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Multidisciplinary Investigations of Nanoparticle Synthesis and Analysis for Possible Biomedical and Food Technology Applications

A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Materials Science".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 May 2022) | Viewed by 70818

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Maciej Jarzębski

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Physics and Biophysics, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
Interests: nanomaterials; nanoemulsion; nanoparticle synthesis; nanocarriers; liposomes; particle size determination; colloids; nanoemulsions; microscopy; food and nanotechnology; nano-bio; biomedical application of nanoparticles; sensors
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleague,

The issue is dedicated to nanoparticles, nanosized and submicron-sized structures that can be applied in a wide range of biomedical and food technologies. We focus on the multidisciplinary investigations of nanosized and submicron-sized structures with wide experimental design and property characterization. The authors can present new nanomaterials and nanostructure synthesis routes. Nano- and submicron-sized structure characterization technique applications are especially welcome. Nanocarriers such as core–shell systems, liposomes, nanoemulsions, as well as natural-based nanoparticle characterization are invited to this issue. Furthermore, biomaterial, nanosensor, liposome, metal oxide, and polymeric nanostructure development description is cordially welcome. Finally, we would like to present a new way for nanostructure investigations where researchers from different specializations, i.e., materials science, medicine, and food technology, chemistry and physics, etc., meet and present their ideas and results in nanoscience. Research articles, reviewarticles and mini-review are also welcome (review since past last 5 years).

Dr. Maciej Jarzębski
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • biomedical applications
  • nanocarriers
  • biomaterials
  • nanomaterials
  • contrast agents
  • core–shell nanostructures
  • liposomes
  • quantum dots
  • nanoemulsions
  • colloids
  • particle characterization
  • particle tracking
  • nanosensors
  • food contamination
  • natural nanoparticles
  • particle size characterization

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Published Papers (23 papers)

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21 pages, 5864 KiB  
Article
Studies on Chemical Composition, Structure and Potential Applications of Keratoisis Corals
by Mieczysław Gorzelak, Dorota Nowak, Andrzej Kuczumow, Dianne M. Tracey, Witold Adamowski, Jakub Nowak, Jakub Kosiński, Jacek Gągała, Tomasz Blicharski, Agnieszka Lasota, Mirosław Jabłoński, Jarosław Pawlicz and Maciej Jarzębski
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(9), 8355; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24098355 - 06 May 2023
Viewed by 1443
Abstract
The chemical composition and structure of bamboo octocoral Keratoisis spp. skeletons were investigated by using: Scanning Electron Microscopy SEM, Raman Microscopy, X-ray Diffraction XRD, Laser Ablation–Inductively Coupled Plasma LA-ICP, and amino acid analyzers. Elements discovered in the nodes (mainly organic parts of the [...] Read more.
The chemical composition and structure of bamboo octocoral Keratoisis spp. skeletons were investigated by using: Scanning Electron Microscopy SEM, Raman Microscopy, X-ray Diffraction XRD, Laser Ablation–Inductively Coupled Plasma LA-ICP, and amino acid analyzers. Elements discovered in the nodes (mainly organic parts of the skeleton) of bamboo corals showed a very interesting arrangement in the growth ring areas, most probably enabling the application of bamboo corals as palaeochronometers and palaeothermometers. LA-ICP results showed that these gorgonian corals had an unusually large content of bromine, larger than any other organism yet studied. The local concentration of bromine in the organic part of the growth rings of one of the studied corals grew up to 29,000 ppm of bromine. That is over 440 times more than is contained in marine water and 35 times more than Murex contains, the species which was used to make Tyrian purple in ancient times. The organic matter of corals is called gorgonin, the specific substance that both from the XRD and Raman studies seem to be very similar to the reptile and bird keratins and less similar to the mammalian keratins. The missing cross-linking by S-S bridges, absence of aromatic rings, and significant participation of β-turn organization of peptides differs gorgonin from keratins. Perhaps, the gorgonin belongs to the affined but still different substances concerning reptile and bird keratin and in relation to the more advanced version—the mammalian one. Chemical components of bamboo corals seem to have great medical potential, with the internodes as material substituting the hard tissues and the nodes as the components of medicines. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multidisciplinary Investigations of Nanoparticle Synthesis and Analysis for Possible Biomedical and Food Technology Applications)
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15 pages, 1388 KiB  
Article
Hierarchy of Bioapatites
by Andrzej Kuczumow, Mieczysław Gorzelak, Jakub Kosiński, Agnieszka Lasota, Tomasz Blicharski, Jacek Gągała, Jakub Nowak, Maciej Jarzębski and Mirosław Jabłoński
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(17), 9537; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23179537 - 23 Aug 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1374
Abstract
Apatites are one of the most intensively studied materials for possible biomedical applications. New perspectives of possible application of apatites correspond with the development of nanomaterials and nanocompounds. Here, an effort to systematize different kinds of human bioapatites forming bones, dentin, and enamel [...] Read more.
Apatites are one of the most intensively studied materials for possible biomedical applications. New perspectives of possible application of apatites correspond with the development of nanomaterials and nanocompounds. Here, an effort to systematize different kinds of human bioapatites forming bones, dentin, and enamel was undertaken. The precursors of bioapatites and hydroxyapatite were also considered. The rigorous consideration of compositions and stoichiometry of bioapatites allowed us to establish an order in their mutual sequence. The chemical reactions describing potential transformations of biomaterials from octacalcium phosphate into hydroxyapatite via all intermediate stages were postulated. Regardless of whether the reactions occur in reality, all apatite biomaterials behave as if they participate in them. To conserve the charge, additional free charges were introduced, with an assumed meaning to be joined with the defects. The distribution of defects was coupled with the values of crystallographic parameters “a” and “c”. The energetic balances of bioapatite transformations were calculated. The apatite biomaterials are surprisingly regular structures with non-integer stoichiometric coefficients. The results presented here will be helpful for the further design and development of nanomaterials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multidisciplinary Investigations of Nanoparticle Synthesis and Analysis for Possible Biomedical and Food Technology Applications)
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10 pages, 1297 KiB  
Communication
Electrochemical Determination of Interaction between SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein and Specific Antibodies
by Maryia Drobysh, Viktorija Liustrovaite, Ausra Baradoke, Alma Rucinskiene, Almira Ramanaviciene, Vilma Ratautaite, Roman Viter, Chien-Fu Chen, Ieva Plikusiene, Urte Samukaite-Bubniene, Rimantas Slibinskas, Evaldas Ciplys, Martynas Simanavicius, Aurelija Zvirbliene, Indre Kucinskaite-Kodze and Arunas Ramanavicius
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(12), 6768; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23126768 - 17 Jun 2022
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 2446
Abstract
The serologic diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the evaluation of vaccination effectiveness are identified by the presence of antibodies specific to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In this paper, we present the electrochemical-based biosensing technique for the detection of [...] Read more.
The serologic diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the evaluation of vaccination effectiveness are identified by the presence of antibodies specific to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In this paper, we present the electrochemical-based biosensing technique for the detection of antibodies specific to the SARS-CoV-2 proteins. Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins (rSpike) were immobilised on the surface of a gold electrode modified by a self-assembled monolayer (SAM). This modified electrode was used as a sensitive element for the detection of polyclonal mouse antibodies against the rSpike (anti-rSpike). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used to observe the formation of immunocomplexes while cyclic voltammetry (CV) was used for additional analysis of the surface modifications. It was revealed that the impedimetric method and the elaborate experimental conditions are appropriate for the further development of electrochemical biosensors for the serological diagnosis of COVID-19 and/or the confirmation of successful vaccination against SARS-CoV-2. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multidisciplinary Investigations of Nanoparticle Synthesis and Analysis for Possible Biomedical and Food Technology Applications)
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22 pages, 3891 KiB  
Article
Development of a Novel Electrochemical Biosensor Based on Carbon Nanofibers–Cobalt Phthalocyanine–Laccase for the Detection of p-Coumaric Acid in Phytoproducts
by Alexandra Virginia Bounegru and Constantin Apetrei
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(17), 9302; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22179302 - 27 Aug 2021
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2835
Abstract
The present paper developed a new enzymatic biosensor whose support is a screen-printed electrode based on carbon nanofibers modified with cobalt phthalocyanine and laccase (CNF-CoPc-Lac/SPE) to determine the p-coumaric acid (PCA) content by cyclic voltammetry and square wave voltammetry. Sensor modification was achieved [...] Read more.
The present paper developed a new enzymatic biosensor whose support is a screen-printed electrode based on carbon nanofibers modified with cobalt phthalocyanine and laccase (CNF-CoPc-Lac/SPE) to determine the p-coumaric acid (PCA) content by cyclic voltammetry and square wave voltammetry. Sensor modification was achieved by the casting and cross-linking technique, using glutaraldehyde as a reticulation agent. The biosensor’s response showed the PCA redox processes in a very stable and sensitive manner. The calibration curve was developed for the concentration range of p-coumaric acid of 0.1–202.5 μM, using cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry. The biosensor yielded optimal results for the linearity range 0.4–6.4 μM and stood out by low LOD and LOQ values, i.e., 4.83 × 10−7 M and 1.61 × 10−6 M, respectively. PCA was successfully determined in three phytoproducts of complex composition. The results obtained by the voltammetric method were compared to the ones obtained by the FTIR method. The amount of p-coumaric acid determined by means of CNF-CoPc-Lac/SPE was close to the one obtained by the standard spectrometric method. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multidisciplinary Investigations of Nanoparticle Synthesis and Analysis for Possible Biomedical and Food Technology Applications)
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17 pages, 2186 KiB  
Article
Electrochemical Determination of Chlorogenic Acid in Nutraceuticals Using Voltammetric Sensors Based on Screen-Printed Carbon Electrode Modified with Graphene and Gold Nanoparticles
by Irina-Georgiana Munteanu and Constantin Apetrei
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(16), 8897; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22168897 - 18 Aug 2021
Cited by 24 | Viewed by 2619
Abstract
The present study describes the electrochemical properties of three screen-printed electrodes (SPEs), the first electrode being carbon-based (C), the second graphene-based (GPH), and the third based on GPH modified with gold nanoparticles (GNP). These electrodes were used for the study of the electrochemical [...] Read more.
The present study describes the electrochemical properties of three screen-printed electrodes (SPEs), the first electrode being carbon-based (C), the second graphene-based (GPH), and the third based on GPH modified with gold nanoparticles (GNP). These electrodes were used for the study of the electrochemical behavior of chlorogenic acid in different aqueous solutions, at pH = 7. In chlorogenic acid solution, a redox process was noticed in the case of all three electrodes; GPH and GNP significantly improved the sensor response regarding sensitivity and reversibility, a fact demonstrated by characterizing the sensor by cyclic voltammetry in potassium ferrocyanide, which corresponds to the exchange of two electrons and two protons. Moreover, the calibration curves for each sensor were developed, subsequently calculating the detection limits (LOD) and the quantification limits (LOQ). Low LOD and LOQ were obtained, the best—of the order of 10−7 M (LOD = 0.62 × 10−7 M; LOQ = 1.97 × 10−7 M)—being obtained in the case of GPH-GNP-SPE, which demonstrates that the method may be applied for determining chlorogenic acid in real samples. Thus, the sensors were successfully used for the quantitative determination of chlorogenic acid in three nutraceutical products. The validation of the results was done using the FTIR method. The results obtained by cyclic voltammetry were in accordance with those obtained by the spectrometric method, without significant differences from a statistical point of view. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multidisciplinary Investigations of Nanoparticle Synthesis and Analysis for Possible Biomedical and Food Technology Applications)
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18 pages, 9336 KiB  
Article
Novel Insights into Inkjet Printed Silver Nanowires Flexible Transparent Conductive Films
by Yuehui Wang, Xiaoli Wu, Ke Wang, Kaiwen Lin, Hui Xie, Xiaobing Zhang and Jingze Li
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(14), 7719; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22147719 - 19 Jul 2021
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 2652
Abstract
Silver nanowire (AgNWs) inks for inkjet printing were prepared and the effects of the solvent system, wetting agent, AgNWs suspension on the viscosity, surface tension, contact angle between ink droplet and poly(ethylene) terephthalate (PET) surface, and pH value of AgNWs ink were discussed. [...] Read more.
Silver nanowire (AgNWs) inks for inkjet printing were prepared and the effects of the solvent system, wetting agent, AgNWs suspension on the viscosity, surface tension, contact angle between ink droplet and poly(ethylene) terephthalate (PET) surface, and pH value of AgNWs ink were discussed. Further, AgNWs flexible transparent conductive films were fabricated by using inkjet printing process on the PET substrate, and the effects of the number printing layer, heat treatment temperature, drop frequency, and number of nozzle on the microstructures and photoelectric properties of AgNWs films were investigated in detail. The experimental results demonstrated that the 14-layer AgNWs printed film heated at 60 °C and 70 °C had an average sheet resistance of 13 Ω∙sq−1 and 23 Ω∙sq−1 and average transparency of 81.9% and 83.1%, respectively, and displayed good photoelectric performance when the inkjet printing parameters were set to the voltage of 20 V, number of nozzles of 16, drop frequency of 7000 Hz, droplet spacing of 15 μm, PET substrate temperatures of 40 °C and nozzles of 35 °C during printing, and heat treatment at 60 °C for 20 min. The accumulation and overflow of AgNWs at the edges of the linear pattern were observed, which resulted in a decrease in printing accuracy. We successfully printed the heart-shaped pattern and then demonstrated that it could work well. This showed that the well-defined pattern with good photoelectric properties can be obtained by using an inkjet printing process with silver nanowires ink as inkjet material. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multidisciplinary Investigations of Nanoparticle Synthesis and Analysis for Possible Biomedical and Food Technology Applications)
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19 pages, 3861 KiB  
Article
Development of Polypyrrole Modified Screen-Printed Carbon Electrode Based Sensors for Determination of L-Tyrosine in Pharmaceutical Products
by Ancuța Dinu and Constantin Apetrei
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(14), 7528; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22147528 - 14 Jul 2021
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2668
Abstract
Good health, of vital importance in order to carry out our daily routine, consists of both physical and mental health. Tyrosine (Tyr) deficiency as well as its excess are issues that can affect mental health and can generate disorders such as depression, anxiety, [...] Read more.
Good health, of vital importance in order to carry out our daily routine, consists of both physical and mental health. Tyrosine (Tyr) deficiency as well as its excess are issues that can affect mental health and can generate disorders such as depression, anxiety, or stress. Tyr is the amino acid (AA) responsible for maintaining good mental health, and for this reason, the present research presents the development of new electrochemical sensors modified with polypyrrole (PPy) doped with different doping agents such as potassium hexacyanoferrate (II) (FeCN), sodium nitroprusside (NP), and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) for a selective and sensitive detection of Tyr. The development of the sensors was carried out by chronoamperometry (CA) and the electrochemical characterization was carried out by cyclic voltammetry (CV). The detection limits (LOD) obtained with each modified sensor were 8.2 × 10−8 M in the case of PPy /FeCN-SPCE, 4.3 × 10−7 M in the case of PPy/NP-SPCE, and of 3.51 × 10−7 M in the case of PPy/SDS-SPCE, thus demonstrating a good sensitivity of these sensors detecting L-Tyr. The validation of sensors was carried out through quantification of L-Tyr from three pharmaceutical products by the standard addition method with recoveries in the range 99.92–103.97%. Thus, the sensors present adequate selectivity and can be used in the pharmaceutical and medical fields. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multidisciplinary Investigations of Nanoparticle Synthesis and Analysis for Possible Biomedical and Food Technology Applications)
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12 pages, 2053 KiB  
Article
Selective Capture and Identification of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus by Combining Aptamer-Modified Magnetic Nanoparticles and Mass Spectrometry
by Yu-Chen Liu, Katragunta Kumar, Cheng-Hsiu Wu, Kai-Chih Chang, Cheng-Kang Chiang and Yen-Peng Ho
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(12), 6571; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22126571 - 18 Jun 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2617
Abstract
A nucleic acid aptamer that specifically recognizes methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has been immobilized on magnetic nanoparticles to capture the target bacteria prior to mass spectrometry analysis. After the MRSA species were captured, they were further eluted from the nanoparticles and identified using [...] Read more.
A nucleic acid aptamer that specifically recognizes methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has been immobilized on magnetic nanoparticles to capture the target bacteria prior to mass spectrometry analysis. After the MRSA species were captured, they were further eluted from the nanoparticles and identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS). The combination of aptamer-based capture/enrichment and MS analysis of microorganisms took advantage of the selectivity of both techniques and should enhance the accuracy of MRSA identification. The capture and elution efficiencies for MRSA were optimized by examining factors such as incubation time, temperature, and elution solvents. The aptamer-modified magnetic nanoparticles showed a capture rate of more than 90% under the optimized condition, whereas the capture rates were less than 11% for non-target bacteria. The as-prepared nanoparticles exhibited only a 5% decrease in the capture rate and a 9% decrease in the elution rate after 10 successive cycles of utilization. Most importantly, the aptamer-modified nanoparticles revealed an excellent selectivity towards MRSA in bacterial mixtures. The capture of MRSA at a concentration of 102 CFU/mL remained at a good percentage of 82% even when the other two species were at 104 times higher concentration (106 CFU/mL). Further, the eluted MRSA bacteria were successfully identified using MALDI mass spectrometry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multidisciplinary Investigations of Nanoparticle Synthesis and Analysis for Possible Biomedical and Food Technology Applications)
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26 pages, 7445 KiB  
Article
Novel Approach to Tooth Chemistry. Quantification of the Dental-Enamel Junction
by Andrzej Kuczumow, Renata Chałas, Jakub Nowak, Janusz Lekki, Katarzyna Sarna-Boś, Wojciech Smułek and Maciej Jarzębski
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(11), 6003; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22116003 - 02 Jun 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2462
Abstract
The dentin-enamel junction (DEJ) is known for its special role in teeth. Several techniques were applied for the investigation of the DEJ in human sound molar teeth. The electron (EPMA) and proton (PIXE) microprobes gave consistent indications about the variability of elemental concentrations [...] Read more.
The dentin-enamel junction (DEJ) is known for its special role in teeth. Several techniques were applied for the investigation of the DEJ in human sound molar teeth. The electron (EPMA) and proton (PIXE) microprobes gave consistent indications about the variability of elemental concentrations on this boundary. The locally increased and oscillating concentrations of Mg and Na were observed in the junction, in the layer adhering to the enamel and covering roughly half of the DEJ width. The chemical results were compared with the optical profiles of the junction. Our chemical and optical results were next compared with the micromechanical results (hardness, elastic modulus, friction coefficient) available in the world literature. A strong correlation of both result sets was proven, which testifies to the self-affinity of the junction structures for different locations and even for different kinds of teeth and techniques applied for studies. Energetic changes in tooth strictly connected with crystallographic transformations were calculated, and the minimum energetic status was discovered for DEJ zone. Modeling of both walls of the DEJ from optical data was demonstrated. Comparing the DEJ in human teeth with the same structure found in dinosaur, shark, and alligator teeth evidences the universality of dentin enamel junction in animal world. The paper makes a contribution to better understanding the joining of the different hard tissues. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multidisciplinary Investigations of Nanoparticle Synthesis and Analysis for Possible Biomedical and Food Technology Applications)
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13 pages, 3253 KiB  
Article
Selenium Nanocomposites in Natural Matrices as Potato Recovery Agent
by Alla I. Perfileva, Olga A. Nozhkina, Tatjana V. Ganenko, Irina A. Graskova, Boris G. Sukhov, Alexander V. Artem’ev, Boris A. Trofimov and Konstantin V. Krutovsky
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(9), 4576; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22094576 - 27 Apr 2021
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2292
Abstract
The paper presents a study of the effect of chemically synthesized selenium nanocomposites (Se NCs) in natural polymer matrices arabinogalactan (AG) and starch (ST) on the viability of the potato ring rot pathogen Clavibacter sepedonicus (Cms), potato plants in vitro, and [...] Read more.
The paper presents a study of the effect of chemically synthesized selenium nanocomposites (Se NCs) in natural polymer matrices arabinogalactan (AG) and starch (ST) on the viability of the potato ring rot pathogen Clavibacter sepedonicus (Cms), potato plants in vitro, and the soil bacterium Rhodococcus erythropolis. It was found that the studied Se NCs have an antibacterial effect against the phytopathogenic Cms, reducing its growth rate and ability to form biofilms. It was revealed that Se NC based on AG (Se/AG NC) stimulated the growth and development of potato plants in vitro as well as their root formation. At the same time, Se did not accumulate in potato tissues after the treatment of plants with Se NCs. The safety of the Se NCs was also confirmed by the absence of a negative effect on the growth and biofilm formation of the soil bacterium R. erythropolis. The obtained results indicate that Se NCs are promising environmentally safe agents for the protection and recovery of cultivated plants from phytopathogenic bacteria. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multidisciplinary Investigations of Nanoparticle Synthesis and Analysis for Possible Biomedical and Food Technology Applications)
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19 pages, 4648 KiB  
Article
Magnetic Core–Shell Molecularly Imprinted Nano-Conjugates for Extraction of Antazoline and Hydroxyantazoline from Human Plasma—Material Characterization, Theoretical Analysis and Pharmacokinetics
by Joanna Giebułtowicz, Natalia Korytowska, Monika Sobiech, Sebastian Polak, Barbara Wiśniowska, Roman Piotrowski, Piotr Kułakowski and Piotr Luliński
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(7), 3665; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22073665 - 01 Apr 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2016
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop magnetic molecularly imprinted nano-conjugate sorbent for effective dispersive solid phase extraction of antazoline (ANT) and its metabolite, hydroxyantazoline (ANT-OH) in analytical method employing liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry method. The core–shell material was characterized [...] Read more.
The aim of this study was to develop magnetic molecularly imprinted nano-conjugate sorbent for effective dispersive solid phase extraction of antazoline (ANT) and its metabolite, hydroxyantazoline (ANT-OH) in analytical method employing liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry method. The core–shell material was characterized in terms of adsorption properties, morphology and structure. The heterogeneous population of adsorption sites towards ANT-OH was characterized by two Kd and two Bmax values: Kd (1) = 0.319 µg L−1 and Bmax (1) = 0.240 μg g−1, and Kd (2) = 34.6 µg L−1 and Bmax (2) = 5.82 μg g−1. The elemental composition of magnetic sorbent was as follows: 17.55, 37.33, 9.14, 34.94 wt% for Si, C, Fe and O, respectively. The extraction protocol was optimized, and the obtained results were explained using theoretical analysis. Finally, the analytical method was validated prior to application to pharmacokinetic study in which the ANT was administrated intravenously to three healthy volunteers. The results prove that the novel sorbent could be useful in extraction of ANT and ANT-OH from human plasma and that the analytical strategy could be a versatile tool to explain a potential and pharmacological activity of ANT and ANT-OH. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multidisciplinary Investigations of Nanoparticle Synthesis and Analysis for Possible Biomedical and Food Technology Applications)
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17 pages, 2407 KiB  
Article
Synergic Effect of Selected Ingredients and Calcium Chloride on the Technological, Molecular and Microbial Usefulness of Eggshells and Their Impact on Sensory Properties in a Food Model System
by Krystyna Szymandera-Buszka, Joanna Kobus-Cisowska, Daria Szymanowska-Powałowska, Ryszard Rezler, Oskar Szczepaniak, Grzegorz Marciniak, Justyna Piechocka and Maciej Jarzębski
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(4), 2029; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22042029 - 18 Feb 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2430
Abstract
Lower levels of calcium in adults increase the risk for osteoporosis, and in children, low calcium levels can impact their potential adult height. The study objective was to analyze the bioavailability and physicochemical properties of a calcium preparation based on chicken eggs. The [...] Read more.
Lower levels of calcium in adults increase the risk for osteoporosis, and in children, low calcium levels can impact their potential adult height. The study objective was to analyze the bioavailability and physicochemical properties of a calcium preparation based on chicken eggs. The base calcium preparation was enriched with one of a variety of biologically active substances, inter alia, vitamin D3, vitamin K, lysine, lactose, magnesium chloride and inulin. The newly developed calcium preparations were subjected to structural analysis using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy, and the hydrodynamic diameter for the molecules was determined using the dynamic light scattering method and their zeta potential. To determine the optimum storage conditions of calcium preparations, their hygroscopicity and bulk density were determined. The calcium preparations were also added to selected food products, such as apple juice with mango, fruit dessert (jelly) and beef meatballs. The enriched food products were subjected to sensory analysis. The study demonstrated the significant influence of additives to calcium preparation in terms of its hygroscopicity and morphology. It was found that all products with the addition of analyzed preparations were characterized by high sensory desirability. The results presented in the study comprise the basis for the development of new food products, enriched with calcium. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multidisciplinary Investigations of Nanoparticle Synthesis and Analysis for Possible Biomedical and Food Technology Applications)
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22 pages, 3628 KiB  
Article
Artemether-Loaded Zein Nanoparticles: An Innovative Intravenous Dosage Form for the Management of Severe Malaria
by Yaa Boateng-Marfo, Yuancai Dong, Wai Kiong Ng and Hai-Shu Lin
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(3), 1141; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22031141 - 24 Jan 2021
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2489
Abstract
Artemether, an artemisinin derivative, is used in the management of life-threatening severe malaria. This study aimed to develop an intravenous dosage form of artemether using nanotechnology. Artemether-loaded zein nanoparticles were prepared by modified antisolvent precipitation using sodium caseinate as a stabilizer. Subsequently, the [...] Read more.
Artemether, an artemisinin derivative, is used in the management of life-threatening severe malaria. This study aimed to develop an intravenous dosage form of artemether using nanotechnology. Artemether-loaded zein nanoparticles were prepared by modified antisolvent precipitation using sodium caseinate as a stabilizer. Subsequently, the physicochemical properties of the nanoparticles were characterized; the in vitro hemolytic property was examined with red blood cells, while the pharmacokinetic profile was evaluated in Sprague–Dawley rats after intravenous administration. The artemether-loaded zein nanoparticles were found to display good encapsulation efficiency, excellent physical stability and offer an in vitro extended-release property. Interestingly, encapsulation of artemether into zein nanoparticles substantially suppressed hemolysis, a common clinical phenomenon occurring after artemisinin-based antimalarial therapy. Upon intravenous administration, artemether-loaded zein nanoparticles extended the mean residence time of artemether by ~80% in comparison to the free artemether formulation (82.9 ± 15.2 versus 45.6 ± 16.4 min, p < 0.01), suggesting that the nanoparticles may prolong the therapeutic duration and reduce the dosing frequency in a clinical setting. In conclusion, intravenous delivery of artemether by artemether-loaded zein nanoparticles appears to be a promising therapeutic option for severe malaria. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multidisciplinary Investigations of Nanoparticle Synthesis and Analysis for Possible Biomedical and Food Technology Applications)
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18 pages, 3848 KiB  
Article
Aesculus hippocastanum L. as a Stabilizer in Hemp Seed Oil Nanoemulsions for Potential Biomedical and Food Applications
by Maciej Jarzębski, Wojciech Smułek, Przemysław Siejak, Ryszard Rezler, Jarosław Pawlicz, Tomasz Trzeciak, Małgorzata Jarzębska, Oliwia Majchrzak, Ewa Kaczorek, Pardis Kazemian, Marta Ponieważ-Pawlicz and Farahnaz Fathordoobady
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(2), 887; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22020887 - 17 Jan 2021
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 3775
Abstract
Nanoemulsion systems receive a significant amount of interest nowadays due to their promising potential in biomedicine and food technology. Using a two-step process, we produced a series of nanoemulsion systems with different concentrations of hemp seed oil (HSO) stabilized with Aesculus hippocastanum L. [...] Read more.
Nanoemulsion systems receive a significant amount of interest nowadays due to their promising potential in biomedicine and food technology. Using a two-step process, we produced a series of nanoemulsion systems with different concentrations of hemp seed oil (HSO) stabilized with Aesculus hippocastanum L. extract (AHE). Water and commercially-available low-concentrated hyaluronic acid (HA) were used as the liquid phase. Stability tests, including an emulsifying index (EI), and droplet size distribution tests performed by dynamic light scattering (DLS) proved the beneficial impact of AHE on the emulsion’s stability. After 7 days of storage, the EI for the water-based system was found to be around 100%, unlike the HA systems. The highest stability was achieved by an emulsion containing 5% HSO and 2 g/L AHE in water, as well as the HA solution. In order to obtain the detailed characteristics of the emulsions, UV-Vis and FTIR spectra were recorded, and the viscosity of the samples was determined. Finally, a visible microscopic analysis was used for the homogeneity evaluation of the samples, and was compared with the DLS results of the water system emulsion, which showed a desirable stability. The presented results demonstrate the possible use of oil emulsions based on a plant extract rich in saponins, such as AHE. Furthermore, it was found that the anti-inflammatory properties of AHE provide opportunities for the development of new emulsion formulations with health benefits. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multidisciplinary Investigations of Nanoparticle Synthesis and Analysis for Possible Biomedical and Food Technology Applications)
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34 pages, 6638 KiB  
Article
Novel Approach to Tooth Chemistry: Quantification of Human Enamel Apatite in Context for New Biomaterials and Nanomaterials Development
by Andrzej Kuczumow, Renata Chałas, Jakub Nowak, Wojciech Smułek and Maciej Jarzębski
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(1), 279; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22010279 - 29 Dec 2020
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2428
Abstract
A series of linear profiles of the elements of the enamel in human molar teeth were made with the use of an electron microprobe and a Raman microscope. It is postulated that the enamel can be treated as the superposition of variable “overbuilt” [...] Read more.
A series of linear profiles of the elements of the enamel in human molar teeth were made with the use of an electron microprobe and a Raman microscope. It is postulated that the enamel can be treated as the superposition of variable “overbuilt” enamel on the stable “core” enamel at the macro-, micro- and nanoscale level. The excessive values characterize the “overbuilt enamel”. All the profiles of excessive parameters along the enamel thickness from the enamel surface to the dentin enamel junction (DEJ) can be approximated very precisely with the use of exponential functions, where Ca, P, Cl and F spatial profiles are decaying while Mg, Na, K and CO32− ones are growing distributions. The “overbuilt” apatite formed on the boundary with DEJ, enriched in Na, Mg, OH and carbonates, reacts continuously with Ca, Cl and F, passing into an acid-resistant form of the “overbuilt” enamel. The apparent phases arriving in boundary regions of the “overbuilt enamel” were proposed. Microdiffraction measurements reveal relative variation of energy levels during enamel transformations. Our investigations are the milestones for a further new class of biomaterial and nanomaterial development for biomedical applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multidisciplinary Investigations of Nanoparticle Synthesis and Analysis for Possible Biomedical and Food Technology Applications)
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15 pages, 8890 KiB  
Article
The Response of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 to UV-activated Titanium Dioxide/Silica Nanotubes
by Adrian Augustyniak, Krzysztof Cendrowski, Bartłomiej Grygorcewicz, Joanna Jabłońska, Paweł Nawrotek, Martyna Trukawka, Ewa Mijowska and Magdalena Popowska
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(20), 7748; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21207748 - 20 Oct 2020
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2550
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a bacterium of high clinical and biotechnological importance thanks to its high adaptability to environmental conditions. The increasing incidence of antibiotic-resistant strains has created a need for alternative methods to increase the chance of recovery in infected patients. Various nanomaterials [...] Read more.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a bacterium of high clinical and biotechnological importance thanks to its high adaptability to environmental conditions. The increasing incidence of antibiotic-resistant strains has created a need for alternative methods to increase the chance of recovery in infected patients. Various nanomaterials have the potential to be used for this purpose. Therefore, we aimed to study the physiological response of P. aeruginosa PAO1 to titanium dioxide/silica nanotubes. The results suggest that UV light-irradiated nanomaterial triggers strong agglomeration in the studied bacteria that was confirmed by microscopy, spectrophotometry, and flow cytometry. The effect was diminished when the nanomaterial was applied without initial irradiation, with UV light indicating that the creation of reactive oxygen species could play a role in this phenomenon. The nanocomposite also affected biofilm formation ability. Even though the biomass of biofilms was comparable, the viability of cells in biofilms was upregulated in 48-hour biofilms. Furthermore, from six selected genes, the mexA coding efflux pump was upregulated, which could be associated with an interaction with TiO2. The results show that titanium dioxide/silica nanotubes may alter the physiological and metabolic functions of P. aeruginosa PAO1. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multidisciplinary Investigations of Nanoparticle Synthesis and Analysis for Possible Biomedical and Food Technology Applications)
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Review

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28 pages, 4027 KiB  
Review
A Review of Sensors and Biosensors Modified with Conducting Polymers and Molecularly Imprinted Polymers Used in Electrochemical Detection of Amino Acids: Phenylalanine, Tyrosine, and Tryptophan
by Ancuța Dinu and Constantin Apetrei
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(3), 1218; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23031218 - 22 Jan 2022
Cited by 31 | Viewed by 4768
Abstract
Recently, the studies on developing sensors and biosensors—with an obvious interdisciplinary character—have drawn the attention of many researchers specializing in various fundamental, but also complex domains such as chemistry, biochemistry, physics, biophysics, biology, bio-pharma-medicine, and bioengineering. Along these lines, the present paper is [...] Read more.
Recently, the studies on developing sensors and biosensors—with an obvious interdisciplinary character—have drawn the attention of many researchers specializing in various fundamental, but also complex domains such as chemistry, biochemistry, physics, biophysics, biology, bio-pharma-medicine, and bioengineering. Along these lines, the present paper is structured into three parts, and is aimed at synthesizing the most relevant studies on the construction and functioning of versatile devices, of electrochemical sensors and biosensors, respectively. The first part presents examples of the most representative scientific research focusing on the role and the importance of the phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan amino acids, selected depending on their chemical structure and their impact on the central nervous system. The second part is dedicated to presenting and exemplifying conductor polymers and molecularly imprinted polymers used as sensitive materials in achieving electrochemical sensors and biosensors. The last part of the review analyzes the sensors and biosensors developed so far to detect amino acids with the aid of conductor polymers and molecularly imprinted polymers from the point of view of the performances obtained, with emphasis on the detection methods, on the electrochemical reactions that take place upon detection, and on the electroanalytical performances. The present study was carried out with a view to highlighting, for the benefit of specialists in medicine and pharmacy, the possibility of achieving and purchasing efficient devices that might be used in the quality control of medicines, as well as in studying and monitoring diseases associated with these amino acids. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multidisciplinary Investigations of Nanoparticle Synthesis and Analysis for Possible Biomedical and Food Technology Applications)
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28 pages, 5092 KiB  
Review
Carbon Dots-Mediated Fluorescent Scaffolds: Recent Trends in Image-Guided Tissue Engineering Applications
by Mohan Vedhanayagam, Iruthayapandi Selestin Raja, Anara Molkenova, Timur Sh. Atabaev, Kalarical Janardhanan Sreeram and Dong-Wook Han
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(10), 5378; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22105378 - 20 May 2021
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 3633
Abstract
Regeneration of damaged tissues or organs is one of the significant challenges in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Many researchers have fabricated various scaffolds to accelerate the tissue regeneration process. However, most of the scaffolds are limited in clinical trials due to scaffold [...] Read more.
Regeneration of damaged tissues or organs is one of the significant challenges in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Many researchers have fabricated various scaffolds to accelerate the tissue regeneration process. However, most of the scaffolds are limited in clinical trials due to scaffold inconsistency, non-biodegradability, and lack of non-invasive techniques to monitor tissue regeneration after implantation. Recently, carbon dots (CDs) mediated fluorescent scaffolds are widely explored for the application of image-guided tissue engineering due to their controlled architecture, light-emitting ability, higher chemical and photostability, excellent biocompatibility, and biodegradability. In this review, we provide an overview of the recent advancement of CDs in terms of their different synthesis methods, tunable physicochemical, mechanical, and optical properties, and their application in tissue engineering. Finally, this review concludes the further research directions that can be explored to apply CDs in tissue engineering. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multidisciplinary Investigations of Nanoparticle Synthesis and Analysis for Possible Biomedical and Food Technology Applications)
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18 pages, 12976 KiB  
Review
Molecular Imprinting Technology for Determination of Uric Acid
by Vilma Ratautaite, Urte Samukaite-Bubniene, Deivis Plausinaitis, Raimonda Boguzaite, Domas Balciunas, Almira Ramanaviciene, Grażyna Neunert and Arunas Ramanavicius
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(9), 5032; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22095032 - 10 May 2021
Cited by 33 | Viewed by 5221
Abstract
The review focuses on the overview of electrochemical sensors based on molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) for the determination of uric acid. The importance of robust and precise determination of uric acid is highlighted, a short description of the principles of molecular imprinting technology [...] Read more.
The review focuses on the overview of electrochemical sensors based on molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) for the determination of uric acid. The importance of robust and precise determination of uric acid is highlighted, a short description of the principles of molecular imprinting technology is presented, and advantages over the others affinity-based analytical methods are discussed. The review is mainly concerned with the electro-analytical methods like cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, amperometry, etc. Moreover, there are some scattered notes to the other electrochemistry-related analytical methods, which are capable of providing additional information and to solve some challenges that are not achievable using standard electrochemical methods. The significance of these overviewed methods is highlighted. The overview of the research that is employing MIPs imprinted with uric acid is mainly targeted to address these topics: (i) type of polymers, which are used to design uric acid imprint structures; (ii) types of working electrodes and/or other parts of signal transducing systems applied for the registration of analytical signal; (iii) the description of the uric acid extraction procedures applied for the design of final MIP-structure; (iv) advantages and disadvantages of electrochemical methods and other signal transducing methods used for the registration of the analytical signal; (vi) overview of types of interfering molecules, which were analyzed to evaluate the selectivity; (vi) comparison of analytical characteristics such as linear range, limits of detection and quantification, reusability, reproducibility, repeatability, and stability. Some insights in future development of uric acid sensors are discussed in this review. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multidisciplinary Investigations of Nanoparticle Synthesis and Analysis for Possible Biomedical and Food Technology Applications)
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26 pages, 2843 KiB  
Review
Laccase and Tyrosinase Biosensors Used in the Determination of Hydroxycinnamic Acids
by Alexandra Virginia Bounegru and Constantin Apetrei
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(9), 4811; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22094811 - 01 May 2021
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3690
Abstract
In recent years, researchers have focused on developing simple and efficient methods based on electrochemical biosensors to determine hydroxycinnamic acids from various real samples (wine, beer, propolis, tea, and coffee). Enzymatic biosensors represent a promising, low-cost technology for the direct monitoring of these [...] Read more.
In recent years, researchers have focused on developing simple and efficient methods based on electrochemical biosensors to determine hydroxycinnamic acids from various real samples (wine, beer, propolis, tea, and coffee). Enzymatic biosensors represent a promising, low-cost technology for the direct monitoring of these biologically important compounds, which implies a fast response and simple sample processing procedures. The present review aims at highlighting the structural features of this class of compounds and the importance of hydroxycinnamic acids for the human body, as well as presenting a series of enzymatic biosensors commonly used to quantify these phenolic compounds. Enzyme immobilization techniques on support electrodes are very important for their stability and for obtaining adequate results. The following sections of this review will briefly describe some of the laccase (Lac) and tyrosinase (Tyr) biosensors used for determining the main hydroxycinnamic acids of interest in the food or cosmetics industry. Considering relevant studies in the field, the fact has been noticed that there is a greater number of studies on laccase-based biosensors as compared to those based on tyrosinase for the detection of hydroxycinnamic acids. Significant progress has been made in relation to using the synergy of nanomaterials and nanocomposites for more stable and efficient enzyme immobilization. These nanomaterials are mainly carbon- and/or polymer-based nanostructures and metallic nanoparticles which provide a suitable environment for maintaining the biocatalytic activity of the enzyme and for increasing the rate of electron transport. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multidisciplinary Investigations of Nanoparticle Synthesis and Analysis for Possible Biomedical and Food Technology Applications)
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24 pages, 4409 KiB  
Review
Development of Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials Based Electrochemical Biosensors on Enhancing the Analysis of Food Toxicants
by Iruthayapandi Selestin Raja, Mohan Vedhanayagam, Desingh Raj Preeth, Chuntae Kim, Jong Hun Lee and Dong Wook Han
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(6), 3277; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22063277 - 23 Mar 2021
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3915
Abstract
In recent times, food safety has become a topic of debate as the foodborne diseases triggered by chemical and biological contaminants affect human health and the food industry’s profits. Though conventional analytical instrumentation-based food sensors are available, the consumers did not appreciate them [...] Read more.
In recent times, food safety has become a topic of debate as the foodborne diseases triggered by chemical and biological contaminants affect human health and the food industry’s profits. Though conventional analytical instrumentation-based food sensors are available, the consumers did not appreciate them because of the drawbacks of complexity, greater number of analysis steps, expensive enzymes, and lack of portability. Hence, designing easy-to-use tests for the rapid analysis of food contaminants has become essential in the food industry. Under this context, electrochemical biosensors have received attention among researchers as they bear the advantages of operational simplicity, portability, stability, easy miniaturization, and low cost. Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials have a larger surface area to volume compared to other dimensional nanomaterials. Hence, researchers nowadays are inclined to develop 2D nanomaterials-based electrochemical biosensors to significantly improve the sensor’s sensitivity, selectivity, and reproducibility while measuring the food toxicants. In the present review, we compile the contribution of 2D nanomaterials in electrochemical biosensors to test the food toxicants and discuss the future directions in the field. Further, we describe the types of food toxicity, methodologies quantifying food analytes, how the electrochemical food sensor works, and the general biomedical properties of 2D nanomaterials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multidisciplinary Investigations of Nanoparticle Synthesis and Analysis for Possible Biomedical and Food Technology Applications)
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32 pages, 2878 KiB  
Review
Voltamperometric Sensors and Biosensors Based on Carbon Nanomaterials Used for Detecting Caffeic Acid—A Review
by Alexandra Virginia Bounegru and Constantin Apetrei
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(23), 9275; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21239275 - 04 Dec 2020
Cited by 24 | Viewed by 3355
Abstract
Caffeic acid is one of the most important hydroxycinnamic acids found in various foods and plant products. It has multiple beneficial effects in the human body such as antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antineoplastic. Since overdoses of caffeic acid may have negative effects, the [...] Read more.
Caffeic acid is one of the most important hydroxycinnamic acids found in various foods and plant products. It has multiple beneficial effects in the human body such as antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antineoplastic. Since overdoses of caffeic acid may have negative effects, the quality and quantity of this acid in foods, pharmaceuticals, food supplements, etc., needs to be accurately determined. The present paper analyzes the most representative scientific papers published mostly in the last 10 years which describe the development and characterization of voltamperometric sensors or biosensors based on carbon nanomaterials and/or enzyme commonly used for detecting caffeic acid and a series of methods which may improve the performance characteristics of such sensors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multidisciplinary Investigations of Nanoparticle Synthesis and Analysis for Possible Biomedical and Food Technology Applications)
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17 pages, 1447 KiB  
Review
Progress and Insights in the Application of MXenes as New 2D Nano-Materials Suitable for Biosensors and Biofuel Cell Design
by Simonas Ramanavicius and Arunas Ramanavicius
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(23), 9224; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21239224 - 03 Dec 2020
Cited by 82 | Viewed by 4966
Abstract
Recent progress in the application of new 2D-materials—MXenes—in the design of biosensors, biofuel cells and bioelectronics is overviewed and some advances in this area are foreseen. Recent developments in the formation of a relatively new class of 2D metallically conducting MXenes opens a [...] Read more.
Recent progress in the application of new 2D-materials—MXenes—in the design of biosensors, biofuel cells and bioelectronics is overviewed and some advances in this area are foreseen. Recent developments in the formation of a relatively new class of 2D metallically conducting MXenes opens a new avenue for the design of conducting composites with metallic conductivity and advanced sensing properties. Advantageous properties of MXenes suitable for biosensing applications are discussed. Frontiers and new insights in the area of application of MXenes in sensorics, biosensorics and in the design of some wearable electronic devices are outlined. Some disadvantages and challenges in the application of MXene based structures are critically discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multidisciplinary Investigations of Nanoparticle Synthesis and Analysis for Possible Biomedical and Food Technology Applications)
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