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Application of Biomarkers in Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA)

A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Molecular Neurobiology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 October 2025 | Viewed by 1297

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
1st Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
Interests: neurology; neurophysiology; motor neuron disease; stroke; dementia; multiple sclerosis; neuromuscular disorders; meta-analysis; systematic review; spinal muscular atrophy

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a rare, autosomal recessive, motor neuron neurodegenerative disease presenting a wide phenotypic variability. SMA therapeutic landscape has been dramatically transformed with the introduction of three (nusinersen, onasemnogene abeparvovec, and risdiplam) disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) that increase the level of survival motor neuron (SMN) protein during the last decade. With the advent of these DMTs and with the constant enrichment of SMA drug pipeline there is an unmet need to identify the most sensitive, reliable, and easy to implement biomarkers that could depict SMA natural history , guide treatment selection & monitor therapeutic response in patients of various types (0 to 4) and ages (infants, children, adolescents and adults).

An ideal biomarker would depict the severity of structural changes in neurons and muscles, differentiate patients from controls, identify different SMA types, detect subtle disease progression over the short duration of a clinical trial and demonstrate the effect of therapeutic interventions. Therapeutic biomarkers pave the way towards an individualized approach through the facilitation of treatment onset or discontinuation decisions; decisions of paramount importance considering the high-cost of these lifelong novel DMTs. However, significant steps need to be made before a personalized medicine approach could be achieved in SMA. The identification and validation of biomarkers in SMA require sophisticated molecular techniques, including genomic sequencing, proteomics, and bioinformatics. Understanding the molecular pathways affected by SMA can lead to the discovery of new biomarkers. For example, research into the role of neurotrophic factors, RNA splicing, and autophagy in SMA pathogenesis may uncover novel targets for therapy.

This Special Issue aims to gather all available evidence on application of biomarkers in SMA. We wish to invite investigators closely related disciplines to contribute original articles, reviews, communications.

Dr. Maria Gavriilaki
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • spinal muscular atrophy
  • nervous system diseases
  • therapeutics
  • drug discovery and development
  • natural history

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Review

38 pages, 1734 KiB  
Review
Application of Biomarkers in Spinal Muscular Atrophy
by Changyi Gao, Yanqiang Zhan, Hong Chen and Chunchu Deng
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(14), 6887; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26146887 - 17 Jul 2025
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a fatal motor neuron disease characterized by five clinical subtypes, each presenting with different rates of disease progression and varying responses to recently approved therapies. The identification of reliable biomarkers is essential for improving diagnosis and prognosis, monitoring [...] Read more.
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a fatal motor neuron disease characterized by five clinical subtypes, each presenting with different rates of disease progression and varying responses to recently approved therapies. The identification of reliable biomarkers is essential for improving diagnosis and prognosis, monitoring disease progression, enabling personalized treatment strategies, and evaluating therapeutic responses. In this review, we conducted a comprehensive literature search using PubMed and Web of Science with the keywords “spinal muscular atrophy”, “biomarker” and advanced technologies such as “single-cell omics”, “nanopore and long-read sequencing” and “epigenetics” to identify and summarize current advances in SMA biomarker discovery and application. We begin with a brief overview of SMA and its current treatment barriers. We then conclude with well-established and emerging molecular and non-molecular biomarkers, followed by a conclusion of emerging technologies in biomarker discovery. In the meantime, we highlight the application of biomarkers in key areas, including early diagnosis and disease stratification, monitoring of disease progression, and prediction of treatment response. Finally, we summarize biomarker-targeted therapies, addressing current challenges in biomarker research, with the goal of improving clinical outcomes for patients with SMA. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Biomarkers in Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA))
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15 pages, 774 KiB  
Review
Myostatin Modulation in Spinal Muscular Atrophy: A Systematic Review of Preclinical and Clinical Evidence
by Martina Gnazzo, Giulia Pisanò, Valentina Baldini, Giovanna Giacomelli, Silvia Scullin, Benedetta Piccolo, Emanuela Claudia Turco, Susanna Esposito and Maria Carmela Pera
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(12), 5858; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26125858 - 18 Jun 2025
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Abstract
Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) is a genetic disorder characterized by the progressive loss of motor neurons and consequent muscle atrophy. Although SMN-targeted therapies have significantly improved survival and motor outcomes, residual muscle weakness remains a major clinical challenge, particularly in patients treated later [...] Read more.
Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) is a genetic disorder characterized by the progressive loss of motor neurons and consequent muscle atrophy. Although SMN-targeted therapies have significantly improved survival and motor outcomes, residual muscle weakness remains a major clinical challenge, particularly in patients treated later in the disease course. Myostatin, a potent negative regulator of skeletal muscle mass, has emerged as a promising therapeutic target to address this gap. This review summarizes the preclinical and clinical evidence supporting the modulation of the myostatin pathway in SMA. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that inhibiting myostatin, especially when combined with SMN-enhancing agents, can increase muscle mass, improve motor function, and enhance neuromuscular connectivity in SMA mouse models. These findings provide a strong rationale for translating myostatin inhibition into clinical practice as an adjunctive strategy. Early clinical trials investigating myostatin inhibitors have shown favorable safety profiles and preliminary signs of target engagement. However, large-scale trials have yet to demonstrate widespread, robust efficacy across diverse patient populations. Despite this, myostatin pathway inhibition remains a compelling approach, particularly when integrated into broader treatment paradigms aimed at enhancing motor unit stability and function in individuals with SMA. Further clinical research is essential to validate efficacy, determine optimal timing, and define the patient subgroups most likely to benefit from myostatin-targeted therapies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Biomarkers in Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA))
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