fishes in the western central Atlantic, emphasizing the value of passive acoustic monitoring for ecological assessments and conservation efforts. Moreover, this study opens new avenues for considering the acoustic environment as a crucial factor in the welfare of captive fish, an aspect that has largely been overlooked in aquarium management.

Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens doi: 10.3390/jzbg5040041

Authors: Remco A. Nederlof Linda G. R. Bruins-van Sonsbeek Job B. G. Stumpel Jaco Bakker

Reproductive success in captive non-human primates (NHPs) has increased the demand for safe, effective, and reversible population control methods. This review provides an overview of the current literature on hormonal and non-hormonal contraceptives as reproductive control methods in NHPs. Where available, behavioral and welfare implications, as well as drug efficacy, reversibility, and associated adverse effects, are considered. However, a paucity of data exists for NHPs, particularly in regard to non-hormonal contraceptives, emphasizing the need for institutions to share their experiences with reproductive management techniques in the species under their care.

Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens doi: 10.3390/jzbg5040040

Authors: Milana Čurčić Tijana Narandžić Biljana Božanić Tanjga Milica Grubač Magdalena Pušić Devai Veljko Šarac Mirjana Ljubojević

Specialized botanical gardens such as a rose garden, or rosarium, play a significant role due to their multifunctional nature surpassing simple gene bank assembly. Thus, this study conducted a detailed analysis of a rose garden through field and desk research, SWOT analysis, and ecosystem services assessment, aiming to determine the major strengths and opportunities, as well as weaknesses and threats that can promote or constrain the establishment of the first national rosarium in Serbia. After the analysis, the need for complete green area reconstruction arose to achieve both attractiveness and usefulness. Featuring old varieties, wild species, and companies’ own specific rose collections, the proposed garden has the potential to contribute major ecosystem services reflected in environmental, societal, and economic purposes. Owing to the uniqueness of the breeding program and collections created in the past decade, specific thematic parts—open field or greenhouse classroom, ‘roses under the glass bell’, abundant river flow, pollinators’ shelter, taste garden, and scent garden—are envisaged in the future exemplary rosarium that would not be only a classroom but a showroom for interested nurseries, small-scale functional food producers, flower shops, or amateur gardeners that would become aware of new cultivars and expand their marketing and utilization.

Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens doi: 10.3390/jzbg5040039

Authors: Bruno Coutinho Kurtz Thaís Moreira Hidalgo de Almeida Marcus Alberto Nadruz Coelho Lara Serpa Jaegge Deccache Ricardo Maximo Tortorelli Diego Rafael Gonzaga Louise Klein Madureira Ramon Guedes-Oliveira Claudia Franca Barros Marinez Ferreira de Siqueira

The rapid urbanization process in recent decades has altered the carbon cycle and exacerbated the impact of climate change, prompting many cities to develop tree planting and green area preservation as mitigation and adaptation measures. While numerous studies have estimated the carbon stocks of urban trees in temperate and subtropical cities, data from tropical regions, including tropical botanic gardens, are scarce. This study aimed to quantify the aboveground biomass and carbon (AGB and AGC, respectively) stocks in trees at the Rio de Janeiro Botanical Garden arboretum, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Our survey included 6793 stems with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 10 cm. The total AGB was 8047 ± 402 Mg, representing 4024 ± 201 Mg of AGC. The AGB density was 207 ± 10 Mg·ha−1 (AGC = 104 ± 5 Mg·ha−1), which is slightly lower than the density stored in Brazil’s main forest complexes, the Atlantic and Amazon forests, but much higher than in many cities worldwide. Our results suggest that, in addition to their global importance for plant conservation, tropical botanic gardens could function as significant carbon sinks within the urban matrix.

Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens doi: 10.3390/jzbg5040038

Authors: Max Norman Sabrina Brando

Conservation and animal wellbeing are two key goals of the modern zoo and aquarium. In the case of ex situ conservation breeding programs, there is a unique paradox between these concepts; on some occasions, facilities must balance and mitigate arising conflicts between the wellbeing of animals with the goals of the conservation project. Exerting control over the reproductive lives of animals—choosing when and where they breed, whom they breed with, whether breeding is prohibited altogether, and so on—results in an inherent reduction in the animal’s agency. Considering the growing recognition that providing choice and control to animals enhances wellbeing, it is essential to examine how populations and their breeding are managed. The present review presents challenges in supporting agency for animals bred ex situ by thoroughly exploring the practical realities of working with these animals. Various challenges and areas of consideration, including current research directions, suggestions for future practices, and opportunities moving forward, are highlighted. The importance of careful population management in maximising wellbeing, including the inherent dichotomy of the necessity to limit some reproductive autonomy to preserve animal wellbeing while meeting the needs of breeding programs.

Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens doi: 10.3390/jzbg5040037

Authors: Mia C. Y. Harris Heidi Frazier Sean Mayall Alexandra D. Frey Sarah A. Boyle

Environmental enrichment can provide captive animals with stimuli that increase physical and mental activity. We investigated the extent to which a novel enrichment item, defined as enrichment that individuals have never experienced prior to the study, engages captive cownose stingrays (Rhinoptera bonasus). We hypothesized that stingray interactions with the enrichment item are associated with the novelty of the enrichment item (i.e., time since presentation of the enrichment item, number of weeks exposed to the enrichment), the presence of food, and the number of human visitors at the stingray exhibit. The novelty of the enrichment item and the presence of food were most strongly associated with stingray interactions with the enrichment item. Although stingrays engaged with the enrichment throughout a 5-week period, interactions decreased as the amount of time the enrichment item remained in the water increased during a 60 min period and interactions decreased as the weeks progressed. Furthermore, stingrays had increased interactions when food was present inside the enrichment item. The number of human visitors had a weaker association with stingray interactions with the enrichment item, but during the food-based trials, there were increased interactions with the enrichment when more visitors were present. Our findings suggest that variation in enrichment routines (to maintain novelty) and variation in an enrichment item’s use of food may help continue engagement with enrichment items.

Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens doi: 10.3390/jzbg5040036

Authors: Anna Beatrice Costantini Gale Glendewar Sara Fontani Stefano Vaglio

The Alaotran gentle lemur (Hapalemur alaotrensis) is one of the world’s most endangered primates and shows low success rates in captive breeding programmes. This study tested biologically relevant scent enrichment using two synthesised mixtures likely to convey information about female fertility on the behaviour of three unsuccessful breeding pairs in captivity. Specifically, we compared the baseline and enrichment periods by combining behavioural observations (n = 240 h) with faecal endocrinology (n = 80 samples), focussing on cortisol and testosterone measurements via enzyme immunoassay techniques. Then, we tested two different mixtures to assess potential behavioural differences and evaluate the effectiveness of olfactory enrichment using scented and unscented cotton strips. Olfactory behaviours differed by sex and enrichment conditions, with both sexes exhibiting increased behaviours during enrichment compared to the baseline. Sexual behaviours increased during the enrichment period, with variations in frequency between males and females depending on the condition. No significant changes were observed in faecal cortisol levels. However, one male showed a significant increase in testosterone during the second enrichment mixture. Nevertheless, overall differences between baseline and enrichment were not significant. Our findings suggest that while the scent enrichment showed limited effectiveness, biologically meaningful scents may trigger species-specific behaviours.

Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens doi: 10.3390/jzbg5030035

Authors: Haley N. Beer Dustin T. Yates Trenton C. Shrader Ty B. Schmidt

Strategically enriching the environment of zoo felids to encourage innate behaviors is essential to good welfare. To investigate how engagement differs among sensory-based enrichment, six items representing tactile (firehose log, Jolly Eggs), visual (mirror, movie), and olfactory (cinnamon, cologne) sensory categories were offered to three adult cheetah siblings. Each item was offered four times: twice during daytime hours and twice overnight (≥5 h/occasion). Static video monitoring was used to investigate engagement frequency and duration for each item and to observe grooming behaviors. Cheetahs engaged with visual enrichment more frequently (p < 0.05) and for greater (p < 0.05) periods than other items. Allogrooming occurred most frequently (p < 0.05) when the movie was provisioned at night. Tactile enrichment was only modestly engaged, with fewer but longer engagements (p < 0.05) at nighttime than at daytime. Autogrooming frequency did not vary among enrichment items but was greater (p < 0.05) at night than day. These findings showed that zoo cheetah responses to sensory enrichment items differed based on type and time of day. Visual stimuli were favored, whereas olfactory stimuli were generally ignored. This illustrates the benefit of diverse sensory-specific enrichment strategies. Such dynamic strategies can help overcome the challenge of individual preferences to encourage engagement reflective of the animal’s natural behaviors.