Journal of Clinical Medicine

Editorial

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4 pages, 172 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Sarcopenia in Older Adults

by David Scott

J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8(11), 1844; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8111844 - 2 Nov 2019

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3263

Abstract

Sarcopenia was first described in 1988 as the age-related decline of skeletal muscle mass [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sarcopenia in Older Adults)

Research

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14 pages, 1031 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Serum Zinc Concentration and Sarcopenia: A Close Linkage in Chronic Liver Diseases

by Hiroki Nishikawa, Hirayuki Enomoto, Kazunori Yoh, Yoshinori Iwata, Yoshiyuki Sakai, Kyohei Kishino, Naoto Ikeda, Tomoyuki Takashima, Nobuhiro Aizawa, Ryo Takata, Kunihiro Hasegawa, Noriko Ishii, Yukihisa Yuri, Takashi Nishimura, Hiroko Iijima and Shuhei Nishiguchi

J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8(3), 336; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8030336 - 11 Mar 2019

Cited by 45 | Viewed by 5148

Abstract

We sought to investigate the influence of serum zinc (Zn) concentration on sarcopenia in chronic liver diseases (CLDs, n = 372, median age = 65 years, 147 liver cirrhosis (LC) cases (39.5%)). Sarcopenia was defined by low grip strength and low skeletal muscle [...] Read more.

We sought to investigate the influence of serum zinc (Zn) concentration on sarcopenia in chronic liver diseases (CLDs, n = 372, median age = 65 years, 147 liver cirrhosis (LC) cases (39.5%)). Sarcopenia was defined by low grip strength and low skeletal muscle mass. Study subjects were divided into the following three groups (High-, Intermediate-, and Low-Zn groups) based on the baseline serum Zn level. The impacts of serum Zn concentration on sarcopenia were examined. The median (interquartile range) serum Zn concentration for all cases was 72.85 (63.7, 81.45) μg/dL. The proportions of sarcopenia in the High-Zn, Intermediate-Zn, and Low-Zn groups were 10.75% (10/93), 11.23% (21/187), and 27.17% (25/92), respectively (P = 0.9046 (High vs. Intermediate), P = 0.0007 (Intermediate vs. Low), P = 0.0044 (High vs. Low), overall P value = 0.0009). The median serum Zn concentrations in patients with sarcopenia, pre-sarcopenia, and control were 66.35, 73.1 and 73.8 μg/dL, respectively (P = 0.0234 (sarcopenia vs. pre-sarcopenia), P = 0.2116 (pre-sarcopenia vs. control), P = 0.0002 (sarcopenia vs. control), overall P value = 0.0016). In the multivariate analyses of factors linked to the presence of sarcopenia, Low-Zn was an independent predictor for all cases (P = 0.0236) and LC cases (P = 0.0082). In conclusion, Zn deficiency can be an independent predictor for sarcopenia in patients with CLDs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sarcopenia in Older Adults)

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13 pages, 1550 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Blood-Flow Restriction Resistance Exercise for Older Adults with Knee Osteoarthritis: A Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial

by Sara A. Harper, Lisa M. Roberts, Andrew S. Layne, Byron C. Jaeger, Anna K. Gardner, Kimberly T. Sibille, Samuel S. Wu, Kevin R. Vincent, Roger B. Fillingim, Todd M. Manini and Thomas W. Buford

J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8(2), 265; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8020265 - 21 Feb 2019

Cited by 57 | Viewed by 13777

Abstract

In a pilot randomized clinical trial, participants aged ≥60 years (n = 35) with physical limitations and symptomatic knee osteoarthritis (OA) were randomized to 12 weeks of lower-body low-load resistance training with blood-flow restriction (BFR) or moderate-intensity resistance training (MIRT) to evaluate [...] Read more.

In a pilot randomized clinical trial, participants aged ≥60 years (n = 35) with physical limitations and symptomatic knee osteoarthritis (OA) were randomized to 12 weeks of lower-body low-load resistance training with blood-flow restriction (BFR) or moderate-intensity resistance training (MIRT) to evaluate changes in muscle strength, pain, and physical function. Four exercises were performed three times per week to volitional fatigue using 20% and 60% of one repetition maximum (1RM). Study outcomes included knee extensor strength, gait speed, Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) performance, and pain via the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities OA Index (WOMAC). Per established guidance for pilot studies, primary analyses for the trial focused on safety, feasibility, and effect sizes/95% confidence intervals of dependent outcomes to inform a fully-powered trial. Across three speeds of movement, the pre- to post-training change in maximal isokinetic peak torque was 9.96 (5.76, 14.16) Nm while the mean difference between groups (BFR relative to MIRT) was −1.87 (−10.96, 7.23) Nm. Most other directionally favored MIRT, though more spontaneous reports of knee pain were observed (n = 14) compared to BFR (n = 3). BFR may have lower efficacy than MIRT in this context—though a fully-powered trial is needed to definitively address this hypothesis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sarcopenia in Older Adults)

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19 pages, 1869 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multimodal Intervention to Improve Functional Status in Hypertensive Older Adults: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial

by Liliana C. Baptista, Byron C. Jaeger, Stephen D. Anton, Anthony A. Bavry, Eileen M. Handberg, Anna K. Gardner, Sara A. Harper, Lisa M. Roberts, Bhanuprasad Sandesara, Christy S. Carter and Thomas W. Buford

J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8(2), 196; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8020196 - 6 Feb 2019

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4952

Abstract

This pilot randomized controlled trial (RCT) was designed to provide the preliminary data necessary to conduct a full-scale trial to compare the efficacy of differing first-line antihypertensive medications in improving functional status in older adults, when combined with exercise. The primary objectives were [...] Read more.

This pilot randomized controlled trial (RCT) was designed to provide the preliminary data necessary to conduct a full-scale trial to compare the efficacy of differing first-line antihypertensive medications in improving functional status in older adults, when combined with exercise. The primary objectives were to assess study feasibility, safety, and protocol integrity. Dependent outcomes included gait speed, exercise capacity, body composition, and systemic cardiometabolic biomarkers. Thirty-one physically inactive older adults (70.6 ± 6.1 years) with hypertension and functional limitations were randomly assigned to (1) Perindopril (8 mg/day n = 10), (2) Losartan (100 mg/day; n = 13), or (3) Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ: 25 mg/day; n = 8). Participants were also assigned to a 24-week multimodal exercise intervention, separated into an aerobic and concurrent (aerobic + resistance) phase to evaluate potential mode effects. Retention was 84% (26/31), and compliance was >90% and >79% with medication and exercise, respectively. A total of 29 adverse events (Perindopril = 5; Losartan = 12; HCTZ = 11) and one unrelated serious adverse event were observed throughout the trial. Overall, this pilot RCT provided critical data and identified several challenges to ultimately designing and implementing a fully powered trial. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sarcopenia in Older Adults)

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14 pages, 286 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Metabolic Syndrome and Its Associations with Components of Sarcopenia in Overweight and Obese Older Adults

by Jakub Mesinovic, Lachlan B. McMillan, Catherine Shore-Lorenti, Barbora De Courten, Peter R. Ebeling and David Scott

J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8(2), 145; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8020145 - 27 Jan 2019

Cited by 62 | Viewed by 5762

Abstract

Ageing, obesity and the metabolic syndrome (MetS) may all contribute to poor muscle health (sarcopenia). This study aimed to determine the cross-sectional associations between MetS (International Diabetes Federation classification) and sarcopenia (revised European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People definition) in 84 [...] Read more.

Ageing, obesity and the metabolic syndrome (MetS) may all contribute to poor muscle health (sarcopenia). This study aimed to determine the cross-sectional associations between MetS (International Diabetes Federation classification) and sarcopenia (revised European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People definition) in 84 overweight and obese older adults. Components of sarcopenia included muscle strength (hand grip and leg extension), physical performance (stair climb test and short physical performance battery (SPPB), including gait speed and repeated chair stands time), muscle mass (appendicular lean mass (ALM), dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), muscle size (peripheral quantitative computed tomography-determined calf and forearm cross-sectional area (CSA)) and muscle quality (muscle density and strength normalised to lean mass). Waist circumference was associated with greater muscle size, but poorer leg extension strength, chair stands and stair climb time, gait speed, SPPB scores and muscle quality measures (all p < 0.05). MetS was positively associated with ALM and forearm muscle CSA, and negatively associated with muscle quality measures and chair stands time (all p < 0.05). MetS is associated with larger muscle size, yet poorer muscle quality in overweight and obese older adults. Assessments of muscle function and quality should be considered for obese older adults and those with MetS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sarcopenia in Older Adults)

11 pages, 243 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Low Volume, Home-Based Weighted Step Exercise Training Can Improve Lower Limb Muscle Power and Functional Ability in Community-Dwelling Older Women

by Jacqueline L. Mair, Giuseppe De Vito and Colin A. Boreham

J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8(1), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8010041 - 4 Jan 2019

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 6853

Abstract

Stepping exercise can be used as a scalable form of high intensity exercise to enhance important aspects of physical fitness in older populations. The addition of supplementary weights increases the resistive element of stepping, with the potential for training improvements in muscular strength, [...] Read more.

Stepping exercise can be used as a scalable form of high intensity exercise to enhance important aspects of physical fitness in older populations. The addition of supplementary weights increases the resistive element of stepping, with the potential for training improvements in muscular strength, power, and functional abilities alongside other fitness outcomes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a low-volume, home-based weighted step exercise programme on muscular strength, power, and functional ability in previously inactive community-dwelling older women. Eleven participants, aged between 65–74 years, independently completed a six-week individualised and progressive step exercise training programme wearing a weighted vest. Knee extensor strength, lower limb power output, and physical function using a battery of functional tests were measured at baseline, following a 6-week control period, and again following the 6-week training programme. Following training, lower limb power output improved by 10–11% (p < 0.05) and was accompanied by a corresponding 9% (p < 0.01) improvement in stair climb time and 10% (p < 0.01) improvement in normalised stair climbing power, highlighting the beneficial effects of weighted stepping for transferable improvements in functional fitness. The magnitude of observed training improvements suggest that weighted step training has the potential to prolong independence and prevent age-related health conditions such as sarcopenia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sarcopenia in Older Adults)

14 pages, 719 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of High-Intensity Interval Training Combined with L-Citrulline Supplementation on Functional Capacities and Muscle Function in Dynapenic-Obese Older Adults

by Fanny Buckinx, Gilles Gouspillou, Livia P. Carvalho, Vincent Marcangeli, Guy El Hajj Boutros, Maude Dulac, Philippe Noirez, José A. Morais, Pierette Gaudreau and Mylène Aubertin-Leheudre

J. Clin. Med. 2018, 7(12), 561; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm7120561 - 17 Dec 2018

Cited by 38 | Viewed by 5153

Abstract

Background: To compare the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) alone vs. HIIT combined with L-citrulline (CIT) supplementation on functional capacity and muscle function in dynapenic-obese elderly. Methods: A total of 56 obese (fat mass: men > 25%, women > 35%) and dynapenic [...] Read more.

Background: To compare the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) alone vs. HIIT combined with L-citrulline (CIT) supplementation on functional capacity and muscle function in dynapenic-obese elderly. Methods: A total of 56 obese (fat mass: men > 25%, women > 35%) and dynapenic (grip strength/body weight: women < 0.44, men < 0.61) subjects were recruited and divided in two groups: HIIT+CIT (n = 26; age: 6 5 ± four years) vs. HIIT+Placebo (PLA, n = 30; age: 68 ± four years). Participants followed a 12-week HIIT using an elliptical trainer. Participants took a single and isocaloric 10 g-dose of CIT or PLA every day. Body composition; functional and aerobic capacities; absolute or relative upper and lower limbs muscle strength, muscle power; and energy balance were measured pre and post intervention. Results: Both groups significantly improved functional capacity and muscle function. However, HIIT+CIT demonstrated greater improvements in fast-paced Timed Up & Go (p = 0.04) and upper limbs muscle strength (absolute and relative) (p = 0.05) than HIIT+Placebo. Conclusion: CIT supplementation when combined with HIIT seems to induce greater improvements in upper limbs muscle strength and walking speed in dynapenic-obese elderly. Further studies are needed to confirm our results, to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of CIT and to define the long-term impact of CIT/HIIT. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sarcopenia in Older Adults)

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18 pages, 601 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effects of Group and Home-Based Exercise Programs in Elderly with Sarcopenia: A Randomized Controlled Trial

by Maria Tsekoura, Evdokia Billis, Elias Tsepis, Zacharias Dimitriadis, Charalampos Matzaroglou, Minos Tyllianakis, Elias Panagiotopoulos and John Gliatis

J. Clin. Med. 2018, 7(12), 480; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm7120480 - 26 Nov 2018

Cited by 105 | Viewed by 11553

Abstract

Physical exercise is effective for sarcopenic elderly but evidence for the most effective mode of exercise is conflicting. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of a three-month group-based versus home-based exercise program on muscular, functional/physical performance and quality of [...] Read more.

Physical exercise is effective for sarcopenic elderly but evidence for the most effective mode of exercise is conflicting. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of a three-month group-based versus home-based exercise program on muscular, functional/physical performance and quality of life (QoL) across elderly with sarcopenia. 54 elderly (47 women, 7 men aged 72.87 ± 7 years) were randomly assigned to one of three interventions: supervised group (n = 18), individualized home-based exercise (n = 18) and control group (n = 18). Body composition was determined by bioelectrical impedance analysis, calf measurement with inelastic tape and strength assessments (grip and knee muscle strength) via hand-held and isokinetic dynamometers. Functional assessments included four-meter (4 m), Τimed-Up and Go (TUG) and chair stand (CS) tests. QoL was assessed with Greek Sarcopenia Quality of Life (SarQol_GR) questionnaire. Outcomes were assessed at baseline, immediately post-intervention (week 12), and 3 months post-intervention (week 24). Significant group x time interactions (p < 0.001) were observed in QoL, calf circumference, TUG, CS, and 4 m tests, grip and knee muscle strength. Group-based compared to home-based exercise yielded significant improvements (p < 0.05) in muscle mass index, CS and 4 m tests, calf circumference, muscle strength at 12 weeks. Most improvements at 24 weeks were reported with grouped exercise. No changes were found across the control group. Results suggest group-based exercise was more effective than home-based for improving functional performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sarcopenia in Older Adults)

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10 pages, 222 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Physical Frailty and Cognitive Functioning in Korea Rural Community-Dwelling Older Adults

by Dong Hyun Yoon, Su Seung Hwang, Dong Won Lee, Chung Gun Lee and Wook Song

J. Clin. Med. 2018, 7(11), 405; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm7110405 - 31 Oct 2018

Cited by 31 | Viewed by 4207

Abstract

Cognitive frailty is a heterogeneous clinical manifestation characterized by the simultaneous presence of physical frailty and cognitive impairment. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between physical frailty and cognitive function in rural community-dwelling older Korean adults, taking four cognitive [...] Read more.

Cognitive frailty is a heterogeneous clinical manifestation characterized by the simultaneous presence of physical frailty and cognitive impairment. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between physical frailty and cognitive function in rural community-dwelling older Korean adults, taking four cognitive domains into account. We carried out a cross-sectional population-based study which enrolled 104 community-dwelling elderly. Physical frailty phenotype, as well as its individual criteria, were used. Cognitive functioning was examined in the four domains of memory, processing speed, cognitive flexibility, and working memory. Demographic data, lipid profile, muscle strength, physical function, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) concentration collected from questionnaire interviews and assessments were included. Of the 104 older adults (77% female), 24.3% were classified as robust, 49.6% as prefrail, and 16.5% as frail. Linear regression analyses showed that the severity of frailty index was associated with four cognitive domains Muscle strength (i.e., Grip strength, Knee extensor and flexor), physical function (i.e., SPPB and Gait speed), and 25[OH]D were associated with poorer cognitive function. Within our population of Korean rural community-dwelling older adults, physical frailty status, muscle strength, physical functions, and biochemical measurements were associated with poorer cognitive function. Synchronicity of physical frailty and cognitive dysfunction may contribute to the negative health-related effects associated with aging. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sarcopenia in Older Adults)

19 pages, 677 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Comparative Associations of Ultrasound and Computed Tomography Estimates of Muscle Quality with Physical Performance and Metabolic Parameters in Older Men

by Michael O. Harris-Love, Nilo A. Avila, Bernadette Adams, June Zhou, Bryant Seamon, Catheeja Ismail, Syed H. Zaidi, Courtney A. Kassner, Frank Liu and Marc R. Blackman

J. Clin. Med. 2018, 7(10), 340; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm7100340 - 10 Oct 2018

Cited by 38 | Viewed by 5723

Abstract

Estimates of muscle tissue composition may have greater prognostic value than lean body mass levels regarding health-related outcomes. Ultrasound provides a relatively low cost, safe, and accessible mode of imaging to assess muscle morphology. The purpose of this study was to determine the [...] Read more.

Estimates of muscle tissue composition may have greater prognostic value than lean body mass levels regarding health-related outcomes. Ultrasound provides a relatively low cost, safe, and accessible mode of imaging to assess muscle morphology. The purpose of this study was to determine the construct validity of muscle echogenicity as a surrogate measure of muscle quality in a sample of older, predominantly African American (AA) participants. We examined the association of rectus femoris echogenicity with mid-thigh computed tomography (CT) scan estimates of intra- and intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT), basic metabolic parameters via blood sample analysis, muscle strength, and mobility status. This observational study was conducted at a federal medical center and included 30 community-dwelling men (age, 62.5 ± 9.2; AA, n = 24; Caucasian, n = 6). IMAT estimates were significantly associated with echogenicity (r = 0.73, p < 0.001). Echogenicity and IMAT exhibited similar associations with the two-hour postprandial glucose values and high-density lipoproteins values (p < 0.04), as well as grip and isokinetic (180°/s) knee extension strength adjusted for body size (p < 0.03). The significant relationship between ultrasound and CT muscle composition estimates, and their comparative association with key health-related outcomes, suggests that echogenicity should be further considered as a surrogate measure of muscle quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sarcopenia in Older Adults)

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10 pages, 244 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Polish Validation of the SarQoL^®, a Quality of Life Questionnaire Specific to Sarcopenia

by Jerzy Konstantynowicz, Pawel Abramowicz, Wojciech Glinkowski, Ewa Taranta, Ludmila Marcinowicz, Malgorzata Dymitrowicz, Jean-Yves Reginster, Olivier Bruyere and Charlotte Beaudart

J. Clin. Med. 2018, 7(10), 323; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm7100323 - 4 Oct 2018

Cited by 35 | Viewed by 3964

Abstract

Recently, SarQoL^® (Sarcopenia and Quality of Life), a quality of life (QoL) questionnaire specific to sarcopenia, was successfully developed. For practical reasons, there is a great interest in validating this questionnaire in other populations. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to [...] Read more.

Recently, SarQoL^® (Sarcopenia and Quality of Life), a quality of life (QoL) questionnaire specific to sarcopenia, was successfully developed. For practical reasons, there is a great interest in validating this questionnaire in other populations. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to translate and adjust the SarQoL^® into Polish and to standardize the validity of this method for the assessment of sarcopenic individuals in Poland with regard to psychometric properties. The English version was used for the translation process. A total of 106 community-dwelling Caucasian subjects aged 73.3 ± 5.94 years (65.1% females) were studied, with 60 participants being diagnosed sarcopenic. The translation and cross-cultural adaptation was carried out in five phases according to specific standard guidelines. There were no major linguistic issues in the translation process. The data confirmed a good discriminant validity, i.e., significantly lower scores for all domains (reduced global QoL in sarcopenic subjects compared to non-sarcopenic ones; 54.9 ± 16.5 vs. 63.3 ± 17.1, p = 0.013), and high internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was 0.92). The significant correlation of the SarQoL^® scores with those of other questionnaires (SF-36v2^® Health Survey and EuroQoL-5-Dimension) that are supposed to have similar dimensions indicated the consistent construct validity of the SarQoL^®-PL questionnaire. No floor/ceiling effects were found. An excellent agreement was found between the test and the re-test (intraclass coefficient correlation (ICC): 0.99). The first Polish version of the SarQoL^® questionnaire is valid and consistent and therefore may be used with reliability for clinical and research purposes regarding QoL assessment of sarcopenic individuals. However, further research, in particular prospective studies, is needed to determine potential limitations and the suitability of the new tool for the Polish scenario and specificity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sarcopenia in Older Adults)

10 pages, 644 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Association between Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and CT-Measured Skeletal Muscle Mass

by Eun Kyung Choe, Hae Yeon Kang, Boram Park, Jong In Yang and Joo Sung Kim

J. Clin. Med. 2018, 7(10), 310; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm7100310 - 28 Sep 2018

Cited by 35 | Viewed by 3996

Abstract

A relationship between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and sarcopenia has been suggested. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between NAFLD and skeletal muscle mass measured by computed tomography (CT). The clinical records of individuals visiting our center for [...] Read more.

A relationship between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and sarcopenia has been suggested. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between NAFLD and skeletal muscle mass measured by computed tomography (CT). The clinical records of individuals visiting our center for a routine health check-up who underwent abdominal ultrasonography and abdominal CT scanning were retrospectively reviewed. Sarcopenia was diagnosed according to body mass index (BMI)-adjusted skeletal muscle mass, which was measured by CT (CT-measured skeletal muscle index (SMI_CT)). Of the 1828 subjects (1121 males; mean age 54.9 ± 9.5 years), 487 (26.6%) were obese (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m²), and 454 (24.8%) had low muscle mass. Sarcopenic subjects had a significantly higher prevalence of NAFLD than nonsarcopenic subjects, regardless of obesity (35.9% vs. 26.8%, p = 0.004 in the nonobese group; 76.6% vs. 63.0%, p = 0.003 in the obese group). Sarcopenia was significantly associated with the risk of NAFLD (adjusted odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval (CI)), 1.51 (1.15–1.99)), and the risk of NAFLD increased with increasing severity of sarcopenia (adjusted OR (95% CI), 1.45 (1.09–1.92) vs. 2.51 (1.16–5.56), mild vs. severe sarcopenia, respectively). When the risk of NAFLD was analyzed according to the SMI_CT quartiles, the adjusted OR and 95% CI for the lowest muscle mass quartile compared to the highest were 1.78 (1.17–2.72) in males and 2.39 (1.13–5.37) in females. Low skeletal muscle mass, which was precisely measured by CT, is independently associated with NAFLD, suggesting that sarcopenia is a risk factor for NAFLD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sarcopenia in Older Adults)

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Review

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15 pages, 540 KiB

Open AccessReview

Effectiveness of Creatine Supplementation on Aging Muscle and Bone: Focus on Falls Prevention and Inflammation

by Darren G. Candow, Scott C. Forbes, Philip D. Chilibeck, Stephen M. Cornish, Jose Antonio and Richard B. Kreider

J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8(4), 488; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8040488 - 11 Apr 2019

Cited by 92 | Viewed by 42591

Abstract

Sarcopenia, defined as the age-related decrease in muscle mass, strength and physical performance, is associated with reduced bone mass and elevated low-grade inflammation. From a healthy aging perspective, interventions which overcome sarcopenia are clinically relevant. Accumulating evidence suggests that exogenous creatine supplementation has [...] Read more.

Sarcopenia, defined as the age-related decrease in muscle mass, strength and physical performance, is associated with reduced bone mass and elevated low-grade inflammation. From a healthy aging perspective, interventions which overcome sarcopenia are clinically relevant. Accumulating evidence suggests that exogenous creatine supplementation has the potential to increase aging muscle mass, muscle performance, and decrease the risk of falls and possibly attenuate inflammation and loss of bone mineral. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to: (1) summarize the effects of creatine supplementation, with and without resistance training, in aging adults and discuss possible mechanisms of action, (2) examine the effects of creatine on bone biology and risk of falls, (3) evaluate the potential anti-inflammatory effects of creatine and (4) determine the safety of creatine supplementation in aging adults. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sarcopenia in Older Adults)

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11 pages, 881 KiB

Open AccessReview

Diagnostic Criteria and Clinical Outcomes in Sarcopenia Research: A Literature Review

by Alex Han, Steven L. Bokshan, Stephen E. Marcaccio, J. Mason DePasse and Alan H. Daniels

J. Clin. Med. 2018, 7(4), 70; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm7040070 - 8 Apr 2018

Cited by 83 | Viewed by 10488

Abstract

By the sixth decade of life, nearly one quarter of the population has substantial muscle atrophy, or sarcopenia. Despite the creation of a standardized definition of sarcopenia by the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People, variability may exist in the diagnostic [...] Read more.

By the sixth decade of life, nearly one quarter of the population has substantial muscle atrophy, or sarcopenia. Despite the creation of a standardized definition of sarcopenia by the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People, variability may exist in the diagnostic criteria utilized for clinical sarcopenia research. The primary objectives of this review were to characterize diagnostic criteria used for measurement of sarcopenia in original studies, and to describe associations between sarcopenia and important clinical outcomes. We performed a literature review of the term “sarcopenia” in PubMed. Inclusion criteria were English language, original data, a clear and specific definition for diagnosing sarcopenia, and the analysis of sarcopenia’s effect on a clinical outcome. A total of 283 studies met inclusion criteria. More than half of the included sarcopenia investigations were level IV studies (54.1%), while 43.1% provided level II evidence. Under one third (27.6%) of studies examined sarcopenia with regard to surgical outcomes. In terms of diagnostic criteria for sarcopenia, 264 (93.3%) studies used measures of skeletal muscle mass, with dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) being the most common modality (43.6%). Sarcopenia was found to be a consistent predictor of chronic disease progression, all-cause mortality, poorer functional outcomes, and postoperative complications. In conclusion, there is substantial evidence that sarcopenia impacts both medical and surgical outcomes. However, current research has utilized heterogeneous diagnostic criteria for sarcopenia. Further efforts to standardize the modalities used to diagnose sarcopenia in clinical research and practice will help strengthen our ability to study this important phenomenon. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sarcopenia in Older Adults)

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