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Diagnosis of Skin Cancer: From the Researcher Bench to the Patient Bedside

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A special issue of Journal of Clinical Medicine (ISSN 2077-0383). This special issue belongs to the section "Dermatology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (27 February 2024) | Viewed by 31142

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Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Péter Holló

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Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Dermatooncology, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
Interests: melanoma; dermatooncology; quality of life; systemic treatment; immunotherapy
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Dr. Norbert Kiss

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Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Dermatooncology, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
Interests: dermatology; skin cancer; imaging; multiphoton microscopy; high-frequency ultrasound
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Dr. András Bánvölgyi

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Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Dermatooncology, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
Interests: dermatology; basal cell carcinoma; dermatosurgery; teledermatology; artificial intelligence
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Zsuzsanna Lengyel

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Guest Editor

Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Oncodermatology, University of Pécs, H-7632 Pécs, Hungary
Interests: dermatology; melanoma; oncodermatology; circadian clocks; dermoscopy
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We are pleased to invite you to contribute original articles, communications and review papers to be published in our Special Issue entitled “Diagnosis of Skin Cancer: From the Researcher Bench to the Patient Bedside” in Journal of Clinical Medicine, which is now open for submissions.

The overall incidence and prevalence of skin cancer has shown a significant increase worldwide in the last several decades. While melanoma accounts for about 80% of all skin-cancer-related deaths, non-melanoma skin cancers are the most common malignancies in fair-skinned populations.

This Special Issue will focus on the latest updates in diagnostic approaches for skin cancer, including various biomarkers, diagnostic devices and imaging techniques (dermoscopy, optical coherence tomography, high-frequency ultrasound, reflectance confocal microscopy, etc.). New concepts on early detection, genomic and molecular testing, and approaches guiding initial treatment decision and the monitoring of skin cancer therapy are also within the scope. The use of artificial intelligence to enhance the diagnostic capabilities of the previously mentioned imaging techniques and devices is also welcomed. Teledermatology, alone or in combination with artificial intelligence, is also a rapidly developing technology that has a key role in the early diagnosis of skin cancer; therefore it is also included.

Basic, translational and clinical research are equally highly welcome to this Special Issue.

Prof. Dr. Péter Holló
Dr. Norbert Kiss
Dr. András Bánvölgyi
Dr. Zsuzsanna Lengyel
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Journal of Clinical Medicine is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

dermatology
skin cancer
diagnosis
melanoma
imaging
artificial intelligence
dermoscopy

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Published Papers (13 papers)

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Editorial

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3 pages, 194 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Diagnosis of Skin Cancer: From the Researcher Bench to the Patient’s Bedside

by Péter Holló, Zsuzsanna Lengyel, András Bánvölgyi and Norbert Kiss

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(6), 1523; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13061523 - 7 Mar 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1302

Abstract

The overall incidence and prevalence of skin cancer have shown a significant increase worldwide in the last several decades [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis of Skin Cancer: From the Researcher Bench to the Patient Bedside)

Research

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10 pages, 224 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Use of Dermoscopy among Greek Dermatologists in Everyday Clinical Practice: A National Questionnaire-Based Study

by Dimitrios Sgouros, Eleni Routsi, Athina Evangelodimou, Aimilios Lallas, Zoe Apalla, Dimitrios K. Arvanitis, Georgia Pappa, Elizabeth Lazaridou, Christina Fotiadou, Georgios Evangelou, Georgios Chaidemenos, Dimitrios Ioannides, Ioannis Barkis, Konstantinos Liopyris, Electra Nicolaidou, Sofia Theotokoglou, Anna Syrmali, Alexander Stratigos, Dimitrios Rigopoulos and Alexander Katoulis

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(4), 972; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13040972 - 8 Feb 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2422

Abstract

Background: Dermatoscopy has been established as an important diagnostic tool for a wide range of skin diseases. This study aims to evaluate the use of dermatoscopy in clinical practice among Greek dermatologists. Methods: A nationwide questionnaire-based survey was conducted collecting data on the frequency of dermatoscopic examinations, the types of lesions examined, training and educational resources, as well as factors influencing the choice to incorporate dermatoscopy into daily clinical routines. Results: A total of 366 Greek dermatologists participated in the survey. Most of the respondents reported the daily use of dermatoscopy in their practice. Pigmented and non-pigmented lesions, inflammatory diseases, cutaneous infectious, hair disorders, and nail lesions were the most common indications for dermatoscopy. Factors influencing the utilization of dermatoscopy included increased diagnostic accuracy, enhanced patient care, better patient communication and general compliance, and improved satisfaction among dermatologists. Conclusions: This national questionnaire-based study demonstrates that dermatoscopy has become an integral part of daily dermatological practice in Greece. The findings highlight the significance of structured training and education to promote dermoscopy’s effective and routine use. Incorporating dermatoscopy into clinical practice not only improves diagnostic precision but also enhances patient care, contributing to the overall quality of dermatological services in Greece. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis of Skin Cancer: From the Researcher Bench to the Patient Bedside)

14 pages, 1565 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Lower Lip Reconstruction after Skin Cancer Excision: A Tailored Algorithm for Elderly Patients

by Raffaele Russo, Paola Pentangelo, Alessandra Ceccaroni, Luigi Losco and Carmine Alfano

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(2), 554; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13020554 - 18 Jan 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2563

Abstract

Background: Lower lip reconstruction is crucial to restore oral integrity post-cancer excision. A perfect balance between form and function should be achieved. With an aging demographic, adapting surgical methods to meet the unique needs of the elderly becomes imperative. Our study aims to introduce a specialized algorithm for lower lip reconstruction; it was tailored to geriatric patients and emphasized the use of “simpler flaps”. Additionally, “Pearls and Pitfalls” were provided for surgeons approaching lower lip reconstruction. Methods: Between January 2018 and June 2021, a retrospective study was carried out. Data collection included patient demographics, defect attributes, reconstructive approaches, flap viability assessment, wound healing, and complications. The follow-up was carried out for a period of a minimum of 6 months. Results: Among 78 patients, squamous cell carcinoma predominated with a mean defect area of 3308 cm². Postoperative complications were recorded in two patients. All patients reported sensory restoration and overall satisfaction at the 6-month follow-up; secondary procedures were not necessary. Conclusion: Our reconstructive algorithm, focused on elderly patients, prioritizes less invasive reconstructive techniques and introduces innovative modifications to the established methods to achieve both aesthetic and functional outcomes with a low complication rate. In patients undergoing lower lip reconstruction, the subjective microstomia was found to be less relevant than the objective microstomia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis of Skin Cancer: From the Researcher Bench to the Patient Bedside)

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13 pages, 939 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Combining Biomarkers for the Diagnosis of Metastatic Melanoma

by Tünde Várvölgyi, Eszter Anna Janka, István Szász, Viktória Koroknai, Tünde Toka-Farkas, Imre Lőrinc Szabó, Beatrix Ványai, Andrea Szegedi, Gabriella Emri and Margit Balázs

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(1), 174; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13010174 - 28 Dec 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3207

Abstract

The early detection of melanoma relapse can improve patient survival; thus, there is a great need for easily accessible biomarkers that facilitate the diagnosis of metastatic disease. We investigated the diagnostic effect of blood biomarkers such as lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), S100B, and osteopontin in the detection of metastases. Clinical data and peripheral blood samples of 206 melanoma patients were collected (no metastasis, N = 120; metastasis, N = 86). The discriminative power of blood biomarkers, patient demographics, and clinicopathological parameters of primary melanomas were evaluated using univariate and multivariate logistic regression models and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis to determine the area under the curve (AUC). Plasma osteopontin levels showed a significant and independent effect on the probability of metastasis, similar to serum S100B levels. In addition, the location of the primary tumor on the lower extremities and the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) categories pT2b-3a, pT3b-4a, and pT4b were associated with the diagnosis of metastasis. Importantly, the combination of the three blood biomarkers and primary tumor localization and AJCC pT category yielded excellent discrimination (AUC: training set: 0.803; validation set: 0.822). In conclusion, plasma osteopontin can be classified as a melanoma biomarker; moreover, by combining clinicopathological prognostic variables, the diagnostic effect of blood biomarkers in the detection of metastatic melanoma can be improved. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis of Skin Cancer: From the Researcher Bench to the Patient Bedside)

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14 pages, 760 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prognostic Outcomes of Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients: A Retrospective Comparative Cohort Study

by Rafael Salido-Vallejo, Lourdes Escribano-Castillo, Javier Antoñanzas, Claudia Roldán-Córdoba, Antonio Velez and Leyre Aguado-Gil

J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12(24), 7619; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12247619 - 11 Dec 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1692

Abstract

Introduction: Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is the second most common cutaneous neoplasm, and its incidence is on the rise. While most cSCCs have an excellent prognosis, certain risk factors, especially immunosuppression, have been associated with higher rates of local recurrence (LR), metastasis, and poor prognosis. This study aims to assess the risk factors for LR and metastasis development in cSCC among solid organ transplant recipients (SOTRs) and compare these rates with those in immunocompetent patients. Materials and Methods: A retrospective observational study included cSCC cases from the University Hospital Reina Sofía in Córdoba, Spain, between 2002 and 2019. Demographic, clinical, and histopathological data were collected. Local recurrence and metastasis rates were analyzed, along with progression-free survival. Univariate analyses were performed to identify prognostic factors in SOTRs. Results: Among 849 cSCC cases, we found higher rates of local recurrence and metastasis in tumors developed by SOTRs compared to those in immunocompetent individuals. However, no significant differences in local recurrence, metastasis, or progression-free survival were observed between the two groups. Risk factors for adverse outcomes in SOTRs included tumor size > 2 cm, depth > 4 mm, and a higher Clark level. A total of 34.4% of SOTRs developed a second primary cSCC during the follow-up. Conclusions: In our study, cSCCs in SOTRs did not exhibit statistically significant differences in the rates of adverse outcomes compared to immunocompetent patients. The prognosis of cSCCs in SOTRs may be more related to other tumor-dependent risk factors than to the immunosuppression status itself. Future studies are needed to refine risk stratification and follow-up protocols to ensure the optimal management of high-risk cSCC cases, particularly among immunosuppressed patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis of Skin Cancer: From the Researcher Bench to the Patient Bedside)

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12 pages, 1188 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Aquaporin 1, Aquaporin 8, and Aquaporin 9 Expressions in Malignant Melanoma: A Possible Correlation with Prognosis and Clinical Outcome

by Lara Camillo, Elia Esposto, Laura Cristina Gironi, Chiara Airoldi, Shahd Abdullah Alhamed, Renzo Luciano Boldorini, Elisa Zavattaro and Paola Savoia

J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12(22), 7137; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12227137 - 16 Nov 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1458

Abstract

Aquaporins (AQPs) are small transmembrane proteins able to facilitate the passive transport of water and small molecules throughout cells. Several studies have demonstrated that modulation of AQPs’ expression contributes to cancer development and progression. However, to date, very little is known about their involvement in malignant melanoma (MM) progression. In this retrospective observational study, we evaluated the correlation between AQP1, -8, and -9 expression and the clinical outcomes of 58 patients diagnosed with MM from 2014 to 2016, of which 14 were diagnosed as nodular melanoma (NM) and 44 as superficial spreading melanoma (SSM). In general, we found that AQPs were more highly expressed in SSM than NM, suggesting a potential correlation with prognosis. While analyzing the expression of each AQP, we discovered that AQP1 was associated with a specific body site and low mitotic index, AQP8 with a negative sentinel lymph node, and AQP9 with the Breslow thickness and lack of ulcerations. Together with the survival analysis performed in this study, our results suggest that the expression of AQP1, -8, and -9 could be correlated with a better prognosis for malignant melanoma. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis of Skin Cancer: From the Researcher Bench to the Patient Bedside)

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14 pages, 2565 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optically Guided High-Frequency Ultrasound to Differentiate High-Risk Basal Cell Carcinoma Subtypes: A Single-Centre Prospective Study

by Szabolcs Bozsányi, Mehdi Boostani, Klára Farkas, Phyllida Hamilton-Meikle, Noémi Nóra Varga, Boglárka Szabó, Flóra Vasanits, Enikő Kuroli, Fanni Adél Meznerics, Kende Lőrincz, Péter Holló, András Bánvölgyi, Norbert M. Wikonkál, Gyorgy Paragh and Norbert Kiss

J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12(21), 6910; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12216910 - 3 Nov 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4128

Abstract

Background: Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common type of skin cancer in the Caucasian population. Currently, invasive biopsy is the only way of establishing the histological subtype (HST) that determines the treatment options. Our study aimed to evaluate whether optically guided high-frequency ultrasound (OG-HFUS) imaging could differentiate aggressive HST BCCs from low-risk tumors. Methods: We conducted prospective clinical and dermoscopic examinations of BCCs, followed by 33 MHz OG-HFUS imaging, surgical excision, and a histological analysis. We enrolled 75 patients with 78 BCCs. In total, 63 BCCs were utilized to establish a novel OG-HFUS risk classification algorithm, while 15 were employed for the validation of this algorithm. The mean age of the patients was 72.9 ± 11.2 years. Histology identified 16 lesions as aggressive HST (infiltrative or micronodular subtypes) and 47 as low-risk HST (superficial or nodular subtypes). To assess the data, we used a one-sided Fisher’s exact test for a categorical analysis and a Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy. Results: OG-HFUS distinguished aggressive BCC HSTs by their irregular shape (p < 0.0001), ill-defined margins (p < 0.0001), and non-homogeneous internal echoes (p = 0.004). We developed a risk-categorizing algorithm that differentiated aggressive HSTs from low-risk HSTs with a higher sensitivity (82.4%) and specificity (91.3%) than a combined macroscopic and dermoscopic evaluation (sensitivity: 40.1% and specificity: 73.1%). The positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV, respectively) for dermoscopy were 30.2% and 76.8%, respectively. In comparison, the OG-HFUS-based algorithm demonstrated a PPV of 94.7% and an NPV of 78.6%. We verified the algorithm using an independent image set, n = 15, including 12 low-risk and 3 high-risk (high-risk) with two blinded evaluators, where we found a sensitivity of 83.33% and specificity of 91.66%. Conclusions: Our study shows that OG-HFUS can identify aggressive BCC HSTs based on easily identifiable morphological parameters, supporting early therapeutic decision making. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis of Skin Cancer: From the Researcher Bench to the Patient Bedside)

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12 pages, 873 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Real-World Experience with Cemiplimab Treatment for Advanced Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma—A Retrospective Single-Center Study

by Daniella Kuzmanovszki, Norbert Kiss, Béla Tóth, Veronika Tóth, József Szakonyi, Kende Lőrincz, Judit Hársing, Enikő Kuroli, Eleonóra Imrédi, Tünde Kerner, Mihály Patyánik, Norbert M. Wikonkál, Ákos Szabó, Valentin Brodszky, Fanni Rencz and Péter Holló

J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12(18), 5966; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12185966 - 14 Sep 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1616

Abstract

Background: The systemic treatment of advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) has seen significant developments in recent years. The anti-PD1 inhibitor cemiplimab has demonstrated efficacy in clinical trials, but real-world data are still limited. Here, we aimed to evaluate the efficacy and the safety of cemiplimab in a real-world clinical setting. Methods: A retrospective analysis was carried out for all patients who received at least two doses of cemiplimab at our department between February 2020 and January 2023. Progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), the objective response rate (ORR), the disease control rate (DCR) and adverse events (AEs) were evaluated. Results: Twenty-five patients were included with a median age of 78 (65–82) years. The median treatment duration was 48 (16–72) weeks. Five (20%) patients were immunocompromised. Sixteen patients (64%) developed AEs, including 36% serious AEs (SAEs) of grade ≥ 3. Six patients (24%) were withdrawn from treatment due to the occurrence of AEs. Among the 25 patients, 52% showed an objective response (3 complete and 10 partial responses), 76% had controlled disease and 24% experienced progression. Among the five immunocompromised patients, the ORR was 60%, while the DCR was 80%. Conclusions: This retrospective real-world study revealed that locally advanced or metastatic cSCC could be effectively treated with cemiplimab even in elderly, polymorbid and immunocompromised patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis of Skin Cancer: From the Researcher Bench to the Patient Bedside)

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8 pages, 543 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multicenter Retrospective Andalusian Study of the Use of Sonidegib for the Treatment of Local Advanced Basal Cell Carcinoma in Real Clinical Practice

by Ricardo Ruiz-Villaverde, Enrique Herrera-Acosta, Andres Ruiz de Casas, Isabel M. Villegas-Romero, Fátima G. Moreno-Suárez, Francisco Vílchez-Márquez, Manuel Galán-Gutiérrez, Maria Carmen Vázquez-Bayo, Sandra Cases-Mérida and Francisco M. Almazán-Fernández

J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12(17), 5631; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12175631 - 29 Aug 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1680

Abstract

Introduction: Locally advanced basal cell carcinoma (LA-BCC) is defined as that BCC in which there is radiological confirmation of invasion of certain neighboring structures in depth and also, usually, a BCC that is of a sufficient size and invasion (although there is no radiological demonstration of deep invasion) in which surgery and radiotherapy are not adequate, are insufficient or are contraindicated to achieve the cure of the tumor, either due to characteristics of the tumor itself or of the patient. Sonidegib is indicated for the treatment of adult patients with locally advanced basal cell carcinoma that is not amenable to curative surgery or radiotherapy. Material and methods: This is a retrospective, multicenter and descriptive study in nine centers in Andalusia, Spain. Patients treated with sonidegib for >3 months for locally advanced BCC were included from 1 January 2021 to 1 January 2023. Epidemiological, efficacy and safety data were collected. Results: In the present study, a total of 38 patients were included, with a median age of 76.23 years (range 40–101). Prior treatment was surgery (31.57%; n = 25), radiotherapy (15.78%; n = 6), vismodegib (31.57%; n = 12). Eleven patients had not received prior treatment. LA-BCC were located in the cephalic pole, face or scalp. There was a total response in 9/38 patients (23.7%), partial response in 25/38 patients (65.8%) and no response in 4 patients (10.52%). In 6/34 patients, the dose was reduced to 200 mg every other day until it was discontinued due to adverse effects. The main adverse effects reported were dysgeusia (n = 8), asthenia (n = 8), = 6), muscle spasms (n = 6), alopecia (n = 4) and gastrointestinal intolerance (n = 4). Discussion: Sonidegib is the second iHh authorized for the treatment of adult patients with locally advanced BCC who are not amenable to curative surgery or radiotherapy, based on the results of the phase II clinical trial, BOLT. Sonidegib shows good effectiveness and an acceptable safety profile in routine clinical practice in the sample presented. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis of Skin Cancer: From the Researcher Bench to the Patient Bedside)

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11 pages, 2460 KiB

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Challenges in the Complex Management of Neglected Cutaneous Melanomas in the Head and Neck Area: A Single Center Experience

by Péter Lázár, Edit Tóth Molnár, Balázs Bende, Gábor Vass, Eszter Baltás, Róbert Paczona, Erika Varga, József Piffkó, Lajos Kemény, Judit Oláh and Erika Gabriella Kis

J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12(5), 1910; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12051910 - 28 Feb 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1849

Abstract

Familiar controversies in the management of head and neck melanomas are more remarkable in locally advanced cases, and they represent a treatment challenge both surgically and oncologically. In our retrospective study, patients with surgically treated primary malignant melanoma of the head and neck region larger than 3 cm in diameter were included. Five patients met our inclusion criteria. In all cases, wide excision and immediate reconstruction were performed without sentinel lymph node biopsy. The defect on the scalp was covered by a split skin graft, with local flaps chosen for reconstruction on the face on an individual basis. After a 2–6 year follow-up, a good oncological, functional, and esthetic result was achieved. Our results show that in the case of large, locally advanced melanomas, surgical treatment still plays a crucial role that can provide long-term local control and support the effect of systemic treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis of Skin Cancer: From the Researcher Bench to the Patient Bedside)

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6 pages, 870 KiB

Open AccessArticle

PRAME Immuno-Expression in Cutaneous Sebaceous Carcinoma: A Single Institutional Experience

by Gerardo Cazzato, Anna Colagrande, Giuseppe Ingravallo, Teresa Lettini, Angela Filoni, Francesca Ambrogio, Domenico Bonamonte, Miriam Dellino, Carmelo Lupo, Nadia Casatta, Leonardo Resta, Eugenio Maiorano, Eliano Cascardi and Andrea Marzullo

J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(23), 6936; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11236936 - 24 Nov 2022

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 2442

Abstract

Background: In recent years, great research interest has been directed to the diagnostic, therapeutic and marker role of Preferentially expressed Antigen in Melanoma (PRAME) in the setting of various human neoplasms. Although it has been extensively studied mainly in the differential diagnosis setting of melanocytic pigmented lesions, still very few papers have analyzed the usefulness or otherwise of PRAME in the context of other non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSC). (2) Methods: In this paper, we report the data of our experience of 21 cases of sebaceous carcinoma (SC) classified in the three WHO grade and collected in the period between January 2005 and 31 October 2022, on which immunostaining for PRAME was performed; Non-parametric Mann–Whitney test for non-normally distributed values was performed. A comparison was made of the means between the three study groups (grade I, II and III). A value of p ≤ 0.05 was set as statistically significant (3) Results: Only seven cases (33.3%) were positive with an immunoscore of 2+/3+ for intensity and 1+/2+ for percentage cells positivity, while 14 cases (66.6%) were totally or nearly totally negative for PRAME with a few of sebaceous-like cells positive with an immunoscore of 1+. Eight cases of SC grade I were immunostaining for PRAME, a level of the cytoplasm of foci of sebaceous differentiation with a significant statical value (p < 0.0001) with respect to ten cases of SC grade II; furthermore, the eight cases of grade I were positive for PRAME in the same areas respect the 3 cases of SC grade III (p = 0.0303). There were no statistical significance between the 10 cases of grade II and 3 cases of grade III (p = 0.2028); (4) Conclusions: PRAME not seems to add particular information in the case of histopathological diagnostics of SC where other markers, including adipophylline, can be quite indicative. It seems, on the other hand, that PRAME can be useful in the subclassification setting of sebaceous carcinoma in grades I–II–III according to the directives of the latest WHO 2018, highlighting the foci of mature sebaceous differentiation most present in grades 1–2 and almost completely absent in grade 3 of the SC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis of Skin Cancer: From the Researcher Bench to the Patient Bedside)

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Review

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23 pages, 743 KiB

Open AccessReview

From Vibrations to Visions: Raman Spectroscopy’s Impact on Skin Cancer Diagnostics

by Charlotte Delrue, Reinhart Speeckaert, Matthijs Oyaert, Sander De Bruyne and Marijn M. Speeckaert

J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12(23), 7428; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12237428 - 30 Nov 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3384

Abstract

Raman spectroscopy, a non-invasive diagnostic technique capturing molecular vibrations, offers significant advancements in skin cancer diagnostics. This review delineates the ascent of Raman spectroscopy from classical methodologies to the forefront of modern technology, emphasizing its precision in differentiating between malignant and benign skin tissues. Our study offers a detailed examination of distinct Raman spectroscopic signatures found in skin cancer, concentrating specifically on squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, and melanoma, across both in vitro and in vivo research. The discussion extends to future possibilities, spotlighting enhancements in portable Raman instruments, the adoption of machine learning for spectral data refinement, and the merging of Raman imaging with other diagnostic techniques. The review culminates by contemplating the broader implications of these advancements, suggesting a trajectory that may significantly optimize the accuracy and efficiency of skin cancer diagnostics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis of Skin Cancer: From the Researcher Bench to the Patient Bedside)

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Other

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8 pages, 11319 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Tattoo-Associated Skin Reaction in a Melanoma Patient Receiving B-RAF and MEK Inhibitors: A Case Report with an Emphasis on Etiopathogenic and Histological Features

by Silvia Baratta, Gerardo Cazzato, Caterina Foti, Giuseppe Ingravallo, Lucia Lospalluti, Carmelo Laface, Raffaele Filotico and Francesca Ambrogio

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(2), 321; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13020321 - 6 Jan 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2139

Abstract

Tattoo-associated cutaneous reactions have become quite frequent given the increasing percentage of tattooed subjects globally and also in Italy. On the other hand, the increasing use of target therapy is showing the ability of these drugs to affect the immune system and also cause adverse tattoo-related reactions. In this paper, we report a case of a 42-year-old patient with stage-IIID melanoma undergoing treatment with Dabrafenib and Trametinib. The patient reported erythema, oedema and scaling in areas of the body containing a black tattoo, and, conversely, no signs and/or symptoms in areas with tattoos of a different color. Histopathological and immunohistochemical features indicated a lympho-histiocytic reaction with a granulomatous morphology, mainly distributed around the vessels and hair adnexa. By discussing the cases reported in the literature prior to ours, we concluded and provided the possible indications of the pathogenesis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis of Skin Cancer: From the Researcher Bench to the Patient Bedside)

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